Y10 industrial medicine test
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This document contains questions about discoveries and developments in industrial medicine and public health in the 19th century. It asks about key figures like Jenner who discovered vaccination, Pasteur who explained how vaccination worked, and Snow who discovered cholera was spread through water. It also asks about changes to hospitals, specialization of doctors, Florence Nightingale's work in the Crimean War, and technologies like the microscope that advanced research.
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The document contains 35 multiple choice questions about the history of medicine from ancient Roman times through the 20th century. It covers topics like the four humours theory of health, prominent ancient and medieval doctors like Galen and Vesalius, the Black Death pandemic, the development of germ theory and vaccination by Pasteur and Jenner, the discoveries of penicillin and DNA, and improvements in hospitals and medical roles over the centuries. Key figures mentioned include Florence Nightingale, Elizabeth Garrett Anderson, Alexander Fleming, and the four scientists credited with discovering DNA's structure.
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- The document discusses the history of medicine from ancient times through modern times, highlighting key developments like the germ theory of disease and antibiotics.
- It then discusses the commercialization of healthcare in the 19th century by the British and how figures like Florence Nightingale were portrayed to promote Western medicine.
- More recently, nurses in the UK fought for and gained the ability to independently prescribe drugs, though some doctors argue this has led to increased medical errors and costs without improving patient care.
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- An estimated 50 million people died from the influenza virus that swept the world in 1918, killing more than any other illness in recorded history.
- The virus first appeared in spring 1918 with mild symptoms but returned in fall in a more severe form, as scientists and doctors did not understand why it was spreading so quickly.
- Symptoms were atypical and included hemorrhaging in the lungs, with many victims' lungs filling with fluid and causing suffocation within hours.
- Medicine at the time could not cope with the virus, and while home remedies helped symptoms, there was no cure identified as the virus eventually subsided on its own.
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Anthrax is a potentially fatal bacterial infection that can occur in three forms: pulmonary, gastrointestinal, and cutaneous. The disease is rare in humans but more common in grazing animals. While difficult to contract, anthrax can be transmitted through skin contact, eating contaminated food, or breathing spores. Louis Pasteur's pioneering work in the 1870s developing an anthrax vaccine helped launch further research. Modern controversies around anthrax vaccines focus on their safety and side effects. Overall, anthrax research aims to understand the disease and develop effective countermeasures.
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The 1918-1920 'Spanish' Influenza PandemicWorld War I Centenary: Continuations and Beginnings. University of Oxford
This resource pack supports the Spanish Flu simulator at http://resources.modelling4all.org/spanish-flu/teacher-guide-to-spanish-flu-simulation.
More people died from the 1918-1920 Spanish Influenza pandemic than there were casulties as a result of the First World War. This world-wide epidemic caused by influenza viruses led to between 50 and 100 million deaths in 1918 and 1919 (as much as 1 of every 18 people).
Many researchers have suggested that the conditions of the war significantly aided the spread of the disease. And others have argued that the course of the war (and subsequent peace treaty) was influenced by the pandemic.
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Medicine revision
The document contains 35 multiple choice questions about the history of medicine from ancient Roman times through the 20th century. It covers topics like the four humours theory of health, prominent ancient and medieval doctors like Galen and Vesalius, the Black Death pandemic, the development of germ theory and vaccination by Pasteur and Jenner, the discoveries of penicillin and DNA, and improvements in hospitals and medical roles over the centuries. Key figures mentioned include Florence Nightingale, Elizabeth Garrett Anderson, Alexander Fleming, and the four scientists credited with discovering DNA's structure.
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- The document discusses the history of medicine from ancient times through modern times, highlighting key developments like the germ theory of disease and antibiotics.
- It then discusses the commercialization of healthcare in the 19th century by the British and how figures like Florence Nightingale were portrayed to promote Western medicine.
- More recently, nurses in the UK fought for and gained the ability to independently prescribe drugs, though some doctors argue this has led to increased medical errors and costs without improving patient care.
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- An estimated 50 million people died from the influenza virus that swept the world in 1918, killing more than any other illness in recorded history.
- The virus first appeared in spring 1918 with mild symptoms but returned in fall in a more severe form, as scientists and doctors did not understand why it was spreading so quickly.
- Symptoms were atypical and included hemorrhaging in the lungs, with many victims' lungs filling with fluid and causing suffocation within hours.
- Medicine at the time could not cope with the virus, and while home remedies helped symptoms, there was no cure identified as the virus eventually subsided on its own.
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Here is slideshare on the topic transmition of malaria.Here students will able to understand how malaria transmit from person to person.
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Anthrax is a potentially fatal bacterial infection that can occur in three forms: pulmonary, gastrointestinal, and cutaneous. The disease is rare in humans but more common in grazing animals. While difficult to contract, anthrax can be transmitted through skin contact, eating contaminated food, or breathing spores. Louis Pasteur's pioneering work in the 1870s developing an anthrax vaccine helped launch further research. Modern controversies around anthrax vaccines focus on their safety and side effects. Overall, anthrax research aims to understand the disease and develop effective countermeasures.
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Background: Newcastle disease virus (NDV) genotype VII has become the dominant genotype in China. However, NDV genotype II was used to make current commercial NDV vaccines. The mismatch of genotypes between circulating and vaccine strains of viruses may compromise the efficacy of vaccines.The 1918-1920 'Spanish' Influenza Pandemic
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This resource pack supports the Spanish Flu simulator at http://resources.modelling4all.org/spanish-flu/teacher-guide-to-spanish-flu-simulation.
More people died from the 1918-1920 Spanish Influenza pandemic than there were casulties as a result of the First World War. This world-wide epidemic caused by influenza viruses led to between 50 and 100 million deaths in 1918 and 1919 (as much as 1 of every 18 people).
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3. By the 20th century, sewage and water issues were mostly resolved across the country. Housing, diet, healthcare access, and health education all significantly improved over the century due to factors like the establishment of the NHS in 1946.
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1) Knowing what causes diseases, like the Germ Theory of disease, is more important for life extension than technology alone.
2) It took over 200 years for the medical establishment to accept the Germ Theory after early evidence supported it.
3) Diseases like ulcers and some cancers were incorrectly attributed to other causes for decades before the true microbial pathogens were identified.
4) Microbes have evolved ways to suppress the immune system to survive inside the body, and understanding these pathogenic mechanisms could lead to new treatments.
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The Spanish Influenza Pandemic of 1918 spread rapidly through modern transportation and military movements. It originated in China and was particularly deadly, with highest mortality rates among young adults. Entire villages were wiped out in some areas. Treatments involved closing public spaces and wearing masks. It's estimated the pandemic caused 50-100 million deaths worldwide and had lasting economic and social impacts.
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Tuberculosis is an infectious disease caused by bacteria that mainly affects the lungs. It is a serious global health issue, killing over 3 million people per year. If left untreated, tuberculosis can spread to other parts of the body and prove fatal. Standard treatment involves a combination of antibiotics taken over a period of months to kill the bacteria and cure the infection.
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The 1918 influenza pandemic, known as the Spanish Flu, killed an estimated 20-100 million people worldwide between 1918-1920. It was unusually deadly because it primarily affected healthy young adults unlike typical flu outbreaks. The pandemic was accelerated by World War I as troop movements helped spread the virus globally. An estimated 500 million people or one-third of the world's population became infected with this deadly flu strain.
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The document discusses factors that led the British government to pass the 1875 Public Health Act. It provides context about living standards in the 19th century, including the Great Stink of 1858 where pollution forced Parliament to leave London. It also mentions the publication of Germ Theory by Louis Pasteur in 1864 and requirements of the 1875 Act for local councils to provide clean water, sewers, and remove slums.
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1. Public health in the medieval and Renaissance periods was poor, with sewage, water, living conditions, diet, healthcare access, and health education all being dealt with in a haphazard and piecemeal way by individuals and local councils.
2. During the industrial period, the 1875 Public Health Act made sewer systems and clean water supplies mandatory, leading to major improvements. However, living conditions remained very poor at the start of the industrial revolution.
3. By the 20th century, sewage and water issues were mostly resolved across the country. Housing, diet, healthcare access, and health education all significantly improved over the century due to factors like the establishment of the NHS in 1946.
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Aneurin Bevan played a key role in the creation of the NHS in 1948 as the Minister of Health. As Minister of Health, Bevan oversaw the establishment of the NHS and the nationalization of the hospitals in England and Wales. The document provides guidance on answering questions about historical figures or events by describing what happened and their impact in 1-3 sentences (Level 1), describing key details in 4-6 sentences (Level 2), or fully explaining their significance in 7-9 sentences (Level 3).
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Antiseptics in surgery notes
Joseph Lister pioneered the use of antiseptics in surgery in the 1860s after learning about Louis Pasteur's germ theory. He discovered that using carbolic acid to clean wounds and instruments significantly reduced post-operative infections. Death rates from surgery fell dramatically. Later, the use of steam sterilization and aseptic techniques like masks and gloves further reduced surgical infections and improved outcomes. Ignaz Semmelweis similarly reduced maternal mortality in the 1840s by insisting doctors wash their hands with chlorinated water before deliveries. This helped establish germ theory and antiseptic practices in surgery.
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1) During the medieval and Renaissance periods, common beliefs about the causes of illness included an imbalance of the four humors (blood, phlegm, black bile, yellow bile), God punishing sin, poisonous air, astrological alignments, and magic. Treatments focused on bleeding, purging, prayer, herbal remedies, and basic surgery.
2) Hospitals of the time were small and overcrowded, run by the Catholic Church or charities, and primarily offered prayer and herbal remedies rather than medical care. Most people received treatment at home.
3) Key figures included Galen, whose works influenced medieval medicine, Andreas Vesalius who challenged Galen through dissection, and
Facts 20th century
Medicine in the 20th century was driven by the acceptance of germ theory and the discovery of viruses and DNA. Treatments included chemical drugs like penicillin, radiotherapy, and alternative medicines. Doctors and nurses became highly trained professionals and hospitals were nationalized under the NHS, providing free healthcare. Key figures included Alexander Fleming who discovered penicillin, and Watson and Crick who discovered the structure of DNA. Factors pushing medicine forward included scientific discoveries, social attitudes favoring healthcare access, communication technologies, and wartime efforts, while limits included reliance on individual genius and social competition between groups.
Germany 1933-45 overview
Hitler consolidated power in Germany between 1933 and 1934, becoming both chancellor and president. He established a one-party Nazi state, suppressed dissent, and increased rearmament in preparation for war. After initial successes in expanding German territory, Germany began to lose ground after 1941 and was eventually invaded and defeated in 1945, with the Nazi party destroyed.
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Germany faced many political and economic problems in the years following World War 1. The Treaty of Versailles damaged the German economy and led to unrest. Hyperinflation crippled the country in the early 1920s until Stresemann introduced economic reforms. The later 1920s saw some stability and improvement under the Dawes Plan and Locarno Treaty. However, the Great Depression starting in 1929 caused unemployment to rise drastically and extremist parties gained support. Eventually, Hindenburg appointed Hitler as Chancellor in 1933, though Hitler was still in a weak position initially.
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This document outlines the history of public health in Europe from the Medieval period to the late 20th century. During the Medieval and Renaissance eras, some laws were introduced but the causes of disease were unknown. As industrialization took hold, rapidly growing cities became overcrowded and polluted, leading to poor living conditions. The recognition of germ theory and working class political empowerment in the late 19th century forced governments to address water, sewage, and housing issues to improve public health, though poverty remained a major challenge. After World War 2, the UK government established the free National Health Service to provide healthcare to all.
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2) 4-mark questions require students to support their point with several details from the source.
3) Causation, consequences, and role questions follow a similar structure - state the cause/consequence/role at the start of each paragraph and develop it thoroughly with 2-3 reasons for 9-12 mark questions.
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Extra Germany Questions- Life in Nazi Germany
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Medicine Role A
Elizabeth Garrett Anderson's success at qualifying as a doctor in 1865 significantly changed the role of women in medicine. As the first woman to gain a medical qualification in Britain, she paved the way for other women to enter the medical profession. Her achievement challenged the prevailing assumption that medicine was unsuitable for women and helped establish medicine as a viable career option for females. Over time, more women gained medical qualifications and joined the profession, expanding their opportunities and influence in the field of healthcare.
Medicine Judgement A
The passage discusses differences in public health provision between the 19th and 20th centuries in England. In the 19th century, the 1875 Public Health Act was passed. In the 20th century, a national vaccination program for diphtheria was introduced in 1941 and the National Health Service was established in 1948. Public health provision improved significantly from the 19th to the 20th century with the establishment of programs and services like vaccination and the National Health Service.
Medicine Inference A
From Sources A and B, we can learn the following about changes in nursing between the Middle Ages and the early 20th century:
1) In the Middle Ages, nursing was not considered a skilled profession and was often performed by housewives, as shown by the illustration in Source A.
2) By the early 20th century, nursing had become a trained and skilled profession, as the letter in Source B emphasizes that nurses are not inferior servants but trained workers.
3) Over time, the role and perception of nurses shifted from unskilled housework to an intelligent, trained medical profession working under doctors.
Medicine Consequences B
The discovery of DNA structure had major consequences for understanding and treating disease. It allowed scientists to determine the genetic basis of many diseases and develop new diagnostic tests and targeted therapies. Gene sequencing can now reveal disease-causing mutations and predispositions, aiding early detection and personalized treatment approaches. Understanding DNA also enabled the development of life-saving gene therapies and advanced cell therapies.
Medicine Consequences A
Vesalius was important in developing our understanding of human anatomy through his work on human dissection and publication of De Humani Corporis Fabrica. This challenged the anatomical beliefs of Galen and led to a more accurate description of human anatomy based on direct observation. It established anatomy as an empirical science and improved medical education and practice.
Medicine Causation B
The discoveries of the Renaissance made little practical difference to medical treatment between 1500-1700 for three main reasons: 1) the traditional Galenic system of medicine was still dominant and resisted new ideas, 2) there was lack of an empirical scientific approach needed to apply new anatomical knowledge to treatments, and 3) social and economic factors prevented the widespread adoption of new medical practices.
Medicine Causation A
Living conditions in early 19th century industrial towns were unhealthy for three main reasons:
1) Overcrowded housing and poor sanitation led to the spread of disease. Workers lived in cramped housing with no running water or sewage systems.
2) Unsafe working conditions and lack of regulations exposed workers to health hazards. Long hours in noisy, dirty factories took a physical toll.
3) Poverty prevented access to healthcare. Low wages meant workers could not afford doctors or miss days of work even when ill. This perpetuated cycles of poor health.
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Y10 industrial medicine test
- 1. Industrial Medicine test 1. Who discovered vaccination? 2. Who explained how vaccination worked? 3. Who discovered that cholera was spread through infected water? 4. Why were 19th century doctors able to carry out so many dissections? 5. 19th century doctors began to specialise in their work – becoming either of which 2 things? 6. In which war did Florence Nightingale make her breakthrough? 7. What was Nightingale’s book for the training of nurses called? 8. What was the name of the woman who paved the way for women to become doctors? 9. What was the name of the training school she set up for women? 10. What year were women allowed to train as doctors? 11. Who identified the TB germ? 12. Give one way in which hospitals changed in this period. 13. Why did people’s health become so bad in this period? 14. The government had a compulsory vaccination programme against which disease in the 1850s? 15. Why did the Boer War cause a crisis for the government in 1899? 16. Give an example of new technology advancing the work of Robert Koch. Answers on next page
- 2. Industrial Medicine test 17. Who discovered vaccination? Jenner 18. Who explained how vaccination worked? Pasteur 19. Who discovered that cholera was spread through infected water? Snow 20. Why were 19th century doctors able to carry out so many dissections? Act of parliament allowing them to use unclaimed bodies fro workhouses 21. 19th century doctors began to specialise in their work – becoming either of which 2 things? GP or consultant 22. In which war did Florence Nightingale make her breakthrough? Crimean 23. What was Nightingale’s book for the training of nurses called? Notes on Nursing 24. What was the name of the woman who paved the way for women to become doctors? EGA 25. What was the name of the training school she set up for women? London School of Medicine 26. What year were women allowed to train as doctors? 1876 27. Who identified the TB germ? Koch 28. Give one way in which hospitals changed in this period. Open and airy 29. Why did people’s health become so bad in this period? Pollution, over-crowding… 30. The government had a compulsory vaccination programme against which disease in the 1850s? Smallpox 31. Why did the Boer War cause a crisis for the government in 1899? Men unfit to be soldiers 32. Give an example of new technology advancing the work of Robert Koch. Microscope, camera