Introducing the LA-960 Laser Particle Size AnalyzerHORIBA Particle
The document describes the HORIBA LA-960 particle size analyzer. It highlights the analyzer's ease of use through intuitive software, automation capabilities, and guided method development. Performance features emphasized include a wide dynamic range from 30 nm to 5 mm, high sensitivity for nanoparticles, and excellent accuracy, precision and resolution validated using industry standards. A variety of sample handling options are discussed for dry powders, wet dispersions, and other materials. Support and reliability are provided through a global network of applications laboratories, training resources, and service contracts.
NMR spectroscopy exploits the magnetic properties of atomic nuclei to characterize organic molecules. It works by applying a strong magnetic field to align nuclear spins, and then applying a radiofrequency pulse to induce transitions between spin states. This allows identification of carbon-hydrogen frameworks within molecules. The NMR spectrum provides information on chemical environments and molecular structure through properties like chemical shift, spin-spin splitting, integration, and coupling constants. Developments include 2D NMR, deuterium labeling, and Fourier transform NMR for improved resolution and sensitivity.
This document outlines the standard operating procedure and calibration for an FTIR spectrometer. It describes the responsibilities and procedures for general cleaning, operation, sample preparation for solids, liquids, and oil dispersions, scanning, and calibration. Calibration is performed every 3 months using a polystyrene film to check wave number accuracy and resolution performance. Any issues identified during calibration must be reported.
FTIR SPECTROSCOPY,
Principle, Theory, Instrumentation and Application in Pharmaceutical Industry
IR Spectroscopy- Absorption Theory
Type of Vibrations & Vibration Energy level
FTIR Spectrophotometer-Instrumentation
Operation of the Spectrophotometer
Qualification & Calibration
IR Absorption by Organic compounds
Application
FDA citation in FTIR Analysis-Pharmaceutical Industries
Phosphorescence is a type of photoluminescence where the emission of light is not immediate after light absorption due to a change in electron spin. It was first observed naturally in 1568 and artificially in 1604 with barium sulphate. Phosphorescence involves absorption of light which causes electron excitation to a higher energy state followed by a slower re-emission process. Factors like temperature, solvents, and oxygen presence can influence phosphorescence. It has applications in detection of organic compounds and biochemicals.
Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy is a powerful analytical technique used to characterize organic molecules by identifying carbon-hydrogen frameworks. It exploits the magnetic properties of atomic nuclei, such as 1H and 13C, and determines the physical and chemical properties of atoms in a molecule. Common types of NMR spectroscopy are 1H NMR, which determines the number and type of hydrogen atoms in a molecule, and 13C NMR, which determines the type of carbon atoms. NMR provides detailed information about molecular structure, dynamics, and chemical environment through analysis of nuclei absorption frequencies.
Ion pair , reversed pair liquid chromatographyjain university
Ion pair chromatography is a reversed-phase liquid chromatography technique used to separate ionized and partly ionized organic compounds. It utilizes reversed-phase columns and mobile phases with an added ion pair reagent that interacts with the analytes to change their retention times. The technique has advantages over ion exchange chromatography like higher efficiency columns and ability to use water-rich mobile phases. It has wide applications in analysis of biomolecules, food, drugs and more.
FT-NMR uses Fourier transforms to convert time domain signals from nuclear magnetic resonance into frequency domain spectra. The sample is placed in a strong magnet and exposed to pulses of radio frequency radiation, producing a free induction decay signal that is recorded over time. This time domain signal is then digitized and analyzed using a Fourier transform program on a computer to produce the frequency domain NMR spectrum. FT-NMR provides higher sensitivity than continuous wave NMR, allowing analysis of smaller sample sizes.
Introducing the LA-960 Laser Particle Size AnalyzerHORIBA Particle
The document describes the HORIBA LA-960 particle size analyzer. It highlights the analyzer's ease of use through intuitive software, automation capabilities, and guided method development. Performance features emphasized include a wide dynamic range from 30 nm to 5 mm, high sensitivity for nanoparticles, and excellent accuracy, precision and resolution validated using industry standards. A variety of sample handling options are discussed for dry powders, wet dispersions, and other materials. Support and reliability are provided through a global network of applications laboratories, training resources, and service contracts.
NMR spectroscopy exploits the magnetic properties of atomic nuclei to characterize organic molecules. It works by applying a strong magnetic field to align nuclear spins, and then applying a radiofrequency pulse to induce transitions between spin states. This allows identification of carbon-hydrogen frameworks within molecules. The NMR spectrum provides information on chemical environments and molecular structure through properties like chemical shift, spin-spin splitting, integration, and coupling constants. Developments include 2D NMR, deuterium labeling, and Fourier transform NMR for improved resolution and sensitivity.
This document outlines the standard operating procedure and calibration for an FTIR spectrometer. It describes the responsibilities and procedures for general cleaning, operation, sample preparation for solids, liquids, and oil dispersions, scanning, and calibration. Calibration is performed every 3 months using a polystyrene film to check wave number accuracy and resolution performance. Any issues identified during calibration must be reported.
FTIR SPECTROSCOPY,
Principle, Theory, Instrumentation and Application in Pharmaceutical Industry
IR Spectroscopy- Absorption Theory
Type of Vibrations & Vibration Energy level
FTIR Spectrophotometer-Instrumentation
Operation of the Spectrophotometer
Qualification & Calibration
IR Absorption by Organic compounds
Application
FDA citation in FTIR Analysis-Pharmaceutical Industries
Phosphorescence is a type of photoluminescence where the emission of light is not immediate after light absorption due to a change in electron spin. It was first observed naturally in 1568 and artificially in 1604 with barium sulphate. Phosphorescence involves absorption of light which causes electron excitation to a higher energy state followed by a slower re-emission process. Factors like temperature, solvents, and oxygen presence can influence phosphorescence. It has applications in detection of organic compounds and biochemicals.
Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy is a powerful analytical technique used to characterize organic molecules by identifying carbon-hydrogen frameworks. It exploits the magnetic properties of atomic nuclei, such as 1H and 13C, and determines the physical and chemical properties of atoms in a molecule. Common types of NMR spectroscopy are 1H NMR, which determines the number and type of hydrogen atoms in a molecule, and 13C NMR, which determines the type of carbon atoms. NMR provides detailed information about molecular structure, dynamics, and chemical environment through analysis of nuclei absorption frequencies.
Ion pair , reversed pair liquid chromatographyjain university
Ion pair chromatography is a reversed-phase liquid chromatography technique used to separate ionized and partly ionized organic compounds. It utilizes reversed-phase columns and mobile phases with an added ion pair reagent that interacts with the analytes to change their retention times. The technique has advantages over ion exchange chromatography like higher efficiency columns and ability to use water-rich mobile phases. It has wide applications in analysis of biomolecules, food, drugs and more.
FT-NMR uses Fourier transforms to convert time domain signals from nuclear magnetic resonance into frequency domain spectra. The sample is placed in a strong magnet and exposed to pulses of radio frequency radiation, producing a free induction decay signal that is recorded over time. This time domain signal is then digitized and analyzed using a Fourier transform program on a computer to produce the frequency domain NMR spectrum. FT-NMR provides higher sensitivity than continuous wave NMR, allowing analysis of smaller sample sizes.
- Infrared spectroscopy analyzes the absorption of infrared radiation by molecules to determine their structure.
- Infrared radiation is passed through a sample, and the wavelengths absorbed are measured to produce an infrared spectrum.
- The spectrum corresponds to the vibrational and rotational frequencies of functional groups in the molecule, allowing the structure to be deduced.
Polarimetry is a technique used to measure the optical activity of chiral molecules. It works by measuring the rotation of plane-polarized light as it passes through a sample. Enantiomers are stereoisomers that are non-superimposable mirror images of each other and rotate plane-polarized light in equal but opposite directions. A polarimeter device is used to measure the angle of rotation, from which specific rotation can be calculated. Optical activity arises because plane-polarized light undergoes a net rotation when passed through a chiral substance due to a lack of cancellation between its interactions with left- and right-handed forms. Polarimetry has applications in pharmaceuticals, chemicals and food industries for analysis, quality control
Nuclear magnetic double resonance,FT-NMR, CARBON 13NMR,Bashant Kumar sah
This document is a scanned copy of a letter from the California Department of Motor Vehicles. The DMV is notifying the recipient that their driver's license has been suspended for one year effective on the date listed due to a driving under the influence conviction. The suspension will not be reduced and full driving privileges cannot be restored until the end of the suspension period.
This document is a 38-page seminar report on spectroscopy submitted by two students, Arpit Modh and Parth Kasodariya. It includes an introduction to spectroscopy, descriptions of various spectroscopy techniques like atomic absorption spectroscopy, infrared absorption spectroscopy, and ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy. The report covers principles, instrumentation, applications, and more for different spectroscopy methods. It aims to provide a basic review of spectroscopy and its uses in various important fields like structure analysis.
This document discusses the instrumentation of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. It describes the main components of an NMR instrument, including magnets to produce a strong, homogeneous magnetic field; magnetic coils to vary the field slightly and induce resonance; a probe unit containing the sample and detector/receiver coils; an RF generator to produce radio waves that excite the nuclei; an RF receiver to detect the absorbed radio waves; and a recording system to analyze and display the results. The principles of NMR techniques are also briefly explained.
This document provides an overview of UV-visible spectroscopy. It begins with an introduction to UV-visible spectroscopy and electromagnetic radiation. It then discusses the principle, instrumentation, applications, and derivative spectroscopy of UV-visible spectroscopy. The document also covers topics such as absorption laws, chromophores, solvent effects, and the Woodward-Feiser rule for calculating absorption maxima based on molecular structure.
HPLC- high performance liquid chromatographyhirenthakkar4
HPLC- high performance liquid chromatography or high pressure liquid chromatography overall review
good animation & GIF for presentation
detectors in detail
basic instrumentation with detectors
Presentation slide on iodometric and iodimetric titration for the student seeking a quality slide on the subject. I added the following topics to this slide:
1.CONTENT
2.Titration
3.Types of Titration
4.Redox titration
5.Iodometry
6.Iodimetry
7.Difference between iodometric and iodimetric titration
8.Analytical applications on Iodometric and Iodimetric titration
9.Conclusion
The document discusses various analytical chromatography techniques. It describes chromatography as separating components through distribution between two immiscible phases, with one stationary and one mobile. The document outlines different types of chromatography including column chromatography, thin layer chromatography, gas chromatography, and ion exchange chromatography. It discusses the principles, techniques, and efficiency of these analytical methods.
1. Absorption spectroscopy measures the absorption of light by a sample as it transitions between energy levels. The amount of light absorbed is dependent on characteristics of the sample like concentration and path length.
2. A spectrophotometer directs light from a source through a wavelength selector and sample cell, and a detector measures the intensity of light transmitted. Double beam instruments separately measure light passing through a reference and sample for improved accuracy.
3. Beer's law states absorbance is directly proportional to concentration, path length, and a proportionality constant. Spectrophotometers allow determination of unknown concentrations by measuring absorbance.
A Hollow Cathode Lamp is a light source primarily used for scientific purposes. These lamps don’t really exist outside of laboratory settings, meaning most people will have never seen one. Most of the time, a hollow cathode lamp is used as a method of tuning in specific light frequencies
Introduction to analysis- Pharmaceutical AnalysisSanchit Dhankhar
QUALITY CONTROL (QC)
SIGNIFICANT FIGURE
CONCEPT OF ERROR
ACCURACY
PRECISION
CALIBRATION OF ANALYTICAL INSTRUMENTS
DIFFERENT METHOD FOR EXPRESSING CONCENTRATION
FUNDAMENTAL OF VOLUMETRIC ANALYSIS
STANDARD DEVIATION
NORMAL DISTRIBUTION CURVE
DEFINATION:
Quality control (QC) is a procedure or set of procedures intended to ensure that a manufactured product sticks to a defined set of quality criteria or meets the requirements of the client or customer.
OR
A system for verifying and maintaining a desired level of quality in an existing product or service by careful planning, use of proper equipment, continued inspection, and corrective action as required.
Evaluation of Quality
Raw materials and API
Physical Tests
Raman and IR Spectroscopy
Assay (HPLC and Titration)
Drug Product
HPLC
Dissolution
Packaging components
Appearance
Loss on Drying
Retains
At label conditions
Retain time determined by regulatory guidelines
Raw materials 12 Years
Finished products 10 Years
Definition:
Significant figures are the reliable digits in a number or measurement which are known with certainty.
Rules:
ALL non-zero numbers (1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9) are ALWAYS significant.
ALL zeroes between non-zero numbers are ALWAYS significant.
ALL zeroes which are SIMULTANEOUSLY to the right of the decimal point & at the end of the number are ALWAYS significant.
ALL zeroes which are to the left of a written decimal point and are in a number >= 10 are ALWAYS significant.
Spin-spin coupling in NMR spectroscopy occurs when the spin of one proton interacts with the spin of another proton through covalent bonds. This interaction leads to splitting of peaks in the NMR spectrum. The number of peaks (multiplicity) is determined by the number of neighboring protons (n) plus one, following the (n+1) rule. Nuclear magnetic double resonance is a technique that uses two radio frequencies to decouple spins, eliminating spin-spin coupling and resulting in singlet peaks rather than multiplets.
CCK Discussion Forum on Impurity Emergence: A Wake Up Call for Drug Safety & Quality - 13 Oct 2019 at ICCBS, University of Karachi. Session largely participated by qualified and experienced pharmaceutical professionals having diversified educational background and experience.
The document discusses biosensors, which are comprised of a biological element and transducer. The biological element interacts specifically with the target compound, while the transducer converts the biological response into an electrical signal. The key components are the bio-element, such as enzymes or antibodies, and the transducer. Common types of biosensors are electrochemical, optical, thermal, and resonant. Applications include food freshness monitoring, drug development, environmental analysis, and glucose monitoring for diabetes patients.
The document discusses infrared spectroscopy techniques. It covers molecular vibrations including stretching, bending, symmetric and asymmetric vibrations. It describes factors that affect infrared absorption frequencies like mass, force constant, and hydrogen bonding. Detection techniques like thermal detectors, bolometers, and photoconductive detectors are explained. Instrumentation components like sources, samples handling, detectors, and spectrophotometers are also summarized. The document provides examples and applications of infrared spectroscopy.
Applicationofu v-spectroscopy-120416145659-phpapp02Kirsha K S
This document discusses applications of UV-visible spectroscopy. It can be used to quantitatively determine the concentration and amount of a drug in a sample solution and calculate its percentage purity using various methods like a 1% 1cm value, a reference standard, or a calibration curve. Qualitatively, UV-visible spectroscopy can be used to detect impurities, elucidate organic structures, study functional groups, examine polynuclear hydrocarbons, determine molecular weights, and act as a detector for HPLC. It provides a versatile tool for analytical applications in pharmaceutical analysis and quality control.
- Infrared spectroscopy analyzes the absorption of infrared radiation by molecules to determine their structure.
- Infrared radiation is passed through a sample, and the wavelengths absorbed are measured to produce an infrared spectrum.
- The spectrum corresponds to the vibrational and rotational frequencies of functional groups in the molecule, allowing the structure to be deduced.
Polarimetry is a technique used to measure the optical activity of chiral molecules. It works by measuring the rotation of plane-polarized light as it passes through a sample. Enantiomers are stereoisomers that are non-superimposable mirror images of each other and rotate plane-polarized light in equal but opposite directions. A polarimeter device is used to measure the angle of rotation, from which specific rotation can be calculated. Optical activity arises because plane-polarized light undergoes a net rotation when passed through a chiral substance due to a lack of cancellation between its interactions with left- and right-handed forms. Polarimetry has applications in pharmaceuticals, chemicals and food industries for analysis, quality control
Nuclear magnetic double resonance,FT-NMR, CARBON 13NMR,Bashant Kumar sah
This document is a scanned copy of a letter from the California Department of Motor Vehicles. The DMV is notifying the recipient that their driver's license has been suspended for one year effective on the date listed due to a driving under the influence conviction. The suspension will not be reduced and full driving privileges cannot be restored until the end of the suspension period.
This document is a 38-page seminar report on spectroscopy submitted by two students, Arpit Modh and Parth Kasodariya. It includes an introduction to spectroscopy, descriptions of various spectroscopy techniques like atomic absorption spectroscopy, infrared absorption spectroscopy, and ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy. The report covers principles, instrumentation, applications, and more for different spectroscopy methods. It aims to provide a basic review of spectroscopy and its uses in various important fields like structure analysis.
This document discusses the instrumentation of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. It describes the main components of an NMR instrument, including magnets to produce a strong, homogeneous magnetic field; magnetic coils to vary the field slightly and induce resonance; a probe unit containing the sample and detector/receiver coils; an RF generator to produce radio waves that excite the nuclei; an RF receiver to detect the absorbed radio waves; and a recording system to analyze and display the results. The principles of NMR techniques are also briefly explained.
This document provides an overview of UV-visible spectroscopy. It begins with an introduction to UV-visible spectroscopy and electromagnetic radiation. It then discusses the principle, instrumentation, applications, and derivative spectroscopy of UV-visible spectroscopy. The document also covers topics such as absorption laws, chromophores, solvent effects, and the Woodward-Feiser rule for calculating absorption maxima based on molecular structure.
HPLC- high performance liquid chromatographyhirenthakkar4
HPLC- high performance liquid chromatography or high pressure liquid chromatography overall review
good animation & GIF for presentation
detectors in detail
basic instrumentation with detectors
Presentation slide on iodometric and iodimetric titration for the student seeking a quality slide on the subject. I added the following topics to this slide:
1.CONTENT
2.Titration
3.Types of Titration
4.Redox titration
5.Iodometry
6.Iodimetry
7.Difference between iodometric and iodimetric titration
8.Analytical applications on Iodometric and Iodimetric titration
9.Conclusion
The document discusses various analytical chromatography techniques. It describes chromatography as separating components through distribution between two immiscible phases, with one stationary and one mobile. The document outlines different types of chromatography including column chromatography, thin layer chromatography, gas chromatography, and ion exchange chromatography. It discusses the principles, techniques, and efficiency of these analytical methods.
1. Absorption spectroscopy measures the absorption of light by a sample as it transitions between energy levels. The amount of light absorbed is dependent on characteristics of the sample like concentration and path length.
2. A spectrophotometer directs light from a source through a wavelength selector and sample cell, and a detector measures the intensity of light transmitted. Double beam instruments separately measure light passing through a reference and sample for improved accuracy.
3. Beer's law states absorbance is directly proportional to concentration, path length, and a proportionality constant. Spectrophotometers allow determination of unknown concentrations by measuring absorbance.
A Hollow Cathode Lamp is a light source primarily used for scientific purposes. These lamps don’t really exist outside of laboratory settings, meaning most people will have never seen one. Most of the time, a hollow cathode lamp is used as a method of tuning in specific light frequencies
Introduction to analysis- Pharmaceutical AnalysisSanchit Dhankhar
QUALITY CONTROL (QC)
SIGNIFICANT FIGURE
CONCEPT OF ERROR
ACCURACY
PRECISION
CALIBRATION OF ANALYTICAL INSTRUMENTS
DIFFERENT METHOD FOR EXPRESSING CONCENTRATION
FUNDAMENTAL OF VOLUMETRIC ANALYSIS
STANDARD DEVIATION
NORMAL DISTRIBUTION CURVE
DEFINATION:
Quality control (QC) is a procedure or set of procedures intended to ensure that a manufactured product sticks to a defined set of quality criteria or meets the requirements of the client or customer.
OR
A system for verifying and maintaining a desired level of quality in an existing product or service by careful planning, use of proper equipment, continued inspection, and corrective action as required.
Evaluation of Quality
Raw materials and API
Physical Tests
Raman and IR Spectroscopy
Assay (HPLC and Titration)
Drug Product
HPLC
Dissolution
Packaging components
Appearance
Loss on Drying
Retains
At label conditions
Retain time determined by regulatory guidelines
Raw materials 12 Years
Finished products 10 Years
Definition:
Significant figures are the reliable digits in a number or measurement which are known with certainty.
Rules:
ALL non-zero numbers (1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9) are ALWAYS significant.
ALL zeroes between non-zero numbers are ALWAYS significant.
ALL zeroes which are SIMULTANEOUSLY to the right of the decimal point & at the end of the number are ALWAYS significant.
ALL zeroes which are to the left of a written decimal point and are in a number >= 10 are ALWAYS significant.
Spin-spin coupling in NMR spectroscopy occurs when the spin of one proton interacts with the spin of another proton through covalent bonds. This interaction leads to splitting of peaks in the NMR spectrum. The number of peaks (multiplicity) is determined by the number of neighboring protons (n) plus one, following the (n+1) rule. Nuclear magnetic double resonance is a technique that uses two radio frequencies to decouple spins, eliminating spin-spin coupling and resulting in singlet peaks rather than multiplets.
CCK Discussion Forum on Impurity Emergence: A Wake Up Call for Drug Safety & Quality - 13 Oct 2019 at ICCBS, University of Karachi. Session largely participated by qualified and experienced pharmaceutical professionals having diversified educational background and experience.
The document discusses biosensors, which are comprised of a biological element and transducer. The biological element interacts specifically with the target compound, while the transducer converts the biological response into an electrical signal. The key components are the bio-element, such as enzymes or antibodies, and the transducer. Common types of biosensors are electrochemical, optical, thermal, and resonant. Applications include food freshness monitoring, drug development, environmental analysis, and glucose monitoring for diabetes patients.
The document discusses infrared spectroscopy techniques. It covers molecular vibrations including stretching, bending, symmetric and asymmetric vibrations. It describes factors that affect infrared absorption frequencies like mass, force constant, and hydrogen bonding. Detection techniques like thermal detectors, bolometers, and photoconductive detectors are explained. Instrumentation components like sources, samples handling, detectors, and spectrophotometers are also summarized. The document provides examples and applications of infrared spectroscopy.
Applicationofu v-spectroscopy-120416145659-phpapp02Kirsha K S
This document discusses applications of UV-visible spectroscopy. It can be used to quantitatively determine the concentration and amount of a drug in a sample solution and calculate its percentage purity using various methods like a 1% 1cm value, a reference standard, or a calibration curve. Qualitatively, UV-visible spectroscopy can be used to detect impurities, elucidate organic structures, study functional groups, examine polynuclear hydrocarbons, determine molecular weights, and act as a detector for HPLC. It provides a versatile tool for analytical applications in pharmaceutical analysis and quality control.
3. 1) Jak szybko biegną reakcje?
1. Co to jest szybkość reakcji?
2. Jak wyznaczać szybkość reakcji?
3. Jak szybkość reakcji zależy od stężenia?
4. Jak szybkość reakcji zależy od temperatury?
4. 12_1575 Co to jest szybkość reakcji?
NO2(g) → NO(g) + ½O2(g) d[NO2]
0,011 r=- dt
0,01 Time Time
0,009 NO2
stężenie, c mol/dm
3
r=- −0.0026 mol
0,008
NO
0,007 110
0,0026
(a) (b) (c) = 2.4·10-5 mol/dm3·s dm3 s
∆c
0,006
∆t α
0,005 110 s
0,004 O2
0,003
0,002
0,001 r = tg(α)
0
0 100 200 300 400
czas, s
5. Co to jest szybkość reakcji?
definicja szybkości reakcji
szybkość średnia w przedziale czasu ∆t
∆csubstratu ∆cproduktu mol
r=- ∆t
= ∆t dm3 s
∆csub ∆cprod
r= νsub·∆t = νprod·∆t
NO2(g) → NO(g) + ½O2(g)
ν −1 1 ½
6. Co to jest szybkość reakcji?
definicja szybkości reakcji ogólnie
szybkość chwilowa w nieskończenie małym przedziale czasu dt
1 dci mol
r= νi · dt dm3 s
pochodna stężenia reagenta względem czasu
styczna w punkcie funkcji stężenia od czasu
7. Co to jest szybkość reakcji?
NO2(g) → NO(g) + ½O2(g) d[NO2]
0,011 r= νNO2 dt
0,01
0,009 NO2
stężenie, c mol/dm
NO2
3
r= 0.0039−0.0045 mol
0,008
NO
0,007 NO −1·70
= 8.6·10-6 mol/dm3·s dm3 s
0,006
0,0006
0,005 70 s
0,0006
0,004 O2
O2
0,003
70 s 0,0003
0,002
0,001
0
0 100 200 300 400
czas, s
8. 12_1575 Co to jest szybkość reakcji?
NO2(g) → NO(g) + ½O2(g) d[NO]
0,011
r= νNO dt
0,01 Time Time
0,009 NO2
stężenie, c mol/dm
3
r= 0.0059−0.0053 mol
0,008
NO
(a) 0,007 (b) (c) 1·70
= 8.6·10-6 mol/dm3·s dm3 s
0,006
0,0006
0,005 70 s
0,0006
0,004 O2
0,003
70 s 0,0003
0,002
0,001
0
0 100 200 300 400
czas, s
9. 12_1575 Co to jest szybkość reakcji?
NO2(g) → NO(g) + ½O2(g) d[O2]
0,011 r= νO2 dt
0,01 Time Time
0,009 NO2
stężenie, c mol/dm
3
r= 0.0031−0.0027 mol
0,008
NO
(a) 0,007 (b) (c)
= 2·4.3·10-6 mo//dm3·s
= 8.6·10-6 mo//dm3·s
½·70 dm3 s
0,006
0,0006
0,005 70 s
0,0006
0,004 O2
0,003
70 s 0,0003
0,002
0,001
0
0 100 200 300 400
czas, s
10. Co to jest szybkość reakcji?
wnioski
• szybkość reakcji > 0
• nie zależy od wyboru reagenta
(substrat, produkt)
11. Jak wyznaczać szybkość reakcji?
1) Szybkość średnia w danym odcinku czasu – pomiar różnic stężeń, ∆c
2) Szybkość chwilowa – wyznaczenie stycznej w danej chwili, tg(α)
Sposób pomiaru szybkości reakcji zależy od typu
Sposób pomiaru szybkości reakcji zależy od typu
stosowanego reaktora!!!!
stosowanego reaktora!!!!
definiujemy czas kontaktu dla różnych reaktorów
substraty produkty
zbiornikowy przepływowy
12. Jak szybkość reakcji zależy od stężenia?
równanie kinetyczne
NO2(g) → NO(g) + ½O2(g)
r = k[NO2]n
k = stała szybkości reakcji (liczba wymierna>0)
n = rząd reakcji (liczba wymierna)
13. Jak szybkość reakcji zależy od stężenia?
równanie kinetyczne
NO2(g) → NO(g) + ½O2(g)
r = k[NO]n1[O2]n2
n1+n2 = całkowity rząd reakcji (liczba wymierna)
14. Jak szybkość reakcji zależy od stężenia?
równanie kinetyczne
aA + bB → cC + dD
dowolne równanie sumaryczne
r = k[A]na[B]nb[C]nc[D]nd
na,b,c,d wyznaczane są doświadczalnie
na + nb + nc + nd = całkowity rząd reakcji
15. Jak szybkość reakcji zależy od stężenia?
równanie kinetyczne dla reakcji I rzędu
aA → cC + dD
dowolne równanie sumaryczne
stężenie A, [A] mol/dm
0,12
r = k [A] n=1 3 0,1
−∆ A
r=
Rate = =k A
0,08
po scałkowaniu 0,06 ∆t
0,04
[A] = [A]0exp(-kt) 0,02
0
0 100 200 300 400
czas, s
16. Jak szybkość reakcji zależy od stężenia?
czas połowicznego zaniku ==czas
czas połowicznego zaniku czas
potrzebny do przemiany połowy
potrzebny do przemiany połowy
stężenia początkowego substratu
stężenia początkowego substratu
t½ [A] = ½[A]0
17. Jak szybkość reakcji zależy od stężenia?
równanie kinetyczne dla reakcji I rzędu
2N2O5 → 4NO2 + O2
r = k [N2O5]
12_294
n=1
[N2O5]0 0.1000
0.0900
czas połowicznego 0.0800
zaniku
0.0700
[N 2O 5] (mol/L)
0.0600
[N2O5]0 0.0500
ln2
2
0.693 0.0400
t1/2 = [N2O5]0
0.0300
k 4
[N2O5]0
8
0.0200
0.0100
50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400
t1/2 t1/2 t1/2
Time (s)
18. Jak szybkość reakcji zależy od stężenia?
wnioski
dla n=1, t½ nie zależy od stężenia początkowego
19. Jak szybkość reakcji zależy od stężenia?
wnioski ogólne
12_06T
Podsumowanie – równania kinetyczne dla reakcji 0,1,2 rzędu
Rząd
O 1 2
Równanie kinetyczne r = k r = k [A] r = k [A] 2
1 1
Postać całkowa [A] = - k t + [A] 0 ln[A] = - k t + ln[A] 0 = kt +
[A] [A] 0
1
linearyzacja [A] versus t ln[A] versus t versus t
[A]
Czas połowicznego rozpadu [A] 0 0.693 1
t 1/2 = t 1/2 = t 1/2 =
2k k k [A] 0
20. Jak szybkość reakcji zależy od temperatury?
równanie Arrheniusa r = k [A]n
−E / RT
k = Ae a
1000
800
600
k
400
z doświadczenia wynika, że: 200
0
k = const·exp(-E/RT) 0 200 400 600
T, K
dlaczego tak się dzieje?
- cząsteczki muszą się zderzać
- tylko zderzenia posiadające pewną energię Ea są
aktywne
21. Jak szybkość reakcji zależy od temperatury?
12_300
T1
liczba cząstek
T2 > T1
T2
0
0 Ea
Energy
Energia cząstek
22. Jak szybkość reakcji zależy od temperatury?
Jak wyznaczyć energię aktywacji?
Logarytmiczna postać równania Arrheniusa
ln(k) = ln(A) -E/RT
16,0
14,0
y = -91220x + 131,74
12,0
10,0
ln(k)
8,0
6,0
4,0
α
2,0
0,0
0,001 0,001 0,001 0,001 0,001 0,001 0,001 0,001
1/T, 1/K
23. W jaki sposób przebiegają reakcje?
Jaki jest mechanizm reakcji?
1. Sumaryczna postać równania stechiometrycznego nie mówi nic o tym jak
cząsteczki reagują ze sobą
2. Cząsteczki reagują w serii kroków pośrednich zwanych aktami elementarnymi
24. W jaki sposób przebiegają reakcje?
Jaki jest mechanizm reakcji?
• równanie stechiometryczne
2NO2(g) + F2(g) → 2NO2F(g)
• równanie kinetyczne
r = k [NO2][F2]
• mechanizm
elementarnych
NO2 + F2 → NO2F + F
sekwencja
aktów
F + NO2 → NO2F
sumaryczne
2NO2 + F2 → 2NO2F
Równanie
25. W jaki sposób przebiegają reakcje?
Jaki jest mechanizm reakcji?
• równanie stechiometryczne
2NO2(g) + F2(g) → 2NO2F(g)
• równanie kinetyczne
Etap limitujący szybkość
r = k [NO2][F2] Etap limitujący szybkość
reakcji –– najwolniejszy w
reakcji najwolniejszy w
• mechanizm sekwencji
sekwencji
elementarnych
NO2 + F2 → NO2F + F
sekwencja
aktów
F + NO2 → NO2F
sumaryczne
2NO2 + F2 → 2NO2F
Równanie
26. W jaki sposób przebiegają reakcje?
Jaki jest mechanizm reakcji?
• równanie stechiometryczne
2NO2(g) + F2(g) → 2NO2F(g)
• równanie kinetyczne
r = k [NO2][F2]
Niezgodność
Niezgodność
• mechanizm alternatywny mechanizmu z
mechanizmu z
równaniem kinetycznym
NO2 + NO2 → N2O4 równaniem kinetycznym
wyklucza mechanizm
F2 → 2F wyklucza mechanizm
N2O4 + F → N2O4F
N2O4F → NO2F + NO2
NO2 + F → NO2F
27. W jaki sposób przebiegają reakcje?
Jaki jest mechanizm reakcji?
• równanie stechiometryczne
2NO2(g) + F2(g) → 2NO2F(g)
• równanie kinetyczne
Zgodność mechanizmu zz
Zgodność mechanizmu
r = k [NO2][F2] równaniem kinetycznym
równaniem kinetycznym
nie dowodzi mechanizmu
• mechanizm nie dowodzi mechanizmu
elementarnych
NO2 + F2 → NO2F + F
sekwencja
aktów
F + NO2 → NO2F
• mechanizm należy potwierdzać doświadczalnie
sumaryczne
2NO2 + F2 → 2NO2F
Równanie
28. W jaki sposób przebiegają reakcje?
Reakcje katalityczne
• katalizator biorąc udział w reakcji chemicznej
przyspiesza ją i kieruje w inną stronę lecz
nie występuje w równaniu stechiometrycznym
• działanie katalizatora polega na rozbiciu reakcji
na akty elementarne z udziałem katalizatora
33. Jak działa katalizator?
12_304
Effective Effective
Number of collisions
with a given energy
collisions collisions
Number of collisions
with a given energy
(uncatalyzed) (catalyzed)
Ea (catalyzed )
E a (uncatalyzed )
Energy Energy
(a) (b)