The document discusses the growing global need for energy and the energy sources and mix that will power the future. It argues that meeting increasing energy demands will require harnessing diverse forms of energy through research and understanding various scientific concepts. A well-educated workforce with skills in science, technology, engineering, and math (STEM) is needed to advance energy research and develop cost-effective and environmentally-friendly solutions. The document provides statistics on global energy usage and outlines the STEM fields and skills required for the energy industry now and in the future.

1. GLOBAL ENERGY: SOURCES
AND EFFICIENCY
ANDTHE NEED FOR EDUCATION IN SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, ENGINEERING,
MATHEMATICS AND RESEARCH “STEM+R” IN ALL ENERGY APPLICATIONS
Doug Wyatt
General Session – STEM: Energy Efficiency/Renewable Energy Programs
7th Annual Minority Serving Institutes Technical Assistance National Training Conference
“Creating a Presence” Minority Serving Institutions Community of Partners Council (MSI-COPC)
September 23-25, 2013, Gaithersburg, MD; National Institute of Standards and Technology
Tuesday, September 24, 2013

2. I would like to thank:
All thoughts, opinions, conjectures, predictions, mistakes and bad jokes are the sole responsibility of the
author and do not reflect the position, beliefs or practices of the URS Corporation or the US Government.

3. Three simple talking points and one
thought paradigm
• The growing need for energy
• The energy mix of the future
• The people and skills for future energy
• Think about energy in terms of its primary
use – what it is needed for:
Transportation – Electricity – Heat

4. The human need for energy continues to grow globally. Not just because the
world population is growing, but because energy is the cornerstone which
serves as the tool, system, and economic driver for quantitative measurement in
the quality of life. People in advanced societies expect readily available energy
to supply light switches by the front door, a quick fill-up at the gas station, and
gadgets such as iPhones. To supply this demand, identification of diverse forms
of energy and how it is used falls under the constraints of scientific discovery. A
need exists for energy research. This knowledge requires the process of
understanding – leading to discovery, conversion, transmission, and utilization –
before it can be beneficial. To meet this objective, a broad body of educational
requirements is needed in science, engineering and technology to advance
energy research. Ultimately, the development of an educated workforce and
energy savvy public will drive cost-effective and environment-friendly solutions.
the most critical need for
Energy is the currency of our future.
the driver of
Energy

5. Total Electricity Net Consumption 2010 (Billion Kilowatt-hours)
Data Source: USDOE-EIA
Image Source: http://images.nationalgeographic.com/wpf/media-live/photos/000/620/overrides/new-view-earth-at-night-world_62010_600x450.jpg
US
China
Japan
Russia
India
Malaysia
Mozambique
Barbados
Chad
Energy

6. 0.1
1
10
100
1000
10000
2009
Cont. AVG 2004
Cont. AVG 2009
Total Energy Consumption 2009 Per Capita (MBTU per Person)
Data Source: USDOE-EIA
Image Source: http://images.nationalgeographic.com/wpf/media-live/photos/000/620/overrides/new-view-earth-at-night-world_62010_600x450.jpg
AF
AS-OC
C-SA
World
NA
EA
EU
ME
Gibraltar
Virgin Islands, U.S.
Netherlands Antilles
United Arab Emirates
Qatar
Trinidad and Tobago
Iceland
Singapore
Kuwait
Bahrain
Norway
Canada
Luxembourg
Brunei
United States
Saudi Arabia
Australia
Oman
Nauru
Belgium
Lesotho
Tanzania
Nepal
Timor-Leste (East
Timor)
Guinea
Liberia
Malawi
Uganda
Burkina Faso
Madagascar
Ethiopia
Congo (Kinshasa)
Central African
Republic
Eritrea
Niger
Somalia
Rwanda
Mali
Burundi
Chad
China
India
Note: 1,000,000 BTU’s/year total ~ 8 hours/day of a 100 watt light bulb
Energy

7. Energy Definitions
• Renewable energy is generally defined as energy that
comes from resources which are continually replenished
on a human timescale such as streams, sunlight, wind,
rain, tides, waves, biomass and geothermal heat.
• Non-renewable energy resources (also known as a
finite resources) are resources that do not renew
themselves at a sufficient rate for sustainable economic
extraction in meaningful human timeframes.
Energy cannot be created or destroyed, it can only be changed from one form
to another.” Albert Einstein
Modified from wikipedia.com and goodreads.com
Energy

8. (Resnick Institute, Cal. Inst. of Tech., 2013)
Total Global Energy Use by Type
‘Conventional’ and ‘Renewable’
Total = transportation plus electricity
FE = 85%
Energy

9. US Energy
1949-2011
Production Consumption
EIA, 2012
Energy

10. Paradigm Shift in Clean Energy
Growth in Renewables, Extreme Growth in Natural Gas
Energy

11. Global Renewables
Projection-EU Perspective
NEW Global Energy Added TOTAL Global Energy Portfolio
http://www.motherjones.com/blue-marble/2013/04/charts-renewable-energy-fossil-fuels
Assumes:
•Global Carbon Tax
•Decline in US Energy Demand
•Increase in US Energy Efficiency
•No Global Shale Gas Paradigm
Data from Bloomberg New Energy Finance
Energy

12. The Global Natural Gas Resource
(The result of new science, technology, engineering, math and research)
The areal extent of global
shale gas basins would
cover almost all of the
western hemisphere.
The areal extent of US
shale gas basins would
cover more than half the
country.
Energy

13. Rig Lights
Bakken
Rig Lights
Eagleford
Rig Lights
GoM
Energy

14. Energy and Water are Uniquely Interdependent!
Generally speaking, for energy use, only
2.5(.301+.013) X 31.4(.201+.0046) = 0.21% of global water is available
and must compete with agriculture, industry and domestic consumption.
Energy

15. The US Model - Where energy is generated, transmitted and
utilized is where the jobs will be……in relative proportion!
~95,100,000,000,000,000
63.8% O&G
18.3% Coal
8.5% Nuclear
8.8% Renewable
Efficiency

16. “Each year the Lawrence Livermore
National Laboratory releases
an analysis of the energy input and
energy use of the US economy to
determine the energy efficiency.
The United States wasted 61% of all
its energy input in 2012. That's
enough energy to power the United
Kingdom for seven years. We are just
39% energy efficient.
Of the 95.1 quadrillion BTUs of raw
energy that entered the US economy,
only 37.0 quadrillion BTUs were
actually used.”
A GREAT REASON FOR RESEARCH & TECHNOLOGY!
Factoid: Between the time coal is mined,
burned, the steam turbine generates
electricity, the electricity is transported,
and your incandescent bulb glows, 84%
of the energy from the coal is lost!
Efficiency

17. Transitioning from Energy Waste to Wise
Energy Use – Coal Example
FC Hybrids Smart Grid
We can increase efficiency by more than 10x!
coal electricity
~65% loss ~ 4.8%+ loss
Generation Transmission Distribution
electricity electricity
~ 88% loss
End-Use
~ 5.1% loss
~4 Overall
Efficiency
Adapted from AEP, Ohio Fuel Cell Coalition, June 2009
Ordinary Lighting
Today
Tomorrow ~40 Overall
Efficiency
Coal, gas, renewables electricity electricity Solid-State Lighting
Current Technology
~40% loss ~8% loss ~28% loss
Loss per step
Loss per step
The role of ‘Efficiency’ in Energy is a necessity, critical, paramount…
… and demanding of a STEM education!
Efficiency

18. In 2012, we had the most energy-efficient
economy in US history
from Mark.J.PerryApril26,2013
http://www.aei-ideas.org/2013/04/chart-of-the-day-in-2012-the-us-had-the-most-energy-efficient-economy-in-history/
Efficiency

19. Typical Energy Source Efficiencies (output only)
plus STEM skills needed in these areas
• Solar Cell/Panel ~15 - 21%
• Hydroelectric ~50 - 85%
• Wind ~30 - 35%
• Fuel Cell ~47% electric & ~90%
thermal
• Biomass ~7 - 27% to 30 – 40% if
co-fired
• Tidal ~85% if tides >7 meters
• Geothermal ~16% average
• Coal ~30 - 35%
• Nuclear ~35% based on steam
production
The role of ‘Efficiency’ in Energy is a necessity, critical, paramount…
But remember, efficiency is the result of the entire lifecycle!
… STEM skills are needed for the entire lifecycle.
DOE
Efficiency

20. “US Energy Boom to Create 500,000 Additional Jobs by
2020” 1244 jobs posted globally from
9/6/13 through 9/13/13! 85% of
these jobs require STEM skills!
For September, 2013 URS has 217+ open positions requiring STEM education.
STEM+R Employment

21. Forbes 15 Most Valuable College Majors
(plus a few more)
1. Biomedical Engineering
2. Biochemistry*
3. Computer Science*
4. Software Engineering*
5. Environmental Engineering*
6. Civil Engineering*
7. Geology*
8. Management Information Systems*
9. Petroleum Engineering*
10. Applied Mathematics*
11. Mathematics*
12. Construction Management*
13. Finance*
14. Physics*
15. Statistics*
16. Chemical Engineering
17. Materials Science
18. Mechanical Engineering
19. Process Engineering
20. Safety/Safety Engineering
For global energy needs, it is critically
important to understand that none of
these disciplines are stand-alone.
There is a common thread of
knowledge and understanding in
science and math that is required.
STEM+R Employment

22. Required Skills of the Energy Industry as
Compared with STEM Occupations
BLS (Ben Cover, John I. Jones, and Audrey Watson), 2011, Science, technology, engineering, and mathematics
(STEM) occupations: a visual essay.
Skills required/dominant in both fossil and renewable energy
STEM+R Employment

23. Good Advice from Texas A&M
There is more to STEM than just coursework. STEM graduates
need these skills in any concept of a global energy future.
STEM+R Employment

24. The STEM Dilemma: A UK Perspective
“STEM subjects are integral to the UK’s success: the UK is the world’s
sixth largest manufacturer, engineering turnover is around £800 billion
per year, and whilst the UK makes up only 1% of the world’s
population, we produce 10% of the world’s top scientific research.
Despite this, it is remarkable to note that even though STEM graduates
have the potential to earn amongst the highest salaries of all new
recruits, employers are finding it difficult to recruit STEM skilled staff.
And alongside our need for a skilled STEM workforce, it is crucial that
all young people, regardless of their future career pathway, have the
STEM knowledge and skills they need to be an informed citizen in an
increasingly scientific and technological society.”
http://www.nationalstemcentre.org.uk
Multiply the issue 5 or 6 times for the US!
STEM+R Employment

25. U.S. Science and Engineering Labor Force
Stalls, but Trends Vary Across States,
Mark Mather and Diana Lavery
Population Research Bureau, http://www.prb.org/Publications/Articles/2012/scientists-engineers.aspx
STEM+R Employment

26. STEM + R: Requirements for Energy (1)
• My Definitions for STEM + R as related to Global Energy:
• Science ≡ the universal foundation principals for understanding,
evaluating, producing, and utilizing energy.
• Technology ≡ a useable product developed from Science +
Engineering.
• Engineering ≡ the discipline of conversion of scientific information
into useful human processes
• Mathematics ≡ the language used to communicate in both Science
and Engineering
• Research ≡ the process of learning, creating, understanding and
merging information through Science and Mathematics into useful
Engineering principles (so that new Technology can be developed)
All in a work scenario that is comprised of Globalized, Multidisciplinary,
High Performance and Advanced Computational work teams!
STEM+R Employment

27. STEM + R: Requirements for Energy (2)
• Academic Needs for STEM + R as related to Global Energy:
• Science ≡ Astronomy, Geosciences, Biosciences, Physics,
Physical Geography, Chemistry
• Technology ≡ Economics, Marketing, Business, Management,
ESHQA
• Engineering ≡ Chemical, Mechanical, Process, Petroleum,
Materials, Computer, Information, Nuclear
• Mathematics ≡ Calculus through Basic Differential Equations,
Statistics (Monte Carlo, Bayesian, etc), Applied
• Research ≡ Advanced Thinking, Lab Processes, Innovation
IMHO, students following an Engineering path should be required to have
more courses in Science and Technology as well as a “How To” Research
course. Students following a Science path should be required to have
“Understanding” Engineering courses as well as Research courses. All
should be required to have basic Technology coursework.
STEM+R Employment

28. A research “team” with STEM skills
Micro-CT Structure Scan

29. Integrated Technology Development
Accelerating Technology through Collaboration – TRL’s
Time
Scale,SystemComplexity
Basic Principle
Paper Study
Proof of Concept
Component Test
(Real Environment)
Basic Energy Science
ARPA-e
R&D Program Demonstration Program
Industry
Component Test
(Laboratory)
Demonstration
(>5% Scale)
Commercial
Operation
Pilot Test
(~5% Scale)
Process Test
(<5% Scale)
STEM training is not just for specific activities but is required for all.
STEM+R Employment

30. STEM is varied and can be fun!
an example from mtu.edu
Good enough?
16 credits
STEM+R Employment

31. Innovation for the Future of Energy
+ =
Paper, pencil
3-5 minutes
> 20 ideas
Thanks to David Owens
Some estimate the Learning Rate
Curve in Energy is about 20%. Some
estimate that the benefit to cost ratio
of Energy Learning (Innovation) is
about 15 to 1. Historically, great
innovation in Energy has come
intermittently followed by progressive
technology. We need both!
STEM+R Employment

32. THANK YOU
Dr. Doug Wyatt
doug.wyatt@urs.com