www.cebm.net/oxford-covid-19/
1
What is the efficacy of standard face masks compared to respirator
masks in preventing COVID-type respiratory illnesses in primary
care staff?
Trish Greenhalgh and Xin Hui Chan, University of Oxford
Kamlesh Khunti, University of Leicester
Quentin Durand-Moreau and Sebastian Straube, University of Alberta, Canada
Declan Devane and Elaine Toomey, Evidence Synthesis Ireland and Cochrane Ireland
Anil Adisesh, University of Toronto, and St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, Canada
On behalf of the Oxford COVID-19 Evidence Service Team
Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine, Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences,
University of Oxford
23rd March 2020
Correspondence to [email protected]
Most real-world research comparing standard face masks with respirator masks has
been in the context of influenza or other relatively benign respiratory conditions and
based in hospitals. There are no published head-to-head trials of these interventions
in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection,
COVID-19, and no trials in primary or community care settings. Current guidance is
therefore based partly on indirect evidence – notably, from past influenza, SARS and
MERS outbreaks – as well as expert opinion and custom and practice.
Policy guidance from various bodies (e.g. Public Health England, WHO) emphasises
the need to assess the contagion risk of an encounter and use the recommended
combination of equipment for that situation. A respirator mask and other highly
effective PPE (eye protection, gloves, long-sleeved gown, used with good
donning/doffing technique) are needed to protect against small airborne particles in
aerosol-generating procedures (AGPs) such as intubation. For non-AGPs, there is
no evidence that respirator masks add value over standard masks when both are
used with recommended wider PPE measures.
A recent meta-analysis of standard v respirator (N95 or FFP) masks by the Chinese
Cochrane Centre included six RCTs with a total of 9171 participants with influenza-
like illnesses (including pandemic strains, seasonal influenza A or B viruses and
zoonotic viruses such as avian or swine influenza). There were no statistically
significant differences in their efficacy in preventing laboratory-confirmed influenza,
laboratory-confirmed respiratory viral infections, laboratory-confirmed respiratory
infection and influenza-like illness, but respirators appeared to protect against
bacterial colonization.
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https://www.cebm.net/oxford-covid-19/
www.cebm.net/oxford-covid-19/
2
CONTEXT
Concerns have been raised about the limited personal protective equipment (PPE)
provided for UK primary and community care staff with some GP surgeries,
pharmacies and care homes having very limited provision. We were asked to find out
whether and in what circumstances standard m ...
The world is witnessing an invasion from a new corona virus, which resulted in more than one million of deaths. Most of the sectors such industrial, economy, and tourism are facing a crisis, hence the workers in the field of medicine, considered to be the barrier to fight this invasion. This new virus seems to have two main transmission routes: direct and contact, which it will open a high chance of infection among professional health providers, especially, surgeons and dentists. Maxillofacial and dental surgeons, considered to be essential professional health experts that perform, multiple surgeries and dental procedures every day, consequently, these professions will exhibit a high risk of getting infected by Covid19, due to that, this review article aimed to discuss the possible ways that it may help in optimizing the level of infection control.
Medical masks and Respirators for the Protection of Healthcare Workers from S...Shiran Kapila Jayawardhane
The use of medical masks and respirators as personal protective equipment is pivotal to reducing the level of biological hazard to which healthcare workers are exposed during the outbreak of highly diffusible pathogens, such as the recent novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2. Unfortunately, during this pandemic, supplies are rapidly running out worldwide, with potential consequences for the rate of occupational infections. Also, knowledge about specific characteristics of respirators is of utmost importance to select the proper type according to the clinical setting. A wide variety of literature is available on the topic, but mostly based on Influenza viruses infection models. Clinical evidence on the use of respirators is poor and interest in the topic has not been constant over time. A better understanding of SARS-CoV-2 transmission is needed, together with high-quality clinical data on the use of respirators or alternative devices. Moreover, healthcare workers, regardless of their level of experience, should receive specific training. This review aims to summarize the available evidence on the use of medical masks and respirators in the context of viral infections, especially the current coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19
Anesthesiologist’s Prospective on Self-protection, Therapy, and Managements i...asclepiuspdfs
During the beginnings of 2020, a virus has spread from China and caused a huge surge in severe acute respiratory cases globally. Due to the high contagiousness and anomalous course of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, caused by coronavirus disease, abbreviated as COVID-19, the World Health Organization (W.H.O) announced it as a pandemic and strict measurements were implemented to try and protect the vulnerable populations and those fighting on the frontline of this wave.[1] Scientific personnel all over the world began reviewing hundreds of articles published by scientific authors about the preexisting coronaviruses to assess the strain and pathogenesis of COVID-19 and explore possible effective therapies. At the beginning of the pandemic, the goal was clear: Support the immune system by using preexisting drugs such as antibiotics and antivirals to prevent superinfections and alleviate possible foreseen complications, in addition to the use of prophylactic vaccines in high-risk groups. Another therapy option was the use of convalescent sera, which is a passive antibody therapy used as prophylaxis.[2] In this review, we conclude the importance of adhering to the precautionary guidelines set by the W.H.O recommended for health care workers and the general population, as the most important factor for protection against further transmission of the virus. The extra respiratory manifestations of the virus will also be highlighted along with the therapy modalities that are already being used and the upcoming vaccines that will counteract the virus.
Advice on the use of masks in the community, during
home care and in health care settings in the context of
the novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) outbreak
Interim guidance
29 January 2020
The world is witnessing an invasion from a new corona virus, which resulted in more than one million of deaths. Most of the sectors such industrial, economy, and tourism are facing a crisis, hence the workers in the field of medicine, considered to be the barrier to fight this invasion. This new virus seems to have two main transmission routes: direct and contact, which it will open a high chance of infection among professional health providers, especially, surgeons and dentists. Maxillofacial and dental surgeons, considered to be essential professional health experts that perform, multiple surgeries and dental procedures every day, consequently, these professions will exhibit a high risk of getting infected by Covid19, due to that, this review article aimed to discuss the possible ways that it may help in optimizing the level of infection control.
Medical masks and Respirators for the Protection of Healthcare Workers from S...Shiran Kapila Jayawardhane
The use of medical masks and respirators as personal protective equipment is pivotal to reducing the level of biological hazard to which healthcare workers are exposed during the outbreak of highly diffusible pathogens, such as the recent novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2. Unfortunately, during this pandemic, supplies are rapidly running out worldwide, with potential consequences for the rate of occupational infections. Also, knowledge about specific characteristics of respirators is of utmost importance to select the proper type according to the clinical setting. A wide variety of literature is available on the topic, but mostly based on Influenza viruses infection models. Clinical evidence on the use of respirators is poor and interest in the topic has not been constant over time. A better understanding of SARS-CoV-2 transmission is needed, together with high-quality clinical data on the use of respirators or alternative devices. Moreover, healthcare workers, regardless of their level of experience, should receive specific training. This review aims to summarize the available evidence on the use of medical masks and respirators in the context of viral infections, especially the current coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19
Anesthesiologist’s Prospective on Self-protection, Therapy, and Managements i...asclepiuspdfs
During the beginnings of 2020, a virus has spread from China and caused a huge surge in severe acute respiratory cases globally. Due to the high contagiousness and anomalous course of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, caused by coronavirus disease, abbreviated as COVID-19, the World Health Organization (W.H.O) announced it as a pandemic and strict measurements were implemented to try and protect the vulnerable populations and those fighting on the frontline of this wave.[1] Scientific personnel all over the world began reviewing hundreds of articles published by scientific authors about the preexisting coronaviruses to assess the strain and pathogenesis of COVID-19 and explore possible effective therapies. At the beginning of the pandemic, the goal was clear: Support the immune system by using preexisting drugs such as antibiotics and antivirals to prevent superinfections and alleviate possible foreseen complications, in addition to the use of prophylactic vaccines in high-risk groups. Another therapy option was the use of convalescent sera, which is a passive antibody therapy used as prophylaxis.[2] In this review, we conclude the importance of adhering to the precautionary guidelines set by the W.H.O recommended for health care workers and the general population, as the most important factor for protection against further transmission of the virus. The extra respiratory manifestations of the virus will also be highlighted along with the therapy modalities that are already being used and the upcoming vaccines that will counteract the virus.
Advice on the use of masks in the community, during
home care and in health care settings in the context of
the novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) outbreak
Interim guidance
29 January 2020
“A maior contribuição dos protocolos de mascaramento expandidos pode ser reduzir a transmissão da ansiedade”.
Na verdade, usando máscaras, você pode atrasar outras pessoas no desenvolvimento de anticorpos de memória para proteção duradoura contra a infecção viral, para que nossa sociedade possa voltar ao normal.
Corna virus detail And corona virus in pakistanEmaan Uppal
The 2019–20 coronavirus pandemic is a pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The disease was first identified in Wuhan, Hubei, China in December 2019Avoiding close contact with sick individuals; frequently washing hands with soap and water; not touching the eyes, nose, or mouth with unwashed hands; and practicing good respiratory hygiene.
As soon as the Sars- Cov- 2 infects a mortal host, it transforms abiding cells as carriers for its replica. The speed of an infection affecting the mortal constitution could come from the pure construction of the coronavirus. As of late, Online shopping store the coronavirus has shifted in varied kinds.
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Use of significant detail (utilizing textbook, web, etc. for sources) and appropriate grammar.
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Denial & Deception – Week 7Select one of the ‘Questions to Pon.docxruthannemcmullen
Denial & Deception – Week 7
Select
one
of the ‘Questions to Ponder’ as your topic for this week's Forum posting. Original post must be 250+ words. Student responses must be 150+ words.
Questions to Ponder
Who are the world's leading practitioners of Denial and Deception? How have they developed, or acquired their capabilities? Do they share their capabilities, and if so, with whom?
What is the influence of the twenty-four hour news cycle and the internet in Denial and Deception?
What role are private companies playing in Denial and Deception proliferation and sophistication?
What does the future hold for Denial and Deception operations?
Student Response #1 – Harshul
Who are the world's leading practitioners of Denial and Deception; How have they developed, or acquired their capabilities; Do they share their capabilities, and if so, with whom;
China and Iran are the world's leading practitioners of Denial and Deception. In true Cold War fashion the PRC continues to mislead the international community about its arms build up and its geo-strategic goals in the Far East and South East Asia. Tactically, through the use of conventional forms of deception and “...electronic decoys, infrared decoys, false-target generators and angle reflectors” (Gertz 2008, np) during operations and testing procedures the Chinese have prevented others from gaining insight into their capabilities and intentions. Strategically, as it grows stronger the PRC aims to use all available means to settle territory related disputes with Vietnam, Philippines, Taiwan and Japan. Along with their own ingenuity and skill the most important sources for technological tools of deception and denial have come from business transactions with Russia and outright theft from the United States. It has also acquired American technology through our allies such as Israel. China has shared its capabilities with Pakistan, Iran, Syria and North Korea.
Iran has certainly practices both functions in order to hide the progress or lack there of concerning its nuclear ambitions. It has also practiced deception in order to intimidate its neighbors and the United States. In 2006 the Iranians had released a video of an allegedly successful missile test to showcase their military capability but after careful analysis “...U.S. intelligence officers analyzed the plume of smoke from the missile and determined it matched a video of an earlier Chinese test” (Barnes 2006, np). The Iranians have developed much of their capabilities with help from China and North Korea and have shred their capabilities with their allies in the region, mainly Syria and Lebanon.
References
1. Gertz, Bill. 2008. Denial and Deception. Inside the Ring. The Washington Times, March 28, http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2008/mar/28/inside-the-ring-60000234/?page=all (accessed October 24, 2014)
2. Barnes, Julian, E. 2006. Video of Iranian Missile Test Is Fake, Pentagon Says. Los Angeles Times, September 10, http://art.
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Demonstration of core knowledge
The following section demonstrates the core knowledge that I am qualified to graduate from Mechanical Engineering graduate program.
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· Material properties and Selection
· Simulation of processes
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Fig. 1 Material Selection Trade-off Plot
For the second field, Simulation of processes, before any complex or costly manufacturing process. It is indispensable to run the simulation before the actual process. Not only the error can be predicted in the result of the simulation but the overall result of the end product. For example, the casting process for an impeller, a rotor with blades used to increase the pressure and/or flow of a fluid, is challenging and also easy to fail. However, with the help of simulating the process, shown in Fig. 2 &3, the failure of the casting process is able to be predicted by identifying the location of maximum principle, which the growth of the crack will occur in direction perpendicular to, and maximum normal stress, which the failure will occur, to improve the actual casting process and prevent the failure of a process.
Fig. 2 Identidy the maximum principle stressFig. 3 Identify the maximun normal stress
Both two fields listed above, Material properties and Selection and Simulation of processes,
demonstrate the essential core knowledge that I obtained while studying master of mechanical engineering. The first enable me to determine which material is the most suitable for the product, which allow me to work as a design engineer. The latter help me simulate the manufacturing process which can also help me with my future to work as a process engineer.
1
A Guide for Writing a Technical Research Paper
Libby Shoop
Macalester College, Mathematics and Computer Science Department
1 Introduction
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Describe at least five ways IT has helped change HR. What are the .docxruthannemcmullen
Describe at least five ways IT has helped change HR.
What are the major differences between today's HR departments and previous personnel departments because of IT/IS interaction?
What are the disadvantages to moving to a HRIS?
This paper should be 3 pages of complete content (cover page and reference page are separate) and have in-text citations. The paper will be in APA style (both in formatting the paper and reference page). One scholarly article as a minimum should be included in the paper.
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Democracies Around the WorldThe United States does not have a .docxruthannemcmullen
Democracies Around the World
The United States does not have a monopoly on democracy. Democratic governance is flourishing in other nations around the world. Not all democracies are alike, however. Citizens adapt democratic governance to meet their local needs and conform to their cultural mores. The United Kingdom and the United States are held up as leading examples of democratic governance. Both nations are long established and robust, yet each approaches democratic governance differently. The United Kingdom has a parliamentary government, while the United States has a presidential government. Comparing and contrasting different approaches to democratic governance is an excellent way for you to increase your knowledge of how other governments work and at the same time gain new insights into how you are governed in your own country.
To prepare for this Discussion:
Review the article “Duration of Party Control in Parliamentary and Presidential Governments: A Study of 65 Democracies, 1950 to 1998” in this week’s Learning Resources. Take note of similarities and differences between parliamentary and presidential governments.
Review the article “Economic Development and Democracy” in this week’s Learning Resources. Focus on the comparisons made between development and democracy. Consider how the information in this article might inform a comparison between nations.
Peruse the Internet for official government websites of nations around the world. Identify at least two nations, other than your home nation, that have forms of democracy and browse the website for each.
Focus on the specific form of democracy that exists in the nations you identified.
Consider the similarities and differences between each of the governments and with the United States, paying particular attention to types of governing bodies (i.e., Senate, Parliament, House of Lords) within each government, which bodies are responsible for day-to-day government operations, and which are involved in developing or implementing public policy.
Think about similarities and differences between the three countries and then between them and the United States in terms of governance and public policy.
With these thoughts in mind:
Post by Day 4
a brief description of democracy in the nations you selected. Explain the similarities and differences of democracy in this nation(s) with democracy in the United States in terms of governance and public policy. Alternatively, you may explain the similarities and differences of democracy in 2 of the 3 nations you studied. Also, share at least one insight you gained and/or conclusion you drew based on your comparison.
.
Deliverable Length 500-750 wordsOutline the major theories of .docxruthannemcmullen
Deliverable Length:
500-750 words
Outline the major theories of organizations
Describe the techniques of managing change
Organizations, like all cultures, must continue to evolve or they stagnate and eventually become obsolete. Using change management tools can help an organization to stay vibrant and evolve over time to remain competitive. Research change management models, and address the following:
Describe 2–3 change management models.
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Deliverable Length A one-page letter to employeesLetter to E.docxruthannemcmullen
Deliverable Length:
A one-page letter to employees
Letter to Employees
As an appendix in the final draft of your key assignment document, write a letter to employees from senior leaders explaining the importance of the implementation of a code of conduct, the company’s vision, mission statement, and the importance of good ethical principles for the success of the firm.
.
Deliverable Length:
400 - 600 words
Summative Discussion Board
Review and reflect on the knowledge you have gained from this course. Based on your review and reflection, write at least 3 paragraphs on the following:
What were the most compelling topics learned in this course?
How did participating in discussions help your understanding of the subject matter? Is anything still unclear that could be clarified?
What approaches could have yielded additional valuable information?
The main post should include at least 1 reference to research sources, and all sources should be cited using APA format.
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Deliverable Length800 - 1000 wordsDetailsWeekly tasks or ass.docxruthannemcmullen
Deliverable Length:
800 - 1000 words
Details:
Weekly tasks or assignments (Individual or Group Projects) will be due by Monday and late submissions will be assigned a late penalty in accordance with the late penalty policy found in the syllabus. NOTE: All submission posting times are based on midnight Central Time.
Research has identified 2 primary emotions related to stress: anger and fear.
Choose a detailed study of either anger or fear as the focus for your paper.
Be sure to include the following in your paper:
Provide a description of the emotion that you have chosen (anger or fear), including the following:
How it originates
The body’s physiological response to the emotion
Behavioral ways in which the emotion is expressed
How the emotion relates to the stress response
Discuss the ways in which people tend to cope with the emotion.
Describe both unhealthy and healthy methods for coping with the emotion.
Include at least 2 peer-reviewed journal articles in your paper. Use in-text citations and a reference list according to APA style guidelines.
Objective:
Identify the causes and effects of stress, as well as, the theories and concepts of stress management and self-regulation.
Examine the methods available for enhancing positive health and reducing unhealthy stress.
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Deliverable Length 2-4 pagesConsider the facts of the follow.docxruthannemcmullen
Deliverable Length:
2-4 pages
Consider the facts of the following case when answering the questions below:
Dale and Mike Parak were twin brothers and best friends. They spent their entire lives looking out for each other's interests. While growing up, the two were inseparable. They played sports together, double-dated frequently, and attended the same university. They grew closer as they aged, they got married at about the same time, and eventually, both were divorced. After they retired from their jobs, they decided to live together to save money, and they still enjoyed each other's company.
When he was 70 years old, Mike was diagnosed with cancer. Doctors predicted that he had about 6 months to live. The brothers agreed that Mike should not suffer. Mike and Dale wrote and signed a note stating that they decided to commit suicide. Dale broke 20 tranquilizers into Mike's evening meal and watched as he ate it. Yet, when Dale checked on Mike one hour later, Mike was still alive. Dale panicked. He took a .38-caliber revolver from his desk and shot Mike, killing him instantly. Dale then went into the kitchen and took a handful of tranquilizers. He did not die. He awoke the next morning as somebody pounded on the front door. It was a neighbor who, seeing that Dale was dazed and confused, decided to call an ambulance and the police.
The responding police officer conducted an investigation, and Dale was arrested and charged with the premeditated, 1st-degree murder of Mike. The prosecutor, although noting it to be a difficult case, pursued the case because she thought that no citizen had the right to decide when someone should die. Dale Parak pled guilty to 1st-degree manslaughter and was sentenced to 5 years in a maximum-security prison. (
Note:
This was the lowest sentence that could be given to a defendant convicted of his crime.)
What is your personal definition of “justice”? What is the formal definition of “justice”? Do you believe that “justice” was served in this scenario?
What is the state definition of the charge that you would file as the prosecutor against Dale? Did Dale commit each of the components and elements of the crime? The elements for 1st-degree, premeditated murder are 1) the unlawful killing; 2) with malice aforethought; 3) of another human being. Explain how each element was or was not committed.
According to the definition of justice you provided, was this sentence just? Why or why not?
If you were the prosecutor in this case, would you have charged Dale Parak with any crime? With 1st-degree murder? Why?
If you were the judge in this case, how would you have sentenced Dale Parak? Why?
Please make sure that you provide academic or real-life samples in criminal justice to support your opinions.
NO PLAGIARISM!!!!!! ASSIGNMENT MUST BE DONE IN APA FORMAT. CITE ALL SOURCES AND REFERENCES IN APA FORMAT AS WELL...
.
Deliverable Length 5 slides (body of presentation), with in-depth .docxruthannemcmullen
Deliverable Length: 5 slides (body of presentation), with in-depth speaker notes
As your organization considers international expansion, one important decision it faces is how to modify its organization structure to accommodate internationalization. You have been asked to research different organization models used by other multinational corporations (MNCs) and prepare a short presentation based on your findings.
Your presentation should include the following:
A list and brief description of at least 4 different organization structures used by MNCs
A more detailed explanation and comparison of 2 of the structures
Effective use of at least 1 table, chart, or other visual representation of information
Description of a real world example of an MNC that uses one of the models you researched
How does this organization coordinate and transfer useful knowledge across borders?
Why does the organization structure chosen make sense for this particular firm and/or industry?
.
Deliverable Length800–1,000 words, including a completed table.docxruthannemcmullen
Deliverable Length:
800–1,000 words, including a completed table
Details:
Weekly tasks or assignments (Individual or Group Projects) will be due
by
Monday and late submissions will be assigned a late penalty in accordance with the late penalty policy found in the syllabus. NOTE: All submission posting times are based on midnight Central Time.
As an owner of a visible business that is valued in the community, you are making a final decision regarding the international aspects of a business decision, and you decide to set up a table with the risks and weigh their relative importance against the rate of return you foresee. You also need to put a plan in place to overcome it. Two main considerations are central to the decision:
Would the government encourage a decision to expand?
How would it affect the reputation of the business?
Your assignment is to fill in the table and then provide a brief summary of your decision, highlighting the two above considerations. The following are instructions for completing the table:
Choose an industry with which you are familiar or have an interest.
For each risk type listed in the table, indicate with an
X
in the appropriate column whether the risk will affect them as an importer or an exporter.
Also, make an assumption of what type of business (large, medium, or small) you will be using for each risk type by marking L, M, or S in the column.
Using these factors, provide a brief answer on how to overcome the risk for the industry and the business.
Risk
Importer
Exporter
L/M/S
How to Overcome It
Economic conditions
Fluctuations in industry
Competition
Technological change
Change in preferences
Costs and expenses
Regulations
Expropriation
Interest rates
Government monetary policy
Government fiscal policy
Internal and external wars
Difference in culture and religion
Ownership of factories and property
Human resource restrictions
Intellectual property
Discrimination
Red tape and corruption
Blockage of funds or capital accounts
Change in government
.
Deliverable Length 1-2 pagesSociologists cite the weakening .docxruthannemcmullen
Deliverable Length:
1-2 pages
Sociologists cite the weakening of the family as one of the causes for some of the problems that American society faces today. Do you agree? In your paper, include the following information:
Identify important or significant changes in families since 1960. What factors are responsible for this change?
On the balance, are families becoming weaker or simply different in society? What evidence can you cite?
If you agree that the family has become weaker in American society, what proposals do you have to strengthen the family?
If you disagree and believe that the family has become stronger in American culture in recent decades, please explain why.
PART 2
Deliverable Length: 3
-5 paragraphs
Answer the following questions regarding social change:
How do you think life in the United States will change in the next 10 years?
How might technology be involved or effect social change in American culture?
How do you think sociologists might use the Internet to study culture and social change in the United States?
NO PLAGIARISM!!!!!!! PLACE BOTH PARTS ON SEPERATE DOCS AND PLEASE BE SURE TO LIST ALL REFERENCES AND RESOURCES IN APA FORMAT
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Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
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Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
Normal Labour/ Stages of Labour/ Mechanism of LabourWasim Ak
Normal labor is also termed spontaneous labor, defined as the natural physiological process through which the fetus, placenta, and membranes are expelled from the uterus through the birth canal at term (37 to 42 weeks
Safalta Digital marketing institute in Noida, provide complete applications that encompass a huge range of virtual advertising and marketing additives, which includes search engine optimization, virtual communication advertising, pay-per-click on marketing, content material advertising, internet analytics, and greater. These university courses are designed for students who possess a comprehensive understanding of virtual marketing strategies and attributes.Safalta Digital Marketing Institute in Noida is a first choice for young individuals or students who are looking to start their careers in the field of digital advertising. The institute gives specialized courses designed and certification.
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Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
1. www.cebm.net/oxford-covid-19/
1
What is the efficacy of standard face masks compared to
respirator
masks in preventing COVID-type respiratory illnesses in
primary
care staff?
Trish Greenhalgh and Xin Hui Chan, University of Oxford
Kamlesh Khunti, University of Leicester
Quentin Durand-Moreau and Sebastian Straube, University of
Alberta, Canada
Declan Devane and Elaine Toomey, Evidence Synthesis Ireland
and Cochrane Ireland
Anil Adisesh, University of Toronto, and St. Michael’s
Hospital, Toronto, Canada
On behalf of the Oxford COVID-19 Evidence Service Team
Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine, Nuffield Department of
Primary Care Health Sciences,
University of Oxford
23rd March 2020
Correspondence to [email protected]
2. Most real-world research comparing standard face masks with
respirator masks has
been in the context of influenza or other relatively benign
respiratory conditions and
based in hospitals. There are no published head-to-head trials of
these interventions
in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-
CoV-2) infection,
COVID-19, and no trials in primary or community care settings.
Current guidance is
therefore based partly on indirect evidence – notably, from past
influenza, SARS and
MERS outbreaks – as well as expert opinion and custom and
practice.
Policy guidance from various bodies (e.g. Public Health
England, WHO) emphasises
the need to assess the contagion risk of an encounter and use the
recommended
combination of equipment for that situation. A respirator mask
and other highly
effective PPE (eye protection, gloves, long-sleeved gown, used
with good
donning/doffing technique) are needed to protect against small
airborne particles in
aerosol-generating procedures (AGPs) such as intubation. For
non-AGPs, there is
no evidence that respirator masks add value over standard
masks when both are
used with recommended wider PPE measures.
A recent meta-analysis of standard v respirator (N95 or FFP)
masks by the Chinese
Cochrane Centre included six RCTs with a total of 9171
participants with influenza-
like illnesses (including pandemic strains, seasonal influenza A
3. or B viruses and
zoonotic viruses such as avian or swine influenza). There were
no statistically
significant differences in their efficacy in preventing
laboratory-confirmed influenza,
laboratory-confirmed respiratory viral infections, laboratory-
confirmed respiratory
infection and influenza-like illness, but respirators appeared to
protect against
bacterial colonization.
http://www.cebm.net/oxford-covid-19/
mailto:[email protected]
https://www.cebm.net/oxford-covid-19/
www.cebm.net/oxford-covid-19/
2
CONTEXT
Concerns have been raised about the limited personal protective
equipment (PPE)
provided for UK primary and community care staff with some
GP surgeries,
pharmacies and care homes having very limited provision. We
were asked to find out
whether and in what circumstances standard masks are putting
healthcare workers
at risk of contagion compared to respirator masks. A separate
review (ongoing) looks
at other aspects of PPE.
BACKGROUND
4. COVID-19 is spread by four means: contact (direct or via a
fomite); droplet infection
(droplets from the respiratory tract of an infected individual
during coughing or
sneezing are transmitted onto a mucosal surface or conjunctiva
of a susceptible
individual or environmental surfaces); airborne (transmission of
infectious agents in
small airborne particles, particularly during procedures such as
intubation); and
faeco-oral.1 2 Coughing and sneezing can generate aerosol
particles as well as
droplets.
This review considers respiratory protective measures e.g. use
of face masks as
PPE, to reduce droplet and airborne spread. It should be noted
that in one recent
laboratory study, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus
2 (SARS-CoV-2,
the virus that causes COVID-19) survived airborne as long as
SARS COV-1 (the
virus that causes SARS) when artificially aerosolised and
persisted longer on some
surfaces.3 This finding is relevant because it suggests that
deposited particulates
may become resuspended i.e. airborne, when disturbed.
The standard surgical mask (left), also known as a
fluid-resistant surgical mask (FRSM), is designed to
provide a barrier to splashes and droplets impacting
on the wearer’s nose, mouth and respiratory tract. It
fits fairly loosely to the user’s face. These single-use
5. masks are used for a variety of procedures in
community as well as hospital settings. They should
be changed when they become moistened or
damaged, and should not be undone and dangled
round the neck between procedures. It should be
worn with eye protection.
The respirator mask (left), available in the USA as
N95 mask and in the UK as an equivalent FFP
(‘filtering face piece’) mask, is used to prevent the
user from inhaling small airborne particles in aerosol-
generating procedures (AGPs). It must fit tightly to
the user’s face. There are three categories: FFP1,
FFP2 and FFP3. FFP3 provides the highest level of
protection. Again, this mask must be worn with eye
protection.
http://www.cebm.net/oxford-covid-19/
www.cebm.net/oxford-covid-19/
3
Importantly, masks and respirators should not be considered as
isolated
interventions. Other protection includes hand hygiene, aprons or
gowns, goggles or
face shields, and gloves.1 4 5 The World Health Organisation
has produced technical
6. specifications for these items, based on simulation exercises
using data from past
SARS and MERS outbreaks.4
A face mask or respirator that is worn without the additional
recommended protection
will be less effective. Effective training is an essential part of
any PPE programme
since the correct wearing (donning) and removal (doffing) are
key to worker
protection. In particular, care should be taken not to
contaminate masks on
inanimate surfaces.6
CURRENT GUIDANCE
Official UK guidance released in February 2020 claimed that
both standard and
respirator masks provide 80% protection against SARS-CoV-2
.1 However, this claim
referenced a 2017 systematic review that was undertaken before
the emergence of
SARS-CoV-2 and based largely of trials in seasonal influenza.7
SARS-CoV-2 is
known to be both more contagious and more serious than
influenza, and may have
different patterns of spread. That guidance also recommended
the use of
heightened protection for AGPs on suspected COVID-19
patients and in all AGP ‘hot
spots’ such as intensive care units. It said little about PPE for
health care staff in
community settings, though it encouraged separation of
suspected COVID-19 cases
from other patients.
7. More recently (21st March 2020), Public Health England
produced guidance on when
to use the different kinds of mask5 and how to put on PPE for
non AGP situations.8
These documents emphasise the need to
- Assess the level of risk of infection, especially whether an
AGP will be
involved (table), before deciding which protection to wear
- Before putting on equipment, perform hand hygiene, remove
jewellery, tie
hair back and hydrate (feedback from frontline: also go to the
lavatory)
- Put on and remove equipment in a way that minimises self-
contamination
The figure below, which indicates when to use each type and
which procedures are
considered ‘aerosol generating’, is taken from PPE guidance.5
http://www.cebm.net/oxford-covid-19/
www.cebm.net/oxford-covid-19/
4
Different PPE for different levels of risk, from PHE guidance5
(‘cohorted area’ is an area where patients with suspected
COVID-19 are
8. grouped together)
The WHO distinguishes four situations with three different
levels of risk:
- Triage (implicitly, by non-clinical staff without prolonged
contact: requires
hand hygiene + mask)
- Suspected or confirmed case of COVID-19 requiring
healthcare facility
admission and no AGPs (hand hygiene, mask, gown, goggles,
gloves)
- Suspected or confirmed case of COVID-19 requiring
healthcare facility
admission and AGP OR collection of specimens for laboratory
diagnosis
(hand hygiene, respirator, gown, goggles, gloves)
The abovementioned WHO guidance is intended for all
healthcare settings but is
pitched mainly at secondary care (emergency department or
inpatient) settings. A
more recent WHO publication specifically considered
community and home care
settings and offered similar guidance on mask use by healthcare
workers (though did
not mention triage).9
Primary and community care settings are, by implication, ‘low-
risk’ and the guidance
does not specifically envisage any situation in which a
9. respirator mask would be
needed in primary care. However, the highest number of
contacts in the UK will be
within primary and community settings including not just
general practices but also
pharmacies (where many people are attending with symptoms).
http://www.cebm.net/oxford-covid-19/
www.cebm.net/oxford-covid-19/
5
It is worth noting that guidance produced by the US Centres for
Disease Control
recommends respirator masks for both high- and low-risk
encounters when patients
are suspected of highly contagious and potentially serious
conditions such as SARS.
However, this guidance was likely based on the precautionary
principle and probably
did not anticipate the supply shortages currently faced by
frontline staff.10
We sought to inform guidance on the use of these different
masks in primary care
settings.
SEARCH STRATEGY
Starting with two previous systematic reviews known to the
authors or their
colleagues,11 12 along with a social media search (Twitter) for
10. suggested new papers,
we used snowball searching – i.e. seeking later papers on
Google Scholar that had
cited these references. We identified a very recent meta-analysis
done by the
Chinese Cochrane Centre, published in early March 2020.13
We supplemented this initial search with a brief database search
of Medline and
Cochrane databases without date restrictions to identify any
additional relevant
randomised trials and/or systematic reviews. We used the
following key words:
“Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Virus", “SARS”, “MERS”,
“influenza”,
“respiratory tract infections”, “masks”, and the following Mesh
term: Influenza,
Human/prevention and control.
We limited the set of 126 titles to randomised controlled trials
or reviews (12 hits).
We repeated a similar search in the Cochrane database of
systematic reviews.
CRITICAL APPRAISAL OF KEY STUDIES
All the relevant primary studies had been captured in the Long
meta-analysis.13
Based on a brief evaluation of the paper against the AMSTAR II
checklist, we judged
the review to be of good quality. The authors included six RCTs
(five involving
healthcare professionals in hospitals and one index patients in
the community and
household contacts) involving 9171 participants in real-world
11. settings.14-19 They
excluded 17 studies (not a trial, not the right intervention, not a
real-world trial) and
one duplicate trial. Critical appraisal of the included RCTs was
done very thoroughly
by those authors using risk of bias tools and sensitivity
analyses. They commented
that some studies had moderate to high risk of bias and only one
was community
based. Overall, there were no statistically significant
differences in preventing
laboratory-confirmed influenza (RR = 1.09, 95% CI 0.92 to
1.28), laboratory-
confirmed respiratory viral infections (RR = 0.89, 95% CI 0.70
to 1.11), laboratory-
confirmed respiratory infection (RR = 0.74, 95% CI 0.42 to
1.29) and influenza-like
illness (RR = 0.61, 95% CI 0.33 to 1.14) using N95 respirators
and surgical masks.
Meta-analysis indicated protective effect of N95 respirators
against laboratory-
confirmed bacterial colonisation (RR = 0.58, 95% CI 0.43 to
0.78).
AMSTAR II checklist:
1. Did the research question include components of PICO? Yes
http://www.cebm.net/oxford-covid-19/
www.cebm.net/oxford-covid-19/
6
12. 2. Was there a statement that the review methods were
established prior to
commencement of the review? No
3. Did the authors explain the selection of study designs? Yes
4. Did the authors use a comprehensive literature search? Yes,
three relevant
databases searched.
5. Did the authors review studies in duplicate? Yes
6. Did the authors review data extraction in duplicate? Yes
7. Did the authors provide a list of excluded studies and justify
exclusions? Yes
8. Did the authors describe the included studies in adequate
detail? Yes
9. Did the authors assess risk of bias satisfactorily? Yes
10. Did the authors report on sources of funding of the primary
studies? No
11. Did the authors use appropriate statistical techniques for
meta-analysis?
Broadly yes, however decision to use random-effects model
seems to have
been made on basis of a statistical test for heterogeneity, which
we would
argue against.
12. Did the authors assess the potential impact of risk of bias on
the overall
results? Yes
13. Did they account for risk of bias when interpreting results?
Yes
14. Did they offer an adequate explanation of heterogeneity?
Yes
13. 15. Did they investigate for publication bias and discuss its
likely impact? No,
because of small number of studies available for each pooled
estimate
(though they had planned to do funnel plots)
CONCLUSION
Trials comparing different kinds of mask have been summarised
in a recent high-
quality systematic review and provide cautious support for the
use of standard
surgical masks in non AGPs, though the empirical studies
underpinning this
conclusion were not in a COVID-19 population, and only one
was in a community
setting. It is clear from the literature that masks are only one
component of a
complex intervention which must also include eye protection,
gowns, behavioural
measures to support proper doffing and donning, and general
infection control
measures. These wider aspects of PPE will be covered in a
further rapid review
(ongoing).
End.
Disclaimer: the article has not been peer-reviewed; it should
not replace individual
clinical judgement and the sources cited should be checked. The
views expressed in
this commentary represent the views of the authors and not
14. necessarily those of the
host institution, the NHS, the NIHR, or the Department of
Health. The views are not a
substitute for professional medical advice
http://www.cebm.net/oxford-covid-19/
www.cebm.net/oxford-covid-19/
7
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Social Care
(DHSC), Public Health Wales (PHW), Public Health Agency
(PHA) Northern
Ireland, Health Protection Scotland (HPS) and Public Health
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Accessed 21.3.20 at
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http://www.cebm.net/oxford-covid-
19/ContextBackgroundCurrent guidanceSearch strategyCritical
appraisal of key studiesConclusionReferences