Equitable remedies allow a contract to be set aside and the parties restored to their original positions. Rescission is available in equity when a contract is void ab initio, treating the contract as if it never existed. Equitable rescission aims to deliver practical justice by compensating losses rather than punishing wrongdoers, and seeks to restore parties to their pre-contract positions through remedies like indemnity and accounts of profit. However, rescission may be barred if restitution is impossible or the rights of innocent third parties would be impaired.
With current new amendments and law adding on in the Indian Judiciary, its important to know and be well aware of the statutes. You can consider this subject as 'Grammar of Law'. Teaches you exactly are the statutes made by the Legislative authorities as well. From use of particular language to construction of words this presentation almost includes all the part of how a statute is made, how they are learned and how exactly are the legal maxims used.
Enforceability of foreign_judgments_and_foreign_awardsLegalServicesDelhi
With the advent of globalisation and with India poised as a major international and
global player in the world economy, it is apposite to consider the law concerning
enforcement of foreign judgments in India. In law, the enforcement of foreign
judgments is the recognition and enforcement rendered in another ("foreign")
jurisdiction. Foreign judgments may be recognized based on bilateral or multilateral
treaties or understandings, or unilaterally without an express international
agreement. The "recognition" of a foreign judgment occurs when the court of one
country or jurisdiction accepts a judicial decision made by the courts of another
"foreign" country or jurisdiction, and issues a judgment in substantially identical
terms without rehearing the substance of the original lawsuit.
Contracts under private international law is governed by different principles and maxims. This slide gives you an idea about it and included all relevant case laws.
With current new amendments and law adding on in the Indian Judiciary, its important to know and be well aware of the statutes. You can consider this subject as 'Grammar of Law'. Teaches you exactly are the statutes made by the Legislative authorities as well. From use of particular language to construction of words this presentation almost includes all the part of how a statute is made, how they are learned and how exactly are the legal maxims used.
Enforceability of foreign_judgments_and_foreign_awardsLegalServicesDelhi
With the advent of globalisation and with India poised as a major international and
global player in the world economy, it is apposite to consider the law concerning
enforcement of foreign judgments in India. In law, the enforcement of foreign
judgments is the recognition and enforcement rendered in another ("foreign")
jurisdiction. Foreign judgments may be recognized based on bilateral or multilateral
treaties or understandings, or unilaterally without an express international
agreement. The "recognition" of a foreign judgment occurs when the court of one
country or jurisdiction accepts a judicial decision made by the courts of another
"foreign" country or jurisdiction, and issues a judgment in substantially identical
terms without rehearing the substance of the original lawsuit.
Contracts under private international law is governed by different principles and maxims. This slide gives you an idea about it and included all relevant case laws.
The concept of Marriage under Private International Lawcarolineelias239
Marriage is a broad concept under Private international law. Many new rules had been laid down in various decisions, which had developed the international matrimonial law. The relevancy of monogamous or polygamous marriages. And the validity matters like formal validity and essential validity is also discussed here
Principles of Trust: Classification and CreationPreeti Sikder
Learning Outcome:
Students will :
-be informed about the major divisions among the concept of trust
-learn about the basic legal conditions a trust has to fulfill under Trusts Act, 1882
The term estoppel is said to have been derived from the French term 'estoup' which means 'shut the mouth'.
The doctrine of estoppel is a rule of evidence contained in Section 115 of the Evidence Act.
Classification of cause of action / characterisationcarolineelias239
it is the second element in private international law to decide a case having foreign element, after assuming jurisdiction by a court. It is essential to categorize facts of a case & to find out which part of law to be applied - whether tort / contract/ succession/ marital issues etc. Then only a case can be decided.
LLB LAW NOTES ON CIVIL PROCEDURE AND LIMITATION ACT
FREE AFFIDAVITS AND NOTICES FORMATS
FREE AGREEMENTS AND CONTRACTS FORMATS
FREE LLB LAW NOTES
FREE CA ICWA NOTES
FREE LLB LAW FIRST SEM NOTES
FREE LLB LAW SECOND SEM NOTES
FREE LLB LAW THIRD SEM NOTES
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FREE CA ICWA FOUNDATION NOTES
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KANOON KE RAKHWALE INDIA
HIRE LAWYER ONLINE
LAW FIRMS IN DELHI
CA FIRM DELHI
VISIT : https://www.kanoonkerakhwale.com/
VISIT : https://hirelawyeronline.com/
Civil Procedure Code, 1908,
a Universal Doctrine, applied in civil proceedings.
Shah Muhammad
Lecturer,
University Law College Quetta Khojjak Road Quetta
Cantt
P/S : I am sharing my personal notes of law-related subjects. Some parts of them are explained in a very informal-relaxed way and mix of languages (BM and English). Secondly, as law revolves every day, there will be outdated parts in my notes. Two ways of handling it.. (1) double check with the latest law and keep it to yourself (2) same with No. 1 coupled with your generosity to share with us, the LinkedIn users (hiks ^_^). Till then, have a nice day!
Presentation on Unjust Enrichment - Indirect Taxation:
Doctrine, Basic Understanding in context of excise and service tax with relevant case laws and reference of law dictionaries.
The concept of Marriage under Private International Lawcarolineelias239
Marriage is a broad concept under Private international law. Many new rules had been laid down in various decisions, which had developed the international matrimonial law. The relevancy of monogamous or polygamous marriages. And the validity matters like formal validity and essential validity is also discussed here
Principles of Trust: Classification and CreationPreeti Sikder
Learning Outcome:
Students will :
-be informed about the major divisions among the concept of trust
-learn about the basic legal conditions a trust has to fulfill under Trusts Act, 1882
The term estoppel is said to have been derived from the French term 'estoup' which means 'shut the mouth'.
The doctrine of estoppel is a rule of evidence contained in Section 115 of the Evidence Act.
Classification of cause of action / characterisationcarolineelias239
it is the second element in private international law to decide a case having foreign element, after assuming jurisdiction by a court. It is essential to categorize facts of a case & to find out which part of law to be applied - whether tort / contract/ succession/ marital issues etc. Then only a case can be decided.
LLB LAW NOTES ON CIVIL PROCEDURE AND LIMITATION ACT
FREE AFFIDAVITS AND NOTICES FORMATS
FREE AGREEMENTS AND CONTRACTS FORMATS
FREE LLB LAW NOTES
FREE CA ICWA NOTES
FREE LLB LAW FIRST SEM NOTES
FREE LLB LAW SECOND SEM NOTES
FREE LLB LAW THIRD SEM NOTES
FREE LLB LAW FOURTH SEM NOTES
FREE LLB LAW FIFTH SEM NOTES
FREE LLB LAW SIXTH SEM NOTES
FREE CA ICWA FOUNDATION NOTES
FREE CA ICWA INTERMEDIATE NOTES
FREE CA ICWA FINAL NOTES
KANOON KE RAKHWALE INDIA
HIRE LAWYER ONLINE
LAW FIRMS IN DELHI
CA FIRM DELHI
VISIT : https://www.kanoonkerakhwale.com/
VISIT : https://hirelawyeronline.com/
Civil Procedure Code, 1908,
a Universal Doctrine, applied in civil proceedings.
Shah Muhammad
Lecturer,
University Law College Quetta Khojjak Road Quetta
Cantt
P/S : I am sharing my personal notes of law-related subjects. Some parts of them are explained in a very informal-relaxed way and mix of languages (BM and English). Secondly, as law revolves every day, there will be outdated parts in my notes. Two ways of handling it.. (1) double check with the latest law and keep it to yourself (2) same with No. 1 coupled with your generosity to share with us, the LinkedIn users (hiks ^_^). Till then, have a nice day!
Presentation on Unjust Enrichment - Indirect Taxation:
Doctrine, Basic Understanding in context of excise and service tax with relevant case laws and reference of law dictionaries.
This is Remedies Law in the United States. This does not inlcude statutory or constitutional remedies. It is intended for law students who are currently taking this course in law school I hope you find my outlined notes useful.
This is a special Act.Though it has less sections but all are very effective. The Court can see this Act as guidance to use its discretion in judicious manner.
Specific performance of contract is subject matter of Specific relief Act 1963. These slides are summarized presentation to enable the students to understand the concept of specific relief
The Specific Relief of Act 1877
The Law of Limitation Act, 1908
ARNAB KUMAR DAS
Port City International University,
Chittagong, Bangladesh.
SID: LLB 00305037
Okany NR - State Responsibility in International Law for Acts of Private Enti...Nwamaka Okany
This presentation given at the Annual Research Day of the Netherlands School of Human Rights Research (2016) looks at the extent to which a State is responsible under international law for human rights violations committed by private entities. While underscoring that the growing power of corporate and other non-State actors on the international plane does not diminish the importance of State responsibility as a tool for safeguarding human rights in the private sphere, it points to the complementary role direct accountability of corporate entities in international law can play in strengthening the international system of human rights protection
Rights of the Parties and Discharge; Remedies for Breach of ContractHelpWithAssignment.com
Business law is the body of law that applies to the rights, relations, and conduct of persons and businesses engaged in commerce, merchandising, trade, and sales.It is often considered to be a branch of civil law and deals with issues of both private law and public law.
Research Study on Contract Law: The equitable doctrine where brought to provide equity in cases which had a defect in consideration, at which it is unconscionable for a party to suffer the determent. The court has the power to practice judicial discretion in these circumstances, where seen there is unjust enrichment or unconscionable. However, it is mandatory for the applicant filing for equity to satisfy the conditions forming the equitable doctrine.
The predictability and certainty of these causes have lead to comprise the law, having it called “The dangerous doctrine”, as a person could preplan the events that will lead another person to be victimized by an estoppel. Rather having solid common law that sets the rules, equitable doctrine bend these rules and compromises the law.
RemediesA valid agreement has been made, the promisor’s duties h.docxsodhi3
Remedies
A valid agreement has been made, the promisor’s duties have not been discharged; he or she has breached the contract. When one party has failed to perform, what are the rights of the parties? Or when the contract has been avoided because of incapacity or misrepresentation and the like, what are the rights of the parties after disaffirmance? These questions form the focus of this chapter.
A. Theory of Contract Remedies
Purpose of Remedies
The fundamental purpose of remedies in noncriminal cases is not to punish the breaching party but—if possible—to put the nonbreaching party in the position he or she would have been in had there been no breach. There are two general categories of remedies—legal and equitable. In the category of legal remedies are damages. Damages are money paid by one party to another; there are several types of damages.
In the category of equitable remedies are these three: specific performance, which means a person is ordered to deliver a unique thing (land or a unique personal property, such as a painting or an antique car); injunction, a judicial order directing a person to stop doing what he or she should not do (such as competing with a former employer in violation of a noncompete agreement); and restitution, which means putting the parties back into the position they were in before the contract was made.
Parties Have the Power—but Not the Right—to Breach
In view of the importance given to the intention of the parties in forming and interpreting contracts, it may seem surprising that the remedy for every breach is not a judicial order that the obligor carry out his or her undertakings. A damage remedy to compensate the maker for out-of-pocket loss or lost profits is sensible; a judicial decree forcing the computer manufacturer to pay for and take delivery of the boards would be wasteful. In general and if possible, the fundamental purpose of contract remedies is to put the nonbreaching party in the position it would have been in had there been no breach.
B. Promisee’s Interests Protected by Contract
Contract remedies serve to protect three different interests: an expectation interest, a reliance interest, and a restitution interest. A promisee will have one of these and may have two or all three. An expectation interest is the benefit for which the promisee bargained, and the remedy is to put him in a position as good as that which he would have been in had the contract been performed. A reliance interest is the loss suffered by relying on the contract and taking actions consistent with the expectation that the other party will abide by it; the remedy is reimbursement that restores the promisee to his position before the contract was made. A restitution interest is that which restores to the promisee any benefit he conferred on the promisor.
C. Legal Remedies: Damages
The promisee, whom we will hereafter refer to as the nonbreaching party, has the right to damages (a money award), if that is required to make h ...
ALL EYES ON RAFAH BUT WHY Explain more.pdf46adnanshahzad
All eyes on Rafah: But why?. The Rafah border crossing, a crucial point between Egypt and the Gaza Strip, often finds itself at the center of global attention. As we explore the significance of Rafah, we’ll uncover why all eyes are on Rafah and the complexities surrounding this pivotal region.
INTRODUCTION
What makes Rafah so significant that it captures global attention? The phrase ‘All eyes are on Rafah’ resonates not just with those in the region but with people worldwide who recognize its strategic, humanitarian, and political importance. In this guide, we will delve into the factors that make Rafah a focal point for international interest, examining its historical context, humanitarian challenges, and political dimensions.
In 2020, the Ministry of Home Affairs established a committee led by Prof. (Dr.) Ranbir Singh, former Vice Chancellor of National Law University (NLU), Delhi. This committee was tasked with reviewing the three codes of criminal law. The primary objective of the committee was to propose comprehensive reforms to the country’s criminal laws in a manner that is both principled and effective.
The committee’s focus was on ensuring the safety and security of individuals, communities, and the nation as a whole. Throughout its deliberations, the committee aimed to uphold constitutional values such as justice, dignity, and the intrinsic value of each individual. Their goal was to recommend amendments to the criminal laws that align with these values and priorities.
Subsequently, in February, the committee successfully submitted its recommendations regarding amendments to the criminal law. These recommendations are intended to serve as a foundation for enhancing the current legal framework, promoting safety and security, and upholding the constitutional principles of justice, dignity, and the inherent worth of every individual.
Responsibilities of the office bearers while registering multi-state cooperat...Finlaw Consultancy Pvt Ltd
Introduction-
The process of register multi-state cooperative society in India is governed by the Multi-State Co-operative Societies Act, 2002. This process requires the office bearers to undertake several crucial responsibilities to ensure compliance with legal and regulatory frameworks. The key office bearers typically include the President, Secretary, and Treasurer, along with other elected members of the managing committee. Their responsibilities encompass administrative, legal, and financial duties essential for the successful registration and operation of the society.
Military Commissions details LtCol Thomas Jasper as Detailed Defense CounselThomas (Tom) Jasper
Military Commissions Trial Judiciary, Guantanamo Bay, Cuba. Notice of the Chief Defense Counsel's detailing of LtCol Thomas F. Jasper, Jr. USMC, as Detailed Defense Counsel for Abd Al Hadi Al-Iraqi on 6 August 2014 in the case of United States v. Hadi al Iraqi (10026)
Car Accident Injury Do I Have a Case....Knowyourright
Every year, thousands of Minnesotans are injured in car accidents. These injuries can be severe – even life-changing. Under Minnesota law, you can pursue compensation through a personal injury lawsuit.
2. Remedy that allows for contract to be set aside and parties
restored to there original position
Available at CL (void) in a limited fashion but generally and
exclusively an equitable remedy (void abintio)
Damages not available at CL for rescinded contract
Contract remains in effect until rescinded albeit may affect
the rights of a third party
P may be entitle to indemnity (Nebiggins v Adam:
recession granted but me can only get expenses that arise
under the contract but not consequential loss or profits)
Contracts are set aside retrospectively and prospectively
Car & universal finance v Caldwell (rogue disappears with
vehicle and P reports it to the police and the car association)
Practical Justice overreaching position
Aim of equity deliver practical justice ( fairness from a
practical standpoint) 2
3. Spencer v Crawford: WrightL, …must not seek to tie the
hands of the court…with rigid rules. Court must do…what is
practically just.
PJ objectives
Even though defendant is blameworthy, p must still AP
enjoyed under the rescinded contract because neither must
be unjustly enriched
PJs relief is about compensation and not about punishment.
Best illustrated by the court granting
Recession, indemnity, AP where restituto in tegram has been
impaired
Equity cannot grant money remedies without rescinding the
contract unlike CL
Recession granted in certain case to ensure that PJ is effected
(applying flexible approach)
Indemnity:
May be granted at the time of rescission, no entitlement of damages
3
4. Indemnity: granting obligation that arises under the contract, no
consequential loss or profit (Newbiggins v Adam – grant all
obligations arising under the contract but nothing more , (p133)
No indemnity if the contract us not rescinded
Accounts of profit
Cannot be granted with the rescission of the contract
AP: all benefits gained under the contract (regal v Guliver –
directors purchasing shares in a subsidiary company, then selling it
for a profit. Must account for the profits)
Based on compensation and not punishment
Liability to AP does not depend solely on fraud, merely because
profits was made
No one that is a part6y to the contract can escape the risk of AP
(Erlange v New Sombrero – banker purchasing a land for a low price
and reselling to the public at a higher cost. Must account for the
profit
Recession:
Blackburn : general rule is restituto integram (ending the contract and
restoring the parties back in the position they were as far as is possible
Stumbling block: apart from delay, the ability to restore the parties to
there original position
Equity is about PJ thus if u no AP or restituto integram, no money can be
given
4
5. Nature of rescission
Its not automatic, must be invoked by a party to the contract
Party invoking must give notice of the decision
Must be done within a reasonable time (Car & Financial Co v
Caldwell – had done all he could do so the contract was rescinded)
Rescission in Equity:
CL and Equity recession different
CL= void but can still claim damages and performance stops at that
point
Equity: contract rescinded treated as never existed void abinito,
absolves the injured party from performance
Modes of Recession
Contract valid at law cannot be rescinded in equity
Mutual mistake:
No recession, resolution in favour of one of the parties by way of
the objective test (reasonable man test, because equity follows
the law)
Mutual mistake does not nullify contract, no SP, no recession (no
lack of agreement/consideration) 5
6. Contract valid parties were just mistaken, cross purposes
(Tamplin v James: no misdescription in the state of the land did
not represent a mistake and the def is not allowed to evade
performance by simply saying he made a mistake)
Unilateral mistake: negates consent to the existence of an
agreement- void at CL and equity follows the law
Misrepresentation
Party may rescind the contract but has no right in CL
Innocent misrep
Fraudulent/non fraudulent misrep – approach the court
Spence v Crawford: case of fraud(shares selling), and court
exercised the jurisdiction to prevent the def from enjoying the
benefits at the expense of P
Statutory provision: available where the court considers it to do so
(misrep Act 1967)
Undue Influence:
CL test too narrow, equity wider and looks more than just the threats but
the presumptions of the different type of relationships (fiduciary) (Tate
v Williams _ setting aside contract because financial advisor breached
fiduciary duty) 6
7. Bars to rescission
Restitution:
Putting parties back in the position they would have been before
the contract (RI)
Rational-party seeking the recession shall not seek to enjoy the
benefit
RI not always applied in its full rigour (in cases of misrep/UI/FD
Transaction may be rescinded even though impossible for RI to
be fully applied, provided PJ can be achieved
PJ achieved where the wrongdoer gives up AP and compensate for
any losses (Erlange v New Sombrero p145, O’Sullivan v New
management agency)
Where restitution is impossible a contract will cease to be
capable of recession (Thorpe v Fasey) monies collected under the
contract must be returned.
Effects of Equity
Spence v Crawford: illustrate that the court looks at both side of the
case because ER is not about punishment but to compensate p146
Factors affecting restitution
7
8. Deteriorating and declining value: reduction in value through no
fault of the def (Armstrong v Jackson broker buy shares for client but
in effect sold him his shares that later lost value on the market)
Disposal of assets
No rights to rescind if subject matter cannot be found
Improvement of Benefit (Spence v Crawford: court rescinded
contract even though share value had increased and not the shares
themselves)
Delay and Affirmation:
Remedy of recession may not be lose to lapse of time
Laches applicable albeit that equity wishes for timely asserting of
rights (Leaf International Galleries: delay operates only when there
is knowledge-applicant did not know the painting was fake)
Affirmation: election to continue with the contract, no right to
rescind thereafter (Long v Lloyd defendant accepted defected lorry
no recession; Payman v Lanjani: right to rescind was not lost
because he did not know that he had the right)
Cases of fraud:
Pleading fraud without restoring the benefits of the contract 8
9. Redgrave v Hurd: P sold worthless practice to def
3rd party rights:
No rescission against innocent 3rd party who has acquired
interest for value (Shogun finance v Hudson)
Recession may be granted against the volunteer (Re Eastgate:
3rd party must acquire the right and not be a mere volunteer)
Summary:
Rescission is unwinding of contract
Brings party back to original position as if contract never
existed
Equitable remedy therefore it is discretionary
Affirmation of contract, no rescission (Long v Lloyd)
Innocent third party will get hurt there us a reluctance to
rescind
Rescission should be mutual so benefits under the contract
should be handed back
9