This document summarizes key concepts related to the discharge and breach of contracts, as well as remedies available when contracts are breached. It discusses how contracts can be discharged through performance, mutual agreement, breach, impossibility of performance or operation of law. It defines different types of breaches including material breach, minor breach, anticipatory breach and actual breach. The document also outlines various remedies available to injured parties, including rescission of contract, damages (compensatory, general, special, exemplary, nominal, contemptuous), quantum meruit, suit for specific performance, and suit for injunction. It provides examples for many of these concepts.

1. FACULTY : PROFESSOR DEVENDRA KUMAR
P R E S E N T E D B Y :
R O L L N O .
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NA M E
RAGINI RICHA
GOPI RAMAN PODDAR
PRASHANT
ARCHANA
SAURAVKUMAR CHANDAN
and

2. Discharge Of Contract And Ways To Do It.
Breach Of Contract And Its Types.
Entitlement For Remedies And It’s Types.
Rescission Of Contract How And When Granted
Or Refused.
Damages, Principle Of Damages And It’s Kinds.
Quantum Meruit
Suit For Specific Performance
Specific Performance Not Granted Where
Suit For Injunction

3. Discharge of contract
When obligations created by a contract comes to an end, contract
said to be discharged or terminated.

4. Discharge of contract
A contract may be discharged in any of the following ways:
oBy performance
oBy mutual agreement
oBy breach of contract
oBy impossibility of performance
oBy operation of law

5. What Is Breach Of Contract ?
Contracts are made for being performed.
But there are certain circumstances when
one of the parties does not perform his part
of the contract. Non-performance is called
“Breach”. Literal meaning of breach is an
act of breaking or failing to observe a law,
agreement, or code of conduct.

6. Types of breaches:
Following are the types of Breaches:
1. Material breach
2. Minor breach
3. Anticipatory breach
4. Actual breach

7. MATERIAL BREACH:
The first, and most sever type of
breach, is called “Material Breach.”
Generally a material breach of
contract involves one of the key
elements of the contract not being
provided or undertaken as agreed.
EXAMPLE: If, for instance, you were to purchase a
computer package online and only receive a monitor upon
delivery, your contract with the provider would be
materially breached.

8. M I N O R B R E A C H :
It’s important to be clear that not all breaches of a
contract will be material and hence immediately end
the wronged party’s obligations. In this case there
would have been a remedy to the breach of contract.
EXAMPLE: For instance, be if the computer company
delivered the equipment but a couple of pages were missing
from the user manual. This would not lead to an immediate
cancellation of the contract.

9. ANTICIPATORY BREACH:
An anticipatory breach occurs when a party
demonstrates his intention to breach of contract.
EXAMPLE: Ajay agrees to sell his antique sewing machine to
Aman, and the two agree on the purchase price of $1,000, the
sale to occur on May 1st. On April 25th, Aman tells Ajay that
he cannot come up with the money on time.
Following this communication, Ajay can reasonably
assume that Aman is in anticipatory breach. This enables
Aman to sell the sewing machine to someone else, or
potentially file a lawsuit against Aman for breach of contract.

10. ACTUAL BREACH:
This is of course the most common way that a party will breach
a contract. It occurs when the time arrives for a party to perform
their side of an agreement and they don’t perform.
Example: “Ali” agrees to deliver 10 kg of rice to “Hassan” on
30th November. Ali fails to deliver the rice to Hassan on
agreed time. This is actual breach of contract by Ali.

11. ENTITLEMENT OF REMEDIES:
Where a contract is broken the
injured party becomes entitled
to one or more following
remedies:

12. REMEDIES
Rescissionof
Contract
Damages
Quantum
Meruit
Specific
Performances
Injuction

13. Rescission of contract:
When a contract is broken by one party, the other
party may treat the contract as rescinded and
refuse to perform his part of the contract.
EXAMPLE: Aman promises Vijay to supply 100
bags of rice on a certain day and Vijay promises to
pay the price on receipt of goods. A does not deliver
the goods on the appointed day. Vijay is discharged
from liability to pay the price.

14. How rescission can be performed?
Recession can be performed by:
i. Agreement
ii. Wrong or default of adverse party
iii. Inadequate consideration
iv. Time

15. When recession be granted:
The court may grant rescission where:
oThe contract is voidable by plaintiff.
oThe contract is lawful and the
defendant is to be blamed more
than the plaintiff.

16. When rescission be refused:
The
contract
may
refuse to
grant
recession
where:
• One party has substantially fulfilled their part of the contract
• A third party has already received some benefit from the contract
• The requesting party has committed some wrong relating to the contract (referred to as
“unclean hands”)
• The requesting party has unnecessarily delayed the request for rescission, resulting in
some prejudice to the other party
• The requesting party has already asked for money damages. A contract rescission cannot
be obtained after requesting a monetary award.

17. Damages:
1. Damages means the money
compensation allowed to an injured
party for the loss or injury suffered
by him by the breach of contract.
2. The objects or awarding damages is
not punishment but compensation.

18. Compensatory or
substantial damages.
General damages
Special damages.
Exemplary (or vindictive
or punitive) damages.
Nominal
damages.
Contemptuous
damages.

19. Special
damages
General
damages

20. Compensatory or
substantial damages.
General damages
Special damages.
Exemplary (or vindictive
or punitive) damages.
Nominal
damages.
Contemptuous
damages.

21. Quantum meruit:
– Quantum meruit is a Latin term, which
means “ as much as earned” & “as
much as deserved”. A right to sue
on a quantum meruit arises where a
contract, partly performed by one party,
has become discharged by the breach of
the other party. The right to payment is
based on an implied promise by the other
party to pay for what has been done. It
does not arise out of the original contract.

22. Suit for specific person:
Wheredamagesare notadequateremedy, thecourt
maydirect in breachto carryout his promise
accordingto the termsof the contract.
• Example: Ajay, agreed to sale his house to Barun.
Afterwards Ajay, refuses to sale. At the suit of Barun,
court shall ask Ajay, to carry out the contract.

23. Specific performance shall not be granted where:
Monetary compensation
is adequate remedy.
Contract is of personal
nature.
Court cannot supervise
the performance.
Contract is inequitable to
either party.
Contract by nature is
revocable/reversible.
Contract is made by
trustees in breach of
trust.
Contract made by
company is “ultra
vires”/beyond one's
legal power or authority.

24. Suit for injunction:
• EXAMPLE: If, you own a website and
another firm is continually copying
the material on your site in violation
of copyright notices and contractual
provisions, then a court can award
money damages and issue an
injunction to prevent that conduct
from recurring.
Injunction is
an order of
court
restraining a
person from
doing a
particular act.
It is a mode of
securing the
specific
performance
of a negative
term of a
contract.