The document provides general guidelines for writing research papers, including recommendations for the different sections of long and short format papers. It advises researchers to think about future figures and experiments from the beginning of a project, assemble draft figures and key points before writing, and focus on clearly communicating conclusions and testing stated hypotheses. Researchers should also follow formatting guidelines, write concisely using the active voice, and have multiple people review drafts before submitting to a journal.
This document provides guidance on how to write a research paper by outlining the standard format and key sections. The standard format includes a title, authors, introduction, materials and methods, results (with tables and/or figures), discussion, acknowledgments, and references. The introduction should summarize relevant literature and state the research question. The materials and methods section should provide enough detail for others to replicate the experiment. Results are presented factually without interpretation. The discussion section relates results to the research question, indicates whether hypotheses were supported, and discusses relevance and implications.
Scientific research articles provide a method for scientists to communicate with other scientists about the results of their research.
The true value of any research is only realised when the results are subject to peer review and then published in journals.
How to write a scientific research paperNida Naeem
This document discusses different types of research studies and methods. There are two main types of research studies: experimental and observational studies. Experimental studies intentionally introduce a treatment or procedure, while observational studies simply observe behavior without influencing it. Within these two types there are various research methods like randomized controlled trials, cohort studies, and case-control studies. The document also covers key parts of research papers like the introduction, methods, results, and discussion sections. It emphasizes that research is done to systematically increase knowledge and find practical solutions.
1. The document discusses the importance and purpose of lab reports and scientific papers in communicating scientific research findings. These written reports allow information to be accessible over long periods of time.
2. Individual scientists perform experiments to test hypotheses, and present their findings in papers or reports to persuade others to accept or reject their hypotheses. If results stand up to criticism, they become accepted scientific knowledge.
3. A scientific report typically includes a title, abstract, introduction, materials and methods, results, discussion, and literature cited sections. The document provides guidance on writing each section effectively.
This document provides guidance on how to write an abstract. It discusses what an abstract is, who writes them and for what purposes. It covers the different types of abstracts, including descriptive and informative. It provides details on what to include in an abstract, such as the problem, methodology, results and conclusions, and what not to include, like references and quotations. Examples of descriptive and informative abstracts are also given.
This dissertation examines the impacts of social movements through a multi-layered study of the Mississippi Civil Rights Movement from the 1960s to the early 1980s. The study analyzes county-level data and three case studies to understand how the movement transformed social structures and faced constraints. Key events studied include the expansion of voting rights and gains in black political power, school desegregation, and anti-poverty programs. The dissertation challenges the argument that social movements are inconsequential by showing how the civil rights movement drove institutional changes in Mississippi through independent movement structures.
The discussion section of a research paper interprets and explains the significance of the findings in the context of previous research. It should critically analyze the results and draw meaningful conclusions, including limitations and recommendations. This section demonstrates critical thinking skills and allows for a deeper understanding of the research problem. Key elements include relating the results to the literature, explaining both expected and unexpected findings, acknowledging limitations, and suggesting areas for further research.
This document provides guidance on writing abstracts for academic publications. It discusses what an abstract is, why it is important, and how to write one. An abstract typically includes 7 key elements: a brief theme sentence; the study's purpose or aim; its importance; methodology; main findings; conclusions; and implications. It acts as an advertisement for one's work and needs to compellingly argue why others should read the full article given all options available. The document provides examples of improving draft abstracts and outlines four key moves to include in an abstract: locating the paper within the relevant field of research; focusing on the specific questions addressed; reporting the main findings; and arguing the overall point being made.
This document provides guidance on how to write a research paper by outlining the standard format and key sections. The standard format includes a title, authors, introduction, materials and methods, results (with tables and/or figures), discussion, acknowledgments, and references. The introduction should summarize relevant literature and state the research question. The materials and methods section should provide enough detail for others to replicate the experiment. Results are presented factually without interpretation. The discussion section relates results to the research question, indicates whether hypotheses were supported, and discusses relevance and implications.
Scientific research articles provide a method for scientists to communicate with other scientists about the results of their research.
The true value of any research is only realised when the results are subject to peer review and then published in journals.
How to write a scientific research paperNida Naeem
This document discusses different types of research studies and methods. There are two main types of research studies: experimental and observational studies. Experimental studies intentionally introduce a treatment or procedure, while observational studies simply observe behavior without influencing it. Within these two types there are various research methods like randomized controlled trials, cohort studies, and case-control studies. The document also covers key parts of research papers like the introduction, methods, results, and discussion sections. It emphasizes that research is done to systematically increase knowledge and find practical solutions.
1. The document discusses the importance and purpose of lab reports and scientific papers in communicating scientific research findings. These written reports allow information to be accessible over long periods of time.
2. Individual scientists perform experiments to test hypotheses, and present their findings in papers or reports to persuade others to accept or reject their hypotheses. If results stand up to criticism, they become accepted scientific knowledge.
3. A scientific report typically includes a title, abstract, introduction, materials and methods, results, discussion, and literature cited sections. The document provides guidance on writing each section effectively.
This document provides guidance on how to write an abstract. It discusses what an abstract is, who writes them and for what purposes. It covers the different types of abstracts, including descriptive and informative. It provides details on what to include in an abstract, such as the problem, methodology, results and conclusions, and what not to include, like references and quotations. Examples of descriptive and informative abstracts are also given.
This dissertation examines the impacts of social movements through a multi-layered study of the Mississippi Civil Rights Movement from the 1960s to the early 1980s. The study analyzes county-level data and three case studies to understand how the movement transformed social structures and faced constraints. Key events studied include the expansion of voting rights and gains in black political power, school desegregation, and anti-poverty programs. The dissertation challenges the argument that social movements are inconsequential by showing how the civil rights movement drove institutional changes in Mississippi through independent movement structures.
The discussion section of a research paper interprets and explains the significance of the findings in the context of previous research. It should critically analyze the results and draw meaningful conclusions, including limitations and recommendations. This section demonstrates critical thinking skills and allows for a deeper understanding of the research problem. Key elements include relating the results to the literature, explaining both expected and unexpected findings, acknowledging limitations, and suggesting areas for further research.
This document provides guidance on writing abstracts for academic publications. It discusses what an abstract is, why it is important, and how to write one. An abstract typically includes 7 key elements: a brief theme sentence; the study's purpose or aim; its importance; methodology; main findings; conclusions; and implications. It acts as an advertisement for one's work and needs to compellingly argue why others should read the full article given all options available. The document provides examples of improving draft abstracts and outlines four key moves to include in an abstract: locating the paper within the relevant field of research; focusing on the specific questions addressed; reporting the main findings; and arguing the overall point being made.
1) This study examined the relationship between daily nurse staffing levels, workload, and patient safety outcomes across medical-surgical units in 25 California hospitals.
2) Higher levels of registered nurse staffing hours and a higher percentage of RNs with BSN degrees were associated with fewer patient falls. Higher workload, larger hospital size, and lower staffing levels were also linked to worse patient outcomes.
3) The percentage of patients with hospital-acquired pressure ulcers was higher when mean staffing ratios were lower and when units were under-staffed in the week before a prevalence study. Certified RNs cared for fewer restrained patients.
Characteristics of an effective title in a research studyCharlaneDiasnes
An effective title for a research study should accurately indicate the subject and scope, avoid abbreviations, use stimulating language, identify key variables, and be limited to 10-15 words. It may reveal the paper's organization or suggest relationships between variables supporting the hypothesis, while following correct grammar rules and capitalization conventions.
This document provides information on how to write an effective abstract. It discusses the key components and purposes of abstracts, including providing an overview of the scope, purpose, methodology, results and conclusions of a document in a concise manner. The document outlines the different types of abstracts, including descriptive, informative, structured and presentation abstracts. It provides examples of parts and formatting for each type. Guidelines are given for writing with accuracy, brevity, clarity, uniqueness, authority and using appropriate language. The recommended length for different types of documents is also provided.
Communication is important part of science.
If a scientist carries out a major research project, but no one knows about it, or no one can understand it, the research if of little use.
Ways of scientific communication
Scientific papers
Poster presentations
Book chapter's and professional lectures
This document provides guidance on writing a research paper, outlining its typical structure and key elements. It discusses the importance of writing a research paper, as well as the standard sections - introduction, literature review, methodology, results, discussion, and conclusion. It also covers best practices for titles, keywords, citations, and avoiding plagiarism. The document aims to help students and researchers improve their written reports and research papers.
This workshop discusses resources (style manuals, usage dictionaries, librarians, biostatisticians), organizing to write, overcoming writer\'s block, and problems common to technical/scientific writing.
IN THIS Presentation will see:
1- WHAT IS AN ABSTRACT
2- FOR WHAT PURPOSES
3- DIFFERENT TYPES OF ABSTRACT
4- WHAT TO INCLUDE
5- WHAT NOT TO INCLUDE
6- SOME EXAMPLES
The document provides guidance on writing effective abstracts. It explains that abstracts should be brief yet accurate representations of documents, and discusses the key parts of abstracts including introductions, methods, results, and conclusions. The document also offers tips on writing style, common problems to avoid, and how to organize and structure abstracts.
This document provides guidance on how to write an abstract for an academic paper. It begins by defining an abstract as a short summary of the entire paper, typically a single paragraph that describes the paper's purpose, key findings, and conclusions. Next, it explains that an abstract is important because it allows readers to quickly understand a paper's relevance. The document then offers tips for writing an abstract, including finishing the paper first, deciding on a format, considering the target audience, choosing an appropriate abstract type, and ordering and proofreading the information. Finally, it provides things to remember, such as avoiding jargon, references, and misleading claims, and instead focusing on key terms and a general overview.
The document outlines the typical format and structure of a research report. It discusses the three main sections - the preliminary section, main section, and reference section. The preliminary section includes elements like the cover page, table of contents, and abstract. The main section usually contains chapters that introduce the topic, review literature, describe the methodology, and analyze the data. The reference section lists all sources cited. The document also provides guidelines on formatting aspects like margins, fonts, and styling tables and figures in a research report.
Chapter 12: Abstract ( english for writing research papers)Hafiza Abas
This document provides guidance on writing abstracts for research papers and conference presentations. It discusses the four main types of abstracts and recommends using a structured format that addresses why the research was conducted, how it was done, the main results, and implications. The document advises beginning abstracts with a brief statement of the research and key findings to attract readers' interest. It also provides tips on style, structure, word choice and avoiding unnecessary details to ensure abstracts effectively summarize the full paper or presentation.
Writing research guide_8995775dbc994ec45457b00c526fe288Kæsy Chaudhari
This document provides guidelines for writing a scientific research paper for publication. It discusses the typical components of a research paper, including the title page, abstract, introduction, methods, results, discussion, conclusions, acknowledgements, references, tables, figures, and authorship. For each section, it provides brief descriptions and suggestions on how to construct that section in a clear, logical manner. The overall goal is to help authors present their scientific work in a way that effectively communicates their findings to the intended audience.
This document provides guidelines for the logical format and structure of a scientific thesis. It discusses the basic principles of clear, correct, complete, concise, consistent, and common sense scientific writing. It then outlines the typical sections of a thesis, including the cover page, abstract, introduction, literature review, methods, results, discussion, conclusions, references, appendices, tables, and figures. For each section, it provides details on the purpose and recommended content. The document is intended as a reference for students and researchers on how to organize and present their work in a standardized scientific format.
This document provides an outline and guidelines for writing a research report. It begins with an introduction to research and defining what constitutes a research report. It then discusses the purpose and importance of research reports, as well as characteristics of effective reports. The document outlines the typical structure of a research report, including sections such as the introduction, literature review, methodology, results, discussion, and conclusions. It provides tips for each section and guidelines on style, formatting, and referencing. The overall document serves as a comprehensive guide for writing research reports.
This document discusses scientific writing formats. It begins by explaining that scientific writings are an important way to share knowledge and findings, and that they come in different types depending on their content and nature. Some common examples of scientific writing formats are research papers, review papers, theses, presentations, books, reports, and articles. The document then divides scientific literature into primary, secondary, and tertiary sources based on their content, format, and purpose of publication. It provides a table comparing the components of various scientific writing formats such as research articles, reviews, conference papers, theses, books, posters, and synopses. Finally, it lists references used to collect facts and figures for the document.
This document provides information on abstract writing. It discusses technical and non-technical writing, defines what an abstract is, and explains the purpose and importance of abstracts. It outlines the typical components and format of an abstract, including structure, length, and style guidelines. Finally, it describes different types of abstracts, including descriptive and informative abstracts, and structured abstracts.
This document provides guidance on writing abstracts for academic conferences. It discusses why researchers submit abstracts, such as testing ideas, getting feedback, and networking. It explains that abstracts should introduce and summarize the research in 3 steps - establishing a territory in the field, establishing a niche, and occupying the niche. The document provides examples of language and structures to use in each step, such as claiming centrality, making topic generalizations, or announcing findings. Reviewers evaluate abstracts based on how well the abstract introduces important and interesting research that contributes to the field.
The document outlines the typical parts of a research paper, including:
1) The title, which should indicate the problem addressed using keywords;
2) An abstract that summarizes the paper's goals, results, and conclusions in about a page;
3) An introduction that provides background and explains the writer's purpose and scope;
4) A literature review that describes relevant past research related to the research problem;
5) A methods section that details how the research was conducted;
6) Results that present any data, graphs, or tables to prove the paper's point;
7) A conclusion that discusses what was learned or proved and describes future work.
Term papers are generally intended to describe an event, a concept, or argue a point. It is a written original work discussing a topic in detail, usually several typed pages in length, and is often due at the end of a semester. There is much overlap between the terms: research paper and term paper.
IMRAD format
An acronym for Introduction – Method – Results – and – Discussion. The IMRaD format is a way of structuring a scientific article. It is often used in health care and the natural sciences. Unlike theses in the social sciences, the IMRaD format does not include a separate theory chapter
1) This study examined the relationship between daily nurse staffing levels, workload, and patient safety outcomes across medical-surgical units in 25 California hospitals.
2) Higher levels of registered nurse staffing hours and a higher percentage of RNs with BSN degrees were associated with fewer patient falls. Higher workload, larger hospital size, and lower staffing levels were also linked to worse patient outcomes.
3) The percentage of patients with hospital-acquired pressure ulcers was higher when mean staffing ratios were lower and when units were under-staffed in the week before a prevalence study. Certified RNs cared for fewer restrained patients.
Characteristics of an effective title in a research studyCharlaneDiasnes
An effective title for a research study should accurately indicate the subject and scope, avoid abbreviations, use stimulating language, identify key variables, and be limited to 10-15 words. It may reveal the paper's organization or suggest relationships between variables supporting the hypothesis, while following correct grammar rules and capitalization conventions.
This document provides information on how to write an effective abstract. It discusses the key components and purposes of abstracts, including providing an overview of the scope, purpose, methodology, results and conclusions of a document in a concise manner. The document outlines the different types of abstracts, including descriptive, informative, structured and presentation abstracts. It provides examples of parts and formatting for each type. Guidelines are given for writing with accuracy, brevity, clarity, uniqueness, authority and using appropriate language. The recommended length for different types of documents is also provided.
Communication is important part of science.
If a scientist carries out a major research project, but no one knows about it, or no one can understand it, the research if of little use.
Ways of scientific communication
Scientific papers
Poster presentations
Book chapter's and professional lectures
This document provides guidance on writing a research paper, outlining its typical structure and key elements. It discusses the importance of writing a research paper, as well as the standard sections - introduction, literature review, methodology, results, discussion, and conclusion. It also covers best practices for titles, keywords, citations, and avoiding plagiarism. The document aims to help students and researchers improve their written reports and research papers.
This workshop discusses resources (style manuals, usage dictionaries, librarians, biostatisticians), organizing to write, overcoming writer\'s block, and problems common to technical/scientific writing.
IN THIS Presentation will see:
1- WHAT IS AN ABSTRACT
2- FOR WHAT PURPOSES
3- DIFFERENT TYPES OF ABSTRACT
4- WHAT TO INCLUDE
5- WHAT NOT TO INCLUDE
6- SOME EXAMPLES
The document provides guidance on writing effective abstracts. It explains that abstracts should be brief yet accurate representations of documents, and discusses the key parts of abstracts including introductions, methods, results, and conclusions. The document also offers tips on writing style, common problems to avoid, and how to organize and structure abstracts.
This document provides guidance on how to write an abstract for an academic paper. It begins by defining an abstract as a short summary of the entire paper, typically a single paragraph that describes the paper's purpose, key findings, and conclusions. Next, it explains that an abstract is important because it allows readers to quickly understand a paper's relevance. The document then offers tips for writing an abstract, including finishing the paper first, deciding on a format, considering the target audience, choosing an appropriate abstract type, and ordering and proofreading the information. Finally, it provides things to remember, such as avoiding jargon, references, and misleading claims, and instead focusing on key terms and a general overview.
The document outlines the typical format and structure of a research report. It discusses the three main sections - the preliminary section, main section, and reference section. The preliminary section includes elements like the cover page, table of contents, and abstract. The main section usually contains chapters that introduce the topic, review literature, describe the methodology, and analyze the data. The reference section lists all sources cited. The document also provides guidelines on formatting aspects like margins, fonts, and styling tables and figures in a research report.
Chapter 12: Abstract ( english for writing research papers)Hafiza Abas
This document provides guidance on writing abstracts for research papers and conference presentations. It discusses the four main types of abstracts and recommends using a structured format that addresses why the research was conducted, how it was done, the main results, and implications. The document advises beginning abstracts with a brief statement of the research and key findings to attract readers' interest. It also provides tips on style, structure, word choice and avoiding unnecessary details to ensure abstracts effectively summarize the full paper or presentation.
Writing research guide_8995775dbc994ec45457b00c526fe288Kæsy Chaudhari
This document provides guidelines for writing a scientific research paper for publication. It discusses the typical components of a research paper, including the title page, abstract, introduction, methods, results, discussion, conclusions, acknowledgements, references, tables, figures, and authorship. For each section, it provides brief descriptions and suggestions on how to construct that section in a clear, logical manner. The overall goal is to help authors present their scientific work in a way that effectively communicates their findings to the intended audience.
This document provides guidelines for the logical format and structure of a scientific thesis. It discusses the basic principles of clear, correct, complete, concise, consistent, and common sense scientific writing. It then outlines the typical sections of a thesis, including the cover page, abstract, introduction, literature review, methods, results, discussion, conclusions, references, appendices, tables, and figures. For each section, it provides details on the purpose and recommended content. The document is intended as a reference for students and researchers on how to organize and present their work in a standardized scientific format.
This document provides an outline and guidelines for writing a research report. It begins with an introduction to research and defining what constitutes a research report. It then discusses the purpose and importance of research reports, as well as characteristics of effective reports. The document outlines the typical structure of a research report, including sections such as the introduction, literature review, methodology, results, discussion, and conclusions. It provides tips for each section and guidelines on style, formatting, and referencing. The overall document serves as a comprehensive guide for writing research reports.
This document discusses scientific writing formats. It begins by explaining that scientific writings are an important way to share knowledge and findings, and that they come in different types depending on their content and nature. Some common examples of scientific writing formats are research papers, review papers, theses, presentations, books, reports, and articles. The document then divides scientific literature into primary, secondary, and tertiary sources based on their content, format, and purpose of publication. It provides a table comparing the components of various scientific writing formats such as research articles, reviews, conference papers, theses, books, posters, and synopses. Finally, it lists references used to collect facts and figures for the document.
This document provides information on abstract writing. It discusses technical and non-technical writing, defines what an abstract is, and explains the purpose and importance of abstracts. It outlines the typical components and format of an abstract, including structure, length, and style guidelines. Finally, it describes different types of abstracts, including descriptive and informative abstracts, and structured abstracts.
This document provides guidance on writing abstracts for academic conferences. It discusses why researchers submit abstracts, such as testing ideas, getting feedback, and networking. It explains that abstracts should introduce and summarize the research in 3 steps - establishing a territory in the field, establishing a niche, and occupying the niche. The document provides examples of language and structures to use in each step, such as claiming centrality, making topic generalizations, or announcing findings. Reviewers evaluate abstracts based on how well the abstract introduces important and interesting research that contributes to the field.
The document outlines the typical parts of a research paper, including:
1) The title, which should indicate the problem addressed using keywords;
2) An abstract that summarizes the paper's goals, results, and conclusions in about a page;
3) An introduction that provides background and explains the writer's purpose and scope;
4) A literature review that describes relevant past research related to the research problem;
5) A methods section that details how the research was conducted;
6) Results that present any data, graphs, or tables to prove the paper's point;
7) A conclusion that discusses what was learned or proved and describes future work.
Term papers are generally intended to describe an event, a concept, or argue a point. It is a written original work discussing a topic in detail, usually several typed pages in length, and is often due at the end of a semester. There is much overlap between the terms: research paper and term paper.
IMRAD format
An acronym for Introduction – Method – Results – and – Discussion. The IMRaD format is a way of structuring a scientific article. It is often used in health care and the natural sciences. Unlike theses in the social sciences, the IMRaD format does not include a separate theory chapter
The document provides guidance on publishing scientific papers, including:
1) Determining readiness and choosing the appropriate type of manuscript such as a conference paper or full article.
2) Ensuring proper scientific language through short sentences, correct grammar and tenses, and clarity.
3) Structuring a full article with key sections like the title, abstract, introduction, methods, results, discussion, and conclusion to effectively communicate findings.
Presented by the UT student chapter of the Institute of Transportation Engineers, this 3-hour workshop featured a presentation by D-STOP’s Dr. Stephen Boyles.
General form of a research paper presentationWaqar Younus
This document provides guidance on writing a research paper according to general standards. It discusses the typical sections of a research paper including the title page, abstract, introduction, materials and methods, results, discussion, and references. For each section, it provides the general intent, guidelines for writing that section, and tips on style. The document emphasizes writing concisely and focusing on the essential information needed for others to understand and potentially replicate the study.
Common mistakes in presenting manuscripts to scientific journalsFredy RS Gutierrez
This document discusses common mistakes made when presenting scientific manuscripts to journals and provides tips to avoid them. It outlines mistakes like poor structure, incorrect statistical analysis, unclear figures, and references. It then provides advice on choosing the right journal, writing clearly, having the work critiqued, and thoroughly proofreading before submission. Overall, the document aims to help scientists improve their manuscript writing and preparation to avoid typical errors that could lead to rejection.
Writing a Formal Lab Report and Scientific PapersG.docxodiliagilby
Writing a Formal Lab Report and Scientific Papers
General Tips o Be concise. In scientific writing, it is very important to say as much as is needed while using as few words as possible. Lab reports should be thorough, but repetition should be avoided. The entire report should be clear and straightforward.
· Write in the third person. Avoid using the words “I” or “we” when referring to the experimental procedure. For example, instead of “I boiled 50 mL of water for 10 minutes,” the report should read, “50 mL of water was boiled for 10 minutes.” This can be a bit difficult to get used to, so it is important to pay close attention to the wording in the report
· Use correct verb tenses. Many students become confused when trying to decide whether to use past or present tense in their reports. If referring to anything that happened in the past, then use the past tense. For example, if you are writing about an experiment you have already performed, then refer to it in the past tense. Present tense should be used when referring to a scientific principle, such as, “Water is two parts hydrogen and one part oxygen.” The general rules for verb tenses are as follows:
· The experimental procedure has already been conducted, so use the past tense of the verb when referring to it:
Ex: The purpose of the experiment was...
The compound was weighed to 5 g...
· The report, equipment, and theory still exist, so use the present tense of the verb for them:
Ex: The purpose of this report is...
Bunsen burners are used...
Document created by: Lakesha Allen
Document created by: Lakesha Allen
LAB REPORT FORMAT
Style Guidelines:
· Typed
· Paper: 8.5” x 11”
· Spacing: Double-spaced
· Margins: 1 inch
· Font: Times New Roman, 12 pt (EVERY word in your paper should have this font type and size)
· APA FORMAT
Major Paper Sections:
· Title Page
· Abstract
· Introduction
· Materials and Methods
· Results
· Discussion
· References
TITLE PAGE
The title should be less than ten words and should reflect the factual content of the paper. A good title is straightforward and uses keywords that researchers in a particular field will recognize. It should not contain abbreviations or words that serve no purpose.
Type your title in upper and lowercase letters centered in the upper half of the page. Your title may take up one or two lines. All text on the title page, and throughout your paper, should be double-spaced. Beneath the title, type the author's name: first name, middle initial(s), and last name. Do not use titles (Dr.) or degrees (PhD). Beneath the author's name, type the institutional affiliation, which should indicate the location where the author(s) conducted the research.
ABSTRACT
Begin a new page. On the first line of the abstract page, center the word “Abstract” (no bold, formatting, italics, underlining, or quotations marks). Beginning with the next line, write a concise summary of the key points of your research. ...
Writing a Formal Lab Report and Scientific PapersG.docxbillylewis37150
Writing a Formal Lab Report and Scientific Papers
General Tips o Be concise. In scientific writing, it is very important to say as much as is needed while using as few words as possible. Lab reports should be thorough, but repetition should be avoided. The entire report should be clear and straightforward.
· Write in the third person. Avoid using the words “I” or “we” when referring to the experimental procedure. For example, instead of “I boiled 50 mL of water for 10 minutes,” the report should read, “50 mL of water was boiled for 10 minutes.” This can be a bit difficult to get used to, so it is important to pay close attention to the wording in the report
· Use correct verb tenses. Many students become confused when trying to decide whether to use past or present tense in their reports. If referring to anything that happened in the past, then use the past tense. For example, if you are writing about an experiment you have already performed, then refer to it in the past tense. Present tense should be used when referring to a scientific principle, such as, “Water is two parts hydrogen and one part oxygen.” The general rules for verb tenses are as follows:
· The experimental procedure has already been conducted, so use the past tense of the verb when referring to it:
Ex: The purpose of the experiment was...
The compound was weighed to 5 g...
· The report, equipment, and theory still exist, so use the present tense of the verb for them:
Ex: The purpose of this report is...
Bunsen burners are used...
Document created by: Lakesha Allen
Document created by: Lakesha Allen
LAB REPORT FORMAT
Style Guidelines:
· Typed
· Paper: 8.5” x 11”
· Spacing: Double-spaced
· Margins: 1 inch
· Font: Times New Roman, 12 pt (EVERY word in your paper should have this font type and size)
· APA FORMAT
Major Paper Sections:
· Title Page
· Abstract
· Introduction
· Materials and Methods
· Results
· Discussion
· References
TITLE PAGE
The title should be less than ten words and should reflect the factual content of the paper. A good title is straightforward and uses keywords that researchers in a particular field will recognize. It should not contain abbreviations or words that serve no purpose.
Type your title in upper and lowercase letters centered in the upper half of the page. Your title may take up one or two lines. All text on the title page, and throughout your paper, should be double-spaced. Beneath the title, type the author's name: first name, middle initial(s), and last name. Do not use titles (Dr.) or degrees (PhD). Beneath the author's name, type the institutional affiliation, which should indicate the location where the author(s) conducted the research.
ABSTRACT
Begin a new page. On the first line of the abstract page, center the word “Abstract” (no bold, formatting, italics, underlining, or quotations marks). Beginning with the next line, write a concise summary of the key points of your research..
I would not recommend including details about prior rejections from other journals in your cover letter. The editors will not have access to those previous reviews, so it does not provide useful context. Focus instead on clearly explaining the significance and novelty of your findings for the specific readership of the journal you are submitting to.
The document provides guidance on writing a successful grant proposal. It begins by emphasizing the importance of having a clear idea and hypothesis. It then discusses various aspects of a proposal such as significance, novelty, feasibility, and specific aims. It provides outlines for the specific aims, background and significance, preliminary data, and research design sections. The document notes common mistakes to avoid and emphasizes clear writing, conciseness, and getting feedback from others.
Guidelines for Writing a Scientific PaperSirwan Hasan
This document provides guidelines for writing a scientific paper, including sections on the abstract, introduction, materials and methods, results, tables and figures, discussion, citations, references, and general formatting. Key points include writing the abstract last, using the introduction to describe the question, approach, and conclusion, and succinctly describing experiments and results in the materials and methods and results sections. Tables and figures should summarize key results and be referenced in the text. The discussion section should interpret and explain the results, not just restate them. References and abbreviations should follow journal guidelines. Proofreading is important to catch errors and ensure clarity.
4BIOL 3251 Writing Assignment 2 – Introduction and Hypothesis .docxBHANU281672
4
BIOL 3251 Writing Assignment 2 – Introduction and Hypothesis
The entirety of the assignment is to help you construct polished and professional text for the introduction and hypothesis (red rectange] that you can use for your poster. You will get feedback from peers and your instructor. All parts of this assignment should be uploaded to the Writing Assignment 2 Dropbox on D2L.
Initial Draft
· This should be about 1 typed page, not including Literature Cited or any figures (diagrams or graphs).
· Your initial draft is due at Sunday June 15 at 9:00PM . Submit it to 2 places:
D2L dropbox for writing assignment 2
and
Discussion – Poster Introductions You will have to post your intro before you can review other’s.
· A rubric for this assignment is available on the Dropbox folder and the Grades section.
1. Begin by taking out a sheet of paper and brainstorming for 90 seconds. Scribble down everything you can think of about the gene, topic, treatment you’ve chosen – write down everything you can think of!!!
If you are struggling for ideas, in your initial NCBI search for your gene of interest, under the results by database, you may have seen “OMIM” This is the Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man database, and may link your gene of interest to human disease or conditions.
2. Now take a look at your brainstorm. Use circles or highlighter colors to group the words/concepts into broad groups. What broad concept or topic group could you use to get other people (your audience) interested in your topic? Begin with a 2-3 sentences about that broader topic or concept.
This section, and those that follow, also need references for any facts or concepts that are not common knowledge. If you have to look it up, it needs a reference. If a paper can be referenced in a journal, use that. Only use web addresses when there is no other source. Make sure you use “in text” citations AND a Literature Cited section according to the CSE style (name-year). Remember, you can visit the Writing Center for help on style and/or writing!
Example of “In text” citation for an introductory document:
F. psychrophilum is a pathogenic organism responsible for causing severe diseases in Oncorhynchus mykiss, rainbow trout (Rochat et al. 2017). This pathogen causes detrimental effects, including skin and muscle degeneration, to rainbow trout populations (Henriksen et al. 2014).
Literature Cited
Henriksen MMM, Madsen L, Dalsgaard I. 2013. Effect of Hydrogen Peroxide on Immersion Challenge of Rainbow Trout Fry with Flavobacterium psychrophilum. PLoS ONE 8(4):35-42.
Rochat T, Fujiwara-Nagata E, Calvez S, Dalsgaard I, Madsen L, Calteau A, Lunazzi A, Nicolas P, Wiklund T, Bernardet J-F, et al. 2017. Genomic Characterization of Flavobacterium psychrophilum Serotypes and Development of a Multiplex PCR-Based Serotyping Scheme. Frontiers in Microbiology 8(2):236-238.
3. Use the next 4-5 sentences to bring in some relevant, but more scientific facts and details that y.
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Writing A Research Paper
1. WRITING A RESEARCH PAPER: Some general guidelines for students and postdocs
2. BEFORE WRITING In the long term : Right from the beginning of your project, think about experiments in terms of future papers, especially the FIGURES. For example, if you are doing immunoprecipitation studies imagine a future figure as you load your samples on the gel. Arrange the control, experimental and marker samples in the optimal sequence for a future figure so you don’t have to go back and redo it. For photomicrographs, think about the best magnifications and orientations to show the important features. Keep consistent backgrounds. Record the magnifications for the scale bars!
3. It is easier to assemble all the data BEFORE writing the paper, than during the process.
4. Decide what are the key conclusions of the paper- the important message that you want to put across. Do you have all the data AND the figures to prove your point? If possible, give an informal ORAL presentation of the work before you start to write the paper. This way you will clarify the story you want to tell and can anticipate objections or misunderstandings that must be addressed in the text.
5. Short term: Assemble draft FIGURES and lay them out in order on a table or desk. Decide what are the key points that you need to make, and write them out. Focus on hypotheses that you tested. Decide on a format. This will strongly influence the style in which you write. Short format papers (e.g. Nature, Science, Current Biology, PNAS ) versus Long format (papers with Abstract, Introduction, Results, Discussion).
6. Resolve Authorship issues. Corresponding author is usually senior author. Have printed copies of key references at hand. Start a Database for references e.g. ENDNOTE will format references for different journals.
7. SHORT FORMAT PAPER In many ways this is the hardest kind of paper to write, even though it is the shortest. The paper has to be concise and engaging, right from the opening sentence. For some journals the first paragraph of a short format paper (“Letter”) is also the abstract and describes both the significance of the work and the major achievements.
8. General considerations: Download Instructions for Authors . Note limitations like page number, word and/or character count, number of Figures, fonts for Figures, number of references, word length of Abstract . It is best to know the limits in advance than have to go back and change the paper later. Print out one or two examples of a high quality paper in your field in this journal. Note specific styles (Italics/bold for headings; Hours/hrs; Fig/Figure and other special features) LONG FORMAT PAPER
9. STARTING OUT Know your working style. For example, pencil and paper versus computer. Set a deadline and have a reward system! Faced with a blank piece of paper, it is best to just put something down and edit it afterwards rather than to expect to write a perfect sentence straight away. In general it is easiest to start writing RESULTS and MATERIALS and METHODS . Just start writing the data as if you were describing them to your colleagues. Lay out general arguments and then go into details so that you prepare the readers for what follows and the logic you are going to use.
10. Next, write the INTRODUCTION, then DISCUSSION , and finally ABSTRACT . By this time you will have honed down your ideas. The TITLE is critical- it must be short and ” big-picture” without over selling. Expect to write multiple drafts, so keep track of them carefully. Word has an “Edit” program. Don’t waste paper! Print out the second draft on the back of the first.
11. RESULTS and METHODS Subheadings are very useful and help keep the issues separate. Don’t include interpretation of the data (Discussion) in the Results section unless it is needed for a clean transition or to maintain the flow. E.g. “These findings suggested that…… We therefore tested this hypothesis by assaying for ……” Arrange Figure panels so they are referred to in order.
12. In the Methods take special care over the units, esp. in different fonts e.g. mm versus m (greek letters are in “Symbol” font). Keep Methods section short; refer to earlier papers. Consider “Supplemental Material” on the Web Acknowledgements : Grant funding. People who read the paper or contributed to discussion and/or ideas. People who gave tools e.g. probes Technical and secretarial assistance
13. FIGURES and LEGENDS For photomicrographs it is convenient to assemble panels in Adobe Illustrator or In Design. Figures must have a short title in the form of a sentence. Follow conventions of the journal precisely. Don’t forget scale bars!
14. INTRODUCTION The first paragraph is crucial for catching the attention of the audience and for conveying to them the importance of the questions that you have addressed in the paper. If you don’t’ catch the attention of the audience in the first few sentences the chances are high that they won’t continue reading. So, m ake the first sentence both snappy and profound.
15. Here are a few examples of good introductory sentences: “ Cell polarity plays a fundamental role in development. By asymmetrically localizing determinants in a cells before division, daughter cells can adopt different fates” “ Posttranscriptional regulation based on differential RNA metabolism is an important mechanism for temporal and spatial regulation of gene expression” “ The Golgi complex has a pivotal role in the secretory pathway by acting as the central organelle through which newly synthesized proteins pass en route to their final destinations.”
16. The Introduction should set the scene for your unique contribution and place it in context. It is not meant to be an exhaustive review. Formulate the problem and the hypotheses to be tested. The last paragraph of the Intriduction should be a short summary of what you set out to do and what you have achieved. e,g “ In this paper, we have studied the …… by using a novel technique in which …… . This approach has allowed us to directly compare A and B, and to distinguish between alternative possibilities for their functions. We conclude that ….. and provide a model to reconcile our findings and those of others”
17. DISCUSSION Do not make this predominantly a rehash of either the Introduction or the Results. It should present the overall significance of your work and show how it agrees or disagrees with previous models or allows disparate observations to be drawn together. It is often very helpful to have a Figure of new model that is based on your findings.
18. Final paragraph can make predictions for the future and can be made in broad brush strokes. But don’t speculate too wildly. e.g. “ In summary, we describe a new mechanism by which different forms of the same protein act in an antagonistic manner to regulate gene transcription.This mechanism appears to be evolutionarily conserved. Further studies will be necessary to confirm our hypothesis concerning the unexpected role of protein phosphorylation”. First paragraph of the Discussion should give a brief overview of the main findings of the paper: the final conclusions and an outline of the supporting data.
19. GENERAL STYLE Use “Spelling and Grammar” option in Microsoft Word. However, remember that Spellcheck will only highlight words that do not correspond to an entry in the dictionary. For example if you typed “ We added halt and than heater fur too ours to denature the protean. rather than “ We added salt and then heated for two hours to denature the protein” Spellcheck will not find any mistakes!
20. TENSES Text can be written in either the past or present tense, and the preference is to some extent personal. Past tense is OK for describing results of an experiment but use present tense for a general conclusion. “ We observed that the expression of Bmp4 WAS increased. This suggests that the gene IS regulated by Shh.” Present tense is more immediate and indicates that a process is ongoing. “ In E11.5 control embryos, we found that the pharyngeal pouch endoderm was in contact with the surface ectoderm, and the thymus/parathyroid primordium had begun to develop as a thickening of the ectoderm.” “ In E11.5 control embryos, the pharyngeal pouch endoderm is in contact with the surface ectoderm, and the thymus/parathyroid primordium has begun to develop as a thickening of the ectoderm.” versus
21. WHATEVER TENSE IS USED, BE CONSISTENT AND DON’T SWITCH BACK AND FORTH IN THE SAME PARAGRAPH !!!
22. Keep sentences short. 15-20 words is about right but shorter ones can be used for impact or emphasis. Check that each sentence makes sense and is not ambiguous. A. An example of a sentence that is too long: “ Genes A, B, C and D and their antagonists are expressed at high levels in the thymus of the wild type embryos but in the heterozygous mutants they are lower and in the null mutant they are absent except in a small region where the latter are expressed at low levels” “ Genes A, B, C and D, and their antagonists, are expressed at high levels in the thymus of wild type embryos. Transcription of all genes is lower in heterozygous mutants. By contrast, in homozygous null mutants no expression of any gene could be detected, except in a small region in which the genes encoding the antagonists are still fully active.” B. This is better :
23. At all costs, avoid the passive voice. “ Oocytes are signaled by MSP such that a cell cycle transition (M-phase entry) occurs” (not good) versus “ MSP signaling induces oocytes to enter M-phase of the cell cycle”. (good) “ The genes were seen to be expressed…. (not good) versus “ The genes were expressed….” (good)
24. Paragraphs are important to break the text up into readable units. They should be about half a double-spaced, typewritten page in length. Avoid excessive use of boring verbs such as “show, observe, occur, exhibit…..” Avoid complex ways of saying a simple thing “ The results showed protection by the vaccine” versus “The vaccine protected” “ The results showed that dog weight increased” versus “The dogs weighed more”.
25. Use of “suggest that ….” ; “hypothesize that….” “possible that….” These phrases do not need “may”, “might” e.g “Our results suggest that Hoxa3 may be involved in thymus development” (not correct) “ It is possible that Shh in the endoderm may regulate Bmp4 expression in the mesoderm”.(not correct) “ Our results suggest that Hoxa3 is involved in thymus development” (correct) “ It is possible that Shh in the endoderm regulates Bmp4 expression in the mesoderm”. (correct)
26. BEFORE GIVING THE DRAFT TO YOUR P.I. Check the Figures versus the text Check the References versus the text Check the Figure legends In general, edit a paper after printing it out and reading it as a whole, rather than editing it on a computer screen where you can only see one page at a time. Once a page has scrolled off the screen the text tends to be forgotten! Be psychologically prepared to throw out and rewrite whole sections and not to cling to the original. Be flexible.
27. BEFORE SENDING TO THE JOURNAL Have the paper read by several people. Listen to what they say, especially if same criticism comes up several times. Check and recheck spelling, figures, references, legends etc Reviewers can be really annoyed by careless editing and mistakes reflect badly on your science. Make sure you have followed all the requirements of the journal about electronic submission etc Some have a specific Checklist and Front Page format (key words; contact Information; e-mail address etc
28. Include a cover letter outlining the originality and important findings of the paper and why it will be of interest to the typical audience of the journal you have selected. Sometimes it is helpful to suggest possible referees, especially if the topic is unusual. It can save time to send a “ presubmission enquiry ” to the editor. This should outline in the most persuasive way the importance of your paper. Then the editor can reply with either encouragement to send the complete paper for review or a polite suggestion that you send it to another journal.