This document summarizes a presentation by Dominique Guinard on researching the Web of Things. It discusses Guinard's background and education, introduces the concept of the Web of Things and how it can be used as an application integration platform. It then outlines the RESTful architecture of the Web of Things, provides examples of applications that have been built on it, and discusses challenges and the business case for the Web of Things.

1. Researching the Web of Things Dominique GuinardMIT Auto-ID Labs / ETH Zurich / SAP Research

2. I, in a Nutshell 2005: Bachelor in Fribourg: RFID Indoor Assets Tracking Framework (RFIDLocator) @ Sun Microsystems 2006 – 2007: Master in Lancaster: Service architecture for sensorsupported interactions from mobile phones 2007 – 2008: Auto-ID Labs Zurich: « Mobile Internet of Things » projectwith Nokia Research. 2007 – 2011: SAP: Socrades & SenseiIoTprojects 2008 – now: Ph.D. @ ETH Zurich: PervasiveComputing, Web of Things 2010 – now: VisitingResearcher @ MIT: Web-enablement of the RFID network Oracle-Labs, Jan. 26, 2011 2 Dominique Guinard MIT / ETH

3. Introduction and Motivation What’s the Web of Things? Whatisit good for? [http://www.flickr.com/photos/moragcasey/] 3 Oracle-Labs, Jan. 26, 2011 Dominique Guinard MIT / ETH

4. The Embedded Systems Era Ubiquitous: Home appliances Industries Smart Cities Connected: Zigbee, Bluetooth, Wifi ApplicationIntegration? 4 Oracle-Labs, Jan. 26, 2011 Dominique Guinard MIT / ETH

5. Finding an Application Integration Platform Question: How do weenabletechsavvys and companies to create applications on top of thiseco-system? Hundreds of differentplatforms Web? Scalable (7000 Facebook p/sec.) Ubiquitous (from mobile to desktop) Well-understood (1.73 Bio. users) Thesis: Re-use and develop Web-standards to build a ThingsUniversal API. 5 Oracle-Labs, Jan. 26, 2011 Dominique Guinard MIT / ETH

6. The Web of Things 6 Oracle-Labs, Jan. 26, 2011 Dominique Guinard MIT / ETH

7. Today’s Menu Motivation Web of Things Architecture Applications Evaluations Case Study in RFID Challenges beyond REST WoT and the business [http://www.flickr.com/photos/lessio/1346732230/] 7 Dominique Guinard, ETH / SAP Research

8. Web of Things Architecture Building a Web of Things, piece by piece… [http://www.flickr.com/photos/julianbleecker] 8 Oracle-Labs, Jan. 26, 2011 Dominique Guinard MIT / ETH

9. REST: The Core of the Web REST: architecture with 5 constraints Identifyresources and links: A resource: something, that can and that’s worth, getting a URI and links Design respresentations Use the uniform interface Bringthings to the Internet&Web [1] RESTful Web Services. [2] Architectural styles… 9 Oracle-Labs, Jan. 26, 2011 Dominique Guinard MIT / ETH

10. Case Studywith Sun Spots1) Resources and Links Thanks to theiratomicity services on embeddeddevices are quiteadapted to Resource-Oriented Architectures. Resources: Spots: http://webofthings.com/spots Spot 2: http://webofthings.com/spots/2 Light Sensor: http://webofthings.com/spots/2/sensors/light LedActuator: http://webofthings.com/spots/2/actuators/led Resource Identification Hypermedia 10 Oracle-Labs, Jan. 26, 2011 Dominique Guinard MIT / ETH

11. 2) Representation Design HTML as default, ideal for browsing: http://webofthings.com/spots JSON & JSONp, ideal for mashups XML, ideal for integrationwith business systems Self-Describing Messages Hypermedia 11 Oracle-Labs, Jan. 26, 2011 Dominique Guinard MIT / ETH

12. 3) Interface Design Leverage content negotiation: Accept: application/json Use the HTTP Verbsextensively: GET, PUT, POST, DELETE GET http://webofthings.com/spots/2/sensors/temperature PUT http://webofthings.com/spots/2/actuators/led/1 Mapstatus codes: 200 OK, 201 Created, 400 Bad Request Uniform Interface Self-Describing Messages 12 Oracle-Labs, Jan. 26, 2011 Dominique Guinard MIT / ETH

13. 4) Bringing Things to the Internet&Web: Smart Gateways 6lowpan comingquickly: Cisco, IPSO, OpenPicus HTTP Reverse Proxy HidingIoTproprietaryprotocols (Zigbee, Bluetooth, etc.): Donglebased OSGimodularity Installed on residentialgateways: Wireless routers (OpenWrt) NAT RESTful Design Processcanbe (partially) automated [3] Facilitating Integration of Services for WoT 13 Oracle-Labs, Jan. 26, 2011 Dominique Guinard MIT / ETH Demo!

14. Applications Whatcanwebuild on top of the Web of Things? [http://www.flickr.com/photos/docman] 14 Oracle-Labs, Jan. 26, 2011 Dominique Guinard MIT / ETH

15. TypicalWoT Architecture: « Energie Visible » Project for a privatefoundation for sustainability (cudrefin02.ch) Goal: an easilydeployable system for betterunderstandingconsumption: Cross-platform Web access Uses the Ploggsensornodes Smart Gateway providesRESTful API 15 Oracle-Labs, Jan. 26, 2011 Dominique Guinard MIT / ETH

16. « Energie Visible »: Mashup and UIs Web UI / MashupusingJavascript (GWT): www.webofthings.com/energievisible E-MeteriPhoneApp [http://www.vs.inf.ethz.ch/res/show.html?what=emeter_demo] [4] Increasing Energy Awareness Through Web-enabled Power Outlets. 16 Oracle-Labs, Jan. 26, 2011 Dominique Guinard MIT / ETH

18. Javascript (JQuery / DOJO) based visual language.

19. Added wrappers for WoT devices:

20. SunSPOT, Ploggs, RFID readerDemo! [http://www.clickscript.ch] [5] Mashing up Your Web-Enabled Home 17 Oracle-Labs, Jan. 26, 2011 Dominique Guinard MIT / ETH

21. Protecting Access to Things: Friends and Things (FAT) 18 Oracle-Labs, Jan. 26, 2011 Dominique Guinard MIT / ETH [9] “Sharing Using Social Networks in a Composable Web of Things.”

22. Friends and Things: User Interface 19 Oracle-Labs, Jan. 26, 2011 Dominique Guinard MIT / ETH Demo!

23. Evaluation Ok, it’seasier to buildappsupon, but is the WoTreallyfeasible? [ http://www.flickr.com/photos/myfwc] 20 Oracle-Labs, Jan. 26, 2011 Dominique Guinard MIT / ETH

24. Quantitative Evaluation 10’000 requests on the Sun SPOTs 1) Embedded Webserver: 205 ms (97 – 8500) Couldbeimprovedwith a proxy! 2) Smart Gateway: Sync-based (caching) 4 ms (2 – 49) Age max: 300 ms Good enough for mostsub-second use cases. 21 Oracle-Labs, Jan. 26, 2011 Dominique Guinard MIT / ETH

25. NextSteps: Qualitative Evaluations PloggRESTful API & Sun SPOT API used by ~10 independentresearchlabs. Early feedback: Easy to understand and use Straightforwardtesting & Web-integration Evaluation with 80 students: REST easier to understand, more straightforward REST more adapted to embeddeddevices 22 Oracle-Labs, Jan. 26, 2011 Dominique Guinard MIT / ETH

26. WEB-enabling the Global Rfid Network A (business-relevant) case-study in RFID 23 Oracle-Labs, Jan. 26, 2011 Dominique Guinard MIT / ETH

27. The Web Era Web Rise of the WoT: Ubiquitous & Scalable The new universalintegration bus Machines, appliances, sensors, mobile phones consumer electronics are in Full of apps, widgets and mashups Whereis RFID? 24 Oracle-Labs, Jan. 26, 2011 Dominique Guinard MIT / ETH

28. EPC Network in a Nutshell Integration Interface 25 Oracle-Labs, Jan. 26, 2011 Dominique Guinard MIT / ETH

29. Towards a mashable EPC Network Classical SOAP Web Services adequate for business integration (e.g., ERP): Not so much for more light-weight, ad-hoc integration Requirements for new API: Low entry barrier for developements (easier/cheaper) Direct data access to users Lightweight (embedded/mobile devices) Easy to scale (cloud) [7] “Why is the Web Loosely Coupled? A Multi-Faceted Metric for Service Design.” [6] “Restful web services vs. "big" web services: making the right architectural decision.” 26 Oracle-Labs, Jan. 26, 2011 Dominique Guinard MIT / ETH

30. API Design: Addressability & Connectedness Resources: Locations, Readers, Tagged objects (EPC), etc. Links: Every resource is linked to its children. And to relevant resources. http://.../location/migros:basel/reader/warehouse:incoming/time/2009-12-21T13:22:04.000Z/event/EPC 27 Oracle-Labs, Jan. 26, 2011 Dominique Guinard MIT / ETH

31. Wait, the EPCIS is not Hierachical! The EPCIS data isn‘t really hierachical: Complex queries become cumbersome: all events occurring in 2010 for urn:epc:id:sgtin: 0057000.123430.2025 Query-based interface http://.../eventquery/result?param1=value1&..&paramN=valueN http://.../eventquery/result?reader=sap:regensdorf:frc:storage&epc=urn:epc:id:sgtin:200057000.* 28 Oracle-Labs, Jan. 26, 2011 Dominique Guinard MIT / ETH

32. Design: Representations Several representations: XML: EPCIS standard JSON: Web integration HTML: browsability CSS for browser CSS for mobile (IUI) Selected through “HTTP content negotiation” Atom feeds for subscription to queries. 29 Oracle-Labs, Jan. 26, 2011 Dominique Guinard MIT / ETH

33. Implementation: EPCIS Web-adapter 30 Oracle-Labs, Jan. 26, 2011 Dominique Guinard MIT / ETH

34. Performance Evaluation 31 Oracle-Labs, Jan. 26, 2011 Dominique Guinard MIT / ETH

35. EPC Mashup Dashboard Javascriptmashup (GWT). Uses the REST API. Extensible widget base. 32 Oracle-Labs, Jan. 26, 2011 Dominique Guinard MIT / ETH Demo!

36. NextSteps: EPC Cloud @ MIT Auto-ID Labs Oracle-Labs, Jan. 26, 2011 33 Dominique Guinard MIT / ETH Demo!

37. CHAllengesBeyond REST Whereis/should the Web of Things go? [http://www.flickr.com/photos/brapke/] 34 Oracle-Labs, Jan. 26, 2011 Dominique Guinard MIT / ETH

38. Enabling the Real-Time Web: Beyond Client-Server Client-serverparadigm not reallynatural for sensing application. Need for sensor push. First step: Atom (cleaner RSS) / AtomPub Real push HTML5 Websockets Pubsubhubbub Server-sent events XMPP 35 Oracle-Labs, Jan. 26, 2011 Dominique Guinard MIT / ETH

39. Search and Performances Finding Services: HTML5 Microdata RDFa WoTSearch: Google Custom Engine Yahoo SearchMonkey Dyser Performances! Push vs Pull Highlyscalable Web-servers Node.js Grizzly Cloud solutions: GWE 36 Oracle-Labs, Jan. 26, 2011 Dominique Guinard MIT / ETH

40. WoT & The Business A Compelling Business Use Case for the WoT [http://www.flickr.com/photos/daviddmuir/] 37 Oracle-Labs, Jan. 26, 2011 Dominique Guinard MIT / ETH

41. Actors of the (future) WoT Market « Smart Things » manufacturers: Consumer « gadgets »: Violet, Chumby, Poken, Arimaz Sensors/actuators nets: Phidget, SunSPOTs, Sentilla, OpenPicus, etc. Energy Monitoring and Management: EnergyOptimizers, DiyKyoto, CurrentCost, etc. [http://violet.net/] [http://www.chumby.com] [http://www.plogginternational.com/] [http://www.diykyoto.com/] 38 Oracle-Labs, Jan. 26, 2011 Dominique Guinard MIT / ETH

42. Actors of the (future) WoT Market « Smart Gateway » providers: There corporation (ex-Nokia), Oberon.ch, Netgear, Arimaz, ioBridge, etc. The OSGi folks. Energydedicatedgateways: Apple, EnergyOptimizers [http://therecorporation.com/] [http://www.netgear.com] [http://www.arimaz.com] [http://www.iobridge.com] 39 Oracle-Labs, Jan. 26, 2011 Dominique Guinard MIT / ETH

43. Actors of the (future) WoT Market Software / Cloud solution providers Pachube Sensor.Network Google: Power Meter Visualization API GAE SAP, Oracle, IBM SAP MII, AII IBM SmarterPlanet SensorEdge Server [http://code.google.com/apis/charttools] [http://www.pachube.com] [http://www.sap.com] [http://www.google.org/powermeter] 40 Oracle-Labs, Jan. 26, 2011 Dominique Guinard MIT / ETH

44. Wrap Up: Beware, WoTiscoming! The vision of oureverydayphysical world mergingwith the World Wide Web isbecoming a reality. There is a need for standards or at least good practices. The REST architectural style and the Web are a good candidates: Ubiquitous Rathereasy to understand Scalable Core to the Web Lightweight, etc. A lot of WoT consumer-products / business opportunities are emerging. 41 Dominique Guinard MIT / ETH Oracle-Labs, Jan. 26, 2011

45. Thanks a lot for your attention Dominique Guinard Contact details: www.guinard.org Blog: www.webofthings.com Software: www.webofthings.com/projects Papers and articles: www.guinard.org/publications 42 Oracle-Labs, Jan. 26, 2011 Dominique Guinard MIT / ETH

46. References L. Richardson and S. Ruby. “RESTful Web Services”. O'Reilly Media, Inc., 2007 R. Fielding: “Architectural styles and the design of network-based software architectures”, 2000 S. Mayer, D. Guinard, V. Trifa: “Facilitating Integration and Interaction of Real-World Services for WoT” UrbanIoT 2010 M. Weiss, D. Guinard: “Increasing Energy Awareness Through Web-enabled Power Outlets” MUM 2010 D. Guinard: “Mashing up Your Web-Enabled Home”, Touch the Web 2010 43 Oracle-Labs, Jan. 26, 2011 Dominique Guinard MIT / ETH All ourpapers are on: www.guinard.org/publications

47. References Pautasso, Cesare, Olaf Zimmermann, and Frank Leymann. “Restful web services vs. "big" web services: making the right architectural decision.” WWW '08 Pautasso, Cesare, and Erik Wilde. “Why is the Web Loosely Coupled? A Multi-Faceted Metric for Service Design.” WWW’09 Kindberg, Tim, John Barton, Jeff Morgan, Gene Becker, Debbie Caswell, Philippe Debaty, GitaGopal, et al. “People, places, things: web presence for the real world.” Mob. Netw. Appl. 7, no. 5 (2002): 365-376. Dominique Guinard, Mathias Fischer, VladTrifa “Sharing Using Social Networks in a Composable Web of Things.” Proc. of the First IEEE International Workshop on the Web of Things (WOT2010). Mannheim, Germany, March 2010 44 Oracle-Labs, Jan. 26, 2011 Dominique Guinard MIT / ETH

48. Backup 45 Oracle-Labs, Jan. 26, 2011 Dominique Guinard MIT / ETH

49. Age of Cache 46 Oracle-Labs, Jan. 26, 2011 Dominique Guinard MIT / ETH