The Roman Republic was established after the overthrow of the monarchy. The Senate, composed of aristocratic elders, became the most powerful political body, gaining influence over lawmaking, military affairs, and executive appointments. Citizens were divided between the ruling patrician class and the majority plebeian commoners, who struggled for civil rights and political representation. The Republic established several branches of government, including consuls as executive leaders and commanders-in-chief, tribunes elected to advocate for plebeians, and assemblies for legislation. Over time, the Republic developed a complex system of elected offices and laws that impacted the governance of Rome and modern democratic societies.

2. REPUBLIC & SENATE
Roman became a republic.
Senate made up of aristocratic council of elder.
The Senate is the most powerful political body of patricians.
Over time, the Senate gained the power to heavily influence the passage of
laws, start wars, elect executive officials, and to declare consuls as
dictators in the times of emergency.

3. CONFLICT OF THE ORDERS
The struggle between the aristocratic ruling class of patricians and the
large majority of plebians.
They were battling enemies outside the city, Roman citizens struggled
against each others for civil rights and representations in government.
Commoners in protest.

4. CONSULS
The Senate’s two chief executives.
Served as a commanders-in-chief in the military.
Has the power to execute soldiers for lack of discipline.
The consuls also decided who would be promoted to positions of authority
within the Senate and who could declare an emergency.

5. DICTATOR & VETO
Consuls can be dictators for six months
There was two consuls so they couldn’t give too much power to one man.
Veto is when you can cancel a decision made by another person.
Dictators veto other dictators.

6. TRIBUNES
Well protected and held great power on behalf of the plebians.
The Senate gave tribunes the power to veto any laws passed by the Senate.
Was elected by the farmers and the aristocrats.
The tribunes can be commoners and/or aristocrats.

7. ASSEMBLY OF PLEBS
Ruled or guided over the tribunes
Allowed democracy to grow by letting plebians elect certain officials.
Try criminal cases involving plebians, and pass legislation.

8. CENSOR
Was an office that was in charge of collecting taxes and organized military
duties.
There were two censors in Rome.

9. GOVERNMENT BRANCHES
Executive; branch of government that is made up of two consuls
Judiciary; the “courts” branch of government.
Legislative; branch of government that was made up of assemblies and a
Senate.

10. PATRICIANS PRAETOR & PLEBIANS
Patricians; this included consuls, praetors, aediles, quaestors and the
Senate.
Praetor; officer of the law in charge of the courts and leading the armies.
Plebians; ordinary people like towns folk, farmers, and soldiers.

11. TWELVE TABLES & CERSUS HONORUM
Twelve Tables; the first laws that were ever written and were written on
bronze tablets.
Cersus Honorum; “The Ladder of Honorum” the ladder of positions of the
power in the government.

12. IMPACT
An impact on today’s society from roman republic is that the flag
of the U.S. uses to represent them does not have a name of the president
on it. It is like the Romans SPQR standard (or flag) that didn’t have a name
of the consul on it instead it was designed to promote idea of Republiceveryone is united, and everyone matters in the community.