The document provides an overview of early attempts at democracy and republics throughout history. It discusses the development of democracy in ancient Athens, including key figures like Solon and Cleisthenes who expanded voting rights. It then covers the transition of Rome from monarchy to republic to empire, and the eventual decline of the Roman Empire. Finally, it summarizes the development of constitutional monarchy in England following the English Civil War and Glorious Revolution.

4. Academic Unit 1 Early Attempts at Democracy and Republic

11. II. Ancient Greece

20. III. Rome: REPUBLIC TO THE EMPIRE

27. F. Development of the Republic 1. Patricians in the beginning controlled all offices and law. 2. Plebs were not informed and faced harsh punishment. 3. A series of revolts established a public, codified law and rights for plebs. 4. After conquering Italy, other town were given Roman citizenship. 5. Rome set its sights on Sicily, which was partially controlled by Carthage, an empire based out of Western North Africa.

28. G. Wars and Social Unrest 1. Carthage and Rome engaged in two wars from 264 to 146 BCE. 2. Hannibal invaded Europe, bringing a huge army with elephants, but was unable to persuade other Italians to revolt. 3. General Scipio Africanus was able to outlast and destroy Carthage. 4. Patricians received slave labor and land. 5. This caused the plebs to face unemployment and poverty.

29. H. Outcry and Welfare 1. Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus were elected tribunes in 2 nd century BCE and wanted to redistribute patrician land. 2. They and 3,000 supporters were murdered. 3. Eventually, all Romans were exempt from taxes, were provided with food and entertainment to stop them from revolting.

30. I. Military Influence 1. Generals Marius and Sulla used the military to control the Senate. 2. Marius rules first and allows landless men to join, increasing his popularity. 3. Sulla took over when he died, and increased the size of the Senate and limited veto powers.

31. J. Slavery and Power 1. Spartacus, a gladiator, revolted and was followed by 70,000 others. 2. Generals Crassus and Pompey eventually defeated him after heavy losses. Many were crucified. 3. Crassus had success to the east, Pompey rid the sea of pirates and a new general conquered Gaul (Caesar). 4. Together, they shared power in the Triumvirate .

43. IV. English Constitutionalism