Biosimilars are highly similar versions of biologic drugs produced from living organisms. The development and validation of biosimilars against reference biologics plays an important role in their commercialization. Factors driving the biosimilars market include lower prices, easier development and quicker approval compared to biologics. Favorable regulations and intellectual property protections also boost market growth. However, issues around production efficiency and lack of guidelines in some regions are hindering growth. The global biosimilars market is expected to grow from $2.5 billion in 2014 to over $26 billion in 2020.
Dialogue with Canada’s leading regulatory and assessment experts: Health Canada Bureau of Biologics and Genetic Therapies (BGTD) and Canadian Agency for Drugs and Technologies in Health (CADTH)
Date: June 29, 2016
Time: 1:00pm to 3:00pm EST
Hi all, with the rigorous secondary research for almost one month helped me to understand basic things about biosimilars and made me do this presentation. Hope u will appreciate it while going through it. thanks.
If anyone in need of this presentation, pls.put ur emial ID in comment box. will be sharing. and please share your thoughts about the presentation. i will be more thankful.
Currently, when a patient wants to be treated for a pathology, depending on the country, a doctor or a pharmacist can propose different types of drug: an originators, a generic or a biosimilar with the aim of bringing the best solution to the patient.
In the same time, authorities, learning societies, patient associations, national and European unions work closely together to set up regulations that will help bring the most efficient drugs at the lowest price on the market and take care of the patient.
Dialogue with Canada’s leading regulatory and assessment experts: Health Canada Bureau of Biologics and Genetic Therapies (BGTD) and Canadian Agency for Drugs and Technologies in Health (CADTH)
Date: June 29, 2016
Time: 1:00pm to 3:00pm EST
Hi all, with the rigorous secondary research for almost one month helped me to understand basic things about biosimilars and made me do this presentation. Hope u will appreciate it while going through it. thanks.
If anyone in need of this presentation, pls.put ur emial ID in comment box. will be sharing. and please share your thoughts about the presentation. i will be more thankful.
Currently, when a patient wants to be treated for a pathology, depending on the country, a doctor or a pharmacist can propose different types of drug: an originators, a generic or a biosimilar with the aim of bringing the best solution to the patient.
In the same time, authorities, learning societies, patient associations, national and European unions work closely together to set up regulations that will help bring the most efficient drugs at the lowest price on the market and take care of the patient.
February 7, 2017
Many of today’s important medications are biological products made from living organisms, manufactured through biotechnology, derived from natural sources, or produced synthetically. Biosimilars are a type of biological product approved by FDA on the basis of being highly similar to an already approved biological reference product.
This panel of experts discussed the current state of biosimilars in the healthcare ecosystem and what comes next from a technical and legal perspective. Topics included how the next generation of biosimilars could improve patient access to standard-of-care therapies, the concept of “biobetters,” economic and intellectual property considerations, and policy approaches to support existing and future biosimilars.
Learn more on our website: http://petrieflom.law.harvard.edu/events/details/looking-forward
Presentation at the Center for Professional Advancement (CFPA) Course on Generic Drug Approval, August 2013. New Brunswick, NJ., with a focus on how biosimilars are regulated
Statement of Inger Mollerup, VP Novo Nordisk A/S for Congressional Hearings o...sstrumello
Statement of Inger Mollerup, MSc
Vice President Novo Nordisk A/S
Before the Government Oversight and Reform Committee Hearing On "Safe and Affordable Biotech Drugs - The Need for a Generic Pathway"
March 26, 2007
Presentation at the Biosimilars and Follow-On Biologics 2014 Americas Conference, sponsored by Paradigm Global Events, February 12, 2014. Presentation focused on:
•Interchangeability
•State Substitution Laws
•Naming
•Risk Evaluation & Mitigation Strategies (REMS) and Their Impact on Biosimilars
•Where FDA Stands on Biosimilars
Biosimilars or follow-on-biologics are the “copied” version of reference biologics, which are protected by intellectual rights that will expire soon. Patent expiration is the major driving factor of the biosimilars market. Most of the blockbuster patents will expire by the end of 2014, which would provide a competitive edge to local pharmaceutical manufacturers over the global players.
February 7, 2017
Many of today’s important medications are biological products made from living organisms, manufactured through biotechnology, derived from natural sources, or produced synthetically. Biosimilars are a type of biological product approved by FDA on the basis of being highly similar to an already approved biological reference product.
This panel of experts discussed the current state of biosimilars in the healthcare ecosystem and what comes next from a technical and legal perspective. Topics included how the next generation of biosimilars could improve patient access to standard-of-care therapies, the concept of “biobetters,” economic and intellectual property considerations, and policy approaches to support existing and future biosimilars.
Learn more on our website: http://petrieflom.law.harvard.edu/events/details/looking-forward
Presentation at the Center for Professional Advancement (CFPA) Course on Generic Drug Approval, August 2013. New Brunswick, NJ., with a focus on how biosimilars are regulated
Statement of Inger Mollerup, VP Novo Nordisk A/S for Congressional Hearings o...sstrumello
Statement of Inger Mollerup, MSc
Vice President Novo Nordisk A/S
Before the Government Oversight and Reform Committee Hearing On "Safe and Affordable Biotech Drugs - The Need for a Generic Pathway"
March 26, 2007
Presentation at the Biosimilars and Follow-On Biologics 2014 Americas Conference, sponsored by Paradigm Global Events, February 12, 2014. Presentation focused on:
•Interchangeability
•State Substitution Laws
•Naming
•Risk Evaluation & Mitigation Strategies (REMS) and Their Impact on Biosimilars
•Where FDA Stands on Biosimilars
Biosimilars or follow-on-biologics are the “copied” version of reference biologics, which are protected by intellectual rights that will expire soon. Patent expiration is the major driving factor of the biosimilars market. Most of the blockbuster patents will expire by the end of 2014, which would provide a competitive edge to local pharmaceutical manufacturers over the global players.
5th Biosimilars Congregation 2014
10th September 2014, Kohinoor Continental Hotel, Mumbai, India
“Uniting industry leaders to analyse advanced commercial developments & to identify successful management strategies of Biosimilars”
Download Global biosimilars market & pipeline insight 2018KuicK Research
Global Biosimilars Pipeline Report Highlights:
Global Biosimilars Market Overview
Global Biosimilars Market Dynamics
Regulatory Framework Across Key Markets
Biosimilar Clinical Pipeline Insight by Indication, Country & Phase
Marketed Biosimilars Profiles by Indication & Country
Competitive Landscape
Download Global biosimilars market regulations & pipeline insightKuicK Research
“Global Biosimilars Market Regulations & Pipeline Insight 2014” Report Highlights:
Market Overview
Detailed Regulatory Pathways For 12 Countries/Regions
Global Biosimilars Pipeline by Phase, Indication, Company & Country
Biosimilars Pipeline: 276 in Development Phase
Majority Biosimilars in Preclinical Phase: 76 Biosimilars
Marketed Biosimilars by Indication, Company & Country: 113 Biosimilars
The Global Biological Seed Treatment Market Is Expected To Grow At A Significant Growth Rate, And The Analysis Period Is 2023-2030, Considering The Base Year As 2022.
Synthetic biology is a novel field that finds its origin at the intersection of biology and engineering. It involves designing and construction of biological systems or devices that can be applied in varied domains to get specified results. It’s a multidisciplinary effort made by scientists to understand the functioning of biological organisms, cells & genes and implementation of artificial genetic processes to give specific characteristics to an organism.
applied strategic founder, Dr Richard Littlewood defined success factors for the next 10-year commercial phase of biosimilars at the 8th Biosimilars Congregation, held in London.
applied strategic founder, Dr Richard Littlewood defined success factors for the next 10-year commercial phase of biosimilars at the 8th Biosimilars Congregation, held in London.
The Biologics Market was worth USD 267.58 billion in 2014 and is expected to reach approximately USD 373.66 billion by 2023, while registering itself at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 3.78% during the forecast period. Biologics are medicates as hereditarily built proteins, got from human qualities. According to the US FDA, biologics can be made out of sugars, proteins, or nucleic acids or complex blends of these substances, or might live elements, for example, cells and tissues. The biologic medications are taken from an assortment of regular sources, for example, people, creatures, or microorganisms and comprise of items, for example, antibodies, blood and blood parts, allergenic, substantial cells, quality treatment, tissues, and recombinant remedial proteins. Propelled biotechnology strategies and complex procedures are utilized to produce biologics. They are at the cutting edge of biomedical research.
Biosensors have applications in medical testing, food toxicity detection, industrial processing and monitoring, agricultural applications, and environmental pollution control. Biosensors are essentially devices capable of fast detection and are ideal for applications that demand low-cost, quick and easy, portable solutions. Biosensors are used to ensure quality and safety of products and detection of microbial pathogens and toxins in food cost-efficiently. Point-of-care testing (POCT) is the most proficient area for biosensor application.
Similar to Biosimilars follow on-biologics - market (20)
Wireless charging is the transmission of energy without wires from a power source to a consuming device. Wireless charging devices comprise a charging station (or transmitter) that transmits the energy, and a receiver (integrated inside a device) that receives the energy and charges the battery.
The leading players have adopted competitive strategies such as acquisition, product launch and agreement in order to strengthen their market presence. For instance, in 2015, Sailpoint Technologies, Inc. acquired Whitebox Security, which would help the company to manage unstructured data. In 2014, IBM acquired two IAM firms, Lighthouse Security Group and CrossIdeas to expand and enhance its identity and access management (IAM) offerings.
Although high installation cost and lack of awareness regarding the long-term benefits of roofing systems are some factors, hindering the growth of roofing products, continuous innovation and rise in growth of building and construction sector provides a great potential for market expansion.
Bio-Alcohols Market Report, published by Allied Market Research, forecasts that the global market is expected to garner $11,574 million by 2022, registering a CAGR of 8.6% during the period 2014-2022. Bioethanol is the largest segment by type and is expected to grow at a CAGR of 7.6% during the forecast period, in terms of revenue.
Factors that drive the growth of the bio-alcohols market are, the demand for greener fuel coupled with providing long-term energy security to supply energy in line with economic developments and sustainable environmental needs. Volatility in crude oil prices is also expected to provide significant growth opportunities to the bio-alcohol industry players.
Read more details about report at: https://www.alliedmarketresearch.com/bioalcohol-market
E-Waste Management Market is Expected to Reach $49.4 Billion, Globally, by 2020Allied Market Research
E-Waste Management Market Report, published by Allied Market Research, forecasts that the global market is expected to garner $49.4 billion by 2020, registering a CAGR of 23.5% during the period 2014 - 2020.The ever-growing need for adapting the latest technology is the prime factor for a large volume of E-Waste generated across the globe. The Asia Pacific region contributes to the largest revenue share in the global E-Waste management market, followed by European countries. Analysis of the market indicates that the global volume of E-waste accounted for 57.7 million tons in 2013.
Multifamily housing has been on a continuous rise in the recent years, attributed to the increased preference of younger adults to reside in apartments, thus fuelling the demand for windows & doors. Read more https://www.alliedmarketresearch.com/press-release/windows-and-doors-market.html
3D Printing Market : Pin-Point Analysis of Industry Trends & Recent Technolog...Allied Market Research
3D Printing Market Report, published by Allied Market Research, forecasts that the global market is expected to garner $8.6 billion by 2020, registering a CAGR of 21% during the period 2015-2020. This surge in growth is primarily attributed to the rising demand for faster and efficient ways to manufacture complex design objects using a wide array of materials.
Get Sample of this report : https://goo.gl/kTpMki
Sensor Market Report, published by Allied Market Research, forecasts that the global market is expected to garner $241 billion by 2022, registering a CAGR of 11.3% during the period 2016-2022.
Get PDF Brochure : https://goo.gl/lpJSl3
Power Electronics Market To Have Steady Growth of $25 Billion by 2022Allied Market Research
Power Electronics Market Report, published by Allied Market Research, forecasts that the global market is expected to garner $25 billion by 2022, registering a CAGR of 8.9% during the period 2016-2022. Asia-Pacific dominates the global market in terms of revenue, accounting for more than 50% share of the global market, followed by Europe.
Location Based Services Market Expected to Reach $61,897 Million by 2022, Glo...Allied Market Research
The Global Location-Based Services Market Report, published by Allied Market Research, forecasts that the global market is expected to garner $61,897 million by 2022, registering a CAGR of 26.6% from 2016 to 2022. In 2015,Mapping and navigation application dominated the global location-based services market, in terms of revenue. North America is expected to be the leading revenue contributor during the forecast period.
Read more@ https://www.alliedmarketresearch.com/india-automotive-lighting-market
Key reasons that boost the Indian automotive lighting market are the technological advancements and increasing purchasing power. Based on vehicle type, the market is classified into passenger vehicles, commercial vehicles, two-wheelers, three-wheelers, and tractors. Passenger vehicles is estimated to be the largest vehicle type segment for automotive lighting. The demand for aesthetic lighting features is expected to support the demand for lights in compact cars as well as SUVs. The segment constituted nearly 45% of revenue in 2014.
Power Electronics Market Report, published by Allied Market Research, forecasts that the global market is expected to garner $25 billion by 2022, registering a CAGR of 8.9% during the period 2016-2022. Asia-Pacific dominates the global market in terms of revenue, accounting for more than 50% share of the global market, followed by Europe.
Food Intolerance Products Market By Type (Diabetic Food, Gluten-free Food, La...Allied Market Research
Lactose-free food products and gluten-free food products segment held a prominent position with major revenue share and is projected to continue its dominance during the forecast period. Lactose-free dairy products and gluten-free bakery products are the major revenue generating sub segments in respective sectors
In-Car Infotainment Market is Expected to Reach $33.8 Billion, Globally by 2022Allied Market Research
In-Car Infotainment Market Report by Allied Market Research, The in-car infotainment market is expected to reach $33.8 billion by 2022, registering a CAGR of 13.3% during 2016 - 2022.
Access Full Summary at :https://www.alliedmarketresearch.com/in-car-infotainment-market
Thin Film Semiconductor Deposition Market to Reach $22 Billion, Globally, by ...Allied Market Research
According to a new report published by Allied Market Research, titled, Thin Film Semiconductor Deposition Market- Global Opportunity Analysis and Industry Forecast, 2014 - 2022", the global thin film semiconductor deposition market is expected to garner $22 billion by 2022, growing at a CAGR of 14% from 2016 to 2022.
Thin films are extensively used in applications such as DRAM, solar panels, and flexible OLED & AMOLED displays. Moreover, increase in demand for efficiency and circuit miniaturization has supplemented the growth of TFS deposition market.
Thin film deposition technology is bifurcated into three types that include, chemical vapor deposition (CVD), physical vapor deposition (PVD), and others. Among all, CVD technology holds a significant revenue share in the world TFS deposition market, owing to its low manufacturing cost, comparatively easier manufacturing process, and extensive use in fastest growing photovoltaic technology. In addition, CVD technology is expected to witness the fastest growth during the forecast period, with a CAGR of 14.7%. The growth would be driven by increase in demand of microelectronic components, electronic devices, and its expanding usage in sensors for smartphones which are growing rapidly across the globe.
Light Fidelity (Li-Fi)/Visible Light Communication Market to Reach $115 Billi...Allied Market Research
A new report published by Allied Market Research, titled, Light Fidelity (Li-Fi)/Visible Light Communication Market - Global Opportunity Analysis and Industry Forecast, 2014 - 2022, suggests that the global Li-Fi market is expected to reach $115 billion by 2022, growing at a CAGR of 116.8% from 2016 to 2022. In 2015, North America contributed major share in the market and will continue to lead throughout the forecast period.
Light Fidelity (Li-Fi) is a very high speed, two-way wireless communication method which uses visible light from LEDs as the medium for transmitting the data by turning them on and off at very high frequency which human eyes cannot sense. This technology is an apt replacement for currently prevailing Wi-Fi technology as Li-Fi is considerably faster, has almost 10,000 times broader bandwidth because it uses visible light, and it is safe to operate in electromagnetic sensitive areas
The world stents market would reach $16,666 million by 2022. A stent is a tube like implant that is implanted into the lumen of any blood vessel or a duct in order to keep the passage open. Varieties of stents for different clinical conditions are available in the market. A stent implant is most commonly used for the treatment of cardiac abnormalities such as blocked blood vessels. In addition, stents are implanted in the esophagus to allow the passage of food and beverages in patients suffering from esophageal cancer.
Read here at: https://www.alliedmarketresearch.com/stents-market
The global defibrillators market would reach $15,610 million by 2022. Defibrillators are devices used to deliver therapeutic shock to a patient’s heart in life-threatening conditions such as ventricular fibrillation, cardiac arrhythmia, and pulseless ventricular tachycardia. The defibrillation procedure encompasses delivery of an electric shock to the heart, which depolarizes heart muscles and restores its normal electric impulse. Growing focus towards public access defibrillator (PAD) by the public & private organizations has fueled the market growth.
read more at: https://www.alliedmarketresearch.com/defibrillator-market
Omega-3 market is expected to reach $6,955 million by 2022, with a CAGR of 14.9% from 2016 to 2022. Docosahexaenoic acid segment (DHA) dominated with three-fourths market share, in terms of revenue, in 2015. Dietary supplement application accounted for three-fifths of the global omega-3 market share, in terms of volume, in 2015 and is anticipated to grow at a CAGR of 14.1%.
Read more about this research at : https://www.alliedmarketresearch.com/omega-3-market
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY;
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAiarMZDNhe1A3Rnpr_WkzA/videos
Thanks...!
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
1. Published Date : 3 August 2015
World
Biosimilars/Follow-
on-Biologics -
Market
2. Biosimilars or follow-on-biologics are highly similar versions of reference biologics derived from
living organisms such as plants and animals. The development of biosimilars and validation with
reference biologics play a significant role in the commercialization of biosimilars. Economic pricing
of biosimilars, ease in development and a quick approval process are some key driving factors that
drive the growth of this market. Effective and timely formulated regulations facilitate the viability
and balance between original and biosimilar products. Moreover, a favorable regulatory
environment and the establishment of IPR protections are factors that boost the market growth.
The upcoming patent expiration for blockbuster drugs has revolutionized the aspect of
commercialization whilst triggering a large scale adoption of biosimilars. Biosimilars industry is
facing problems relating to production efficiency and quantity. The lack of economies of scale for
small scale manufacturers and absence of regulatory guidelines in lucrative regions such as China,
US are hindering the growth of biosimilars market. However, strong government initiatives
pertaining to production and approval is a key factor that would eventually reduce the impact of
these restraints over the forecast period. Global biosimilars/follow-on-biologics market accounted
for an overall revenue of $2,552.0 million in 2014 and it is estimated to generate an approximate
revenue of $26,551.3 million by 2020, registering a CAGR of 49.1% from 2015 to 2020.
The product segment in the biosimilars market comprises of Human Growth Hormone,
Erythropoietin, Monoclonal Antibodies, Insulin, Interferon, Colony Stimulating Factors and others.
Biosimilars erythropoietin is the highest revenue generating biosimilars drug candidate owing to its
high approval rate for commercialization
Introduction to Biosimilars/Follow-on-Biologics
Market
4. KEY BENEFITS
This report provides a detailed analysis of drivers and factors that limit
the market expansion
The report provides a financial market forecast for the next eight years by
considering the 2014 as the base year for evaluation.
Comprehensive and quantitative data about changing market trends,
competition and opportunities in biosimilars market are provided in the
report
Use of Porters Five Forces model and SWOT analysis would help
stakeholders in making strategic decisions
Deep dive analysis of leading market players and their key strategies,
helps in better understanding the market dynamics
Identification of key investment pockets in the biosimilars market would
help the stakeholders in making informed decisions
5. Table of Contents
1. INTRODUCTION
2. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
3. MARKET OVERVIEW
4. GLOBAL MARKET BY TECHNOLOGY
5. GLOBAL BIOSIMILARS MARKET BY PRODUCT
6. GLOBAL MARKET BY APPLICATIONS
7. GLOBAL MARKET BY SERVICES
8. GLOBAL BIOSIMILARS MARKET BY GEOGRAPHY
9. KEY PRODUCTS AND RECENT ACTIVITIES
10. COMPANY PROFILES
6. World Biosimilars/Follow-on-Biologics – Market
Overview
1. Market Definition
2. Diverse approach of global regulators towards biosimilars
3. Safety issues of biosimilar drugs
4. Key Findings
5. Regulation and Reimbursement scenario
6. Emerging economies a hotspot for biosimilars market
7. Porters five force analysis
8. Value chain analysis
9. Clinical trials
10.Market Share analysis, 2014
11.Market Dynamics