1. Working capital refers to the capital required for short-term obligations of a business, such as paying wages, purchasing inventory, and meeting selling costs. It is the difference between current assets and current liabilities. 2. There are two types of working capital - gross working capital, which is the capital invested in current assets, and net working capital, which is the difference between current assets and current liabilities. 3. Factors that affect a company's working capital requirements include the nature of the business, its size and scale of operations, production processes, seasonality, credit policies, business cycles, growth rate, and various other external factors. Maintaining sufficient working capital is crucial for businesses to meet their

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Working Capital
Management
P r o f . D h a v a l B h a t t

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Meaning
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• Capital required for a business can be classified under two
categories:
• Fixed Capital-Long term funds
• Working Capital-Short Term Funds
• Definition: Shubin: “Working capital is the amount of funds necessary
to cover the cost of operating the enterprise.”
• Genestenberg: “Circulating capital means current assets of a
company that are changed in the ordinary course of business from
one form to another, as for example, from cash to inventories,
inventories to receivables, receivables into cash.”

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Concept of Working Capital Management
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• There are two concepts of working capital:
• Gross working Capital
• Net working Capital
• Gross working Capital: It is the capital that is invested in the
current assets of the company. Current assets are those
assets which in the ordinary course of business can be
converted into cash within a short period of normally one
accounting year.
• Examples of Current Assets

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Need or Objective of Working Capital
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1. For the purchase of raw materials, components and
spares.
2. To pay wages and salaries.
3. To incur day to day expenses and overhead costs such as
fuel power and office expenses etc.
4. To meet the selling costs such as packing, advertising etc.
5. To provide credit facilities to customers.
6. To maintain the inventories of raw material, work in
progress, stores and spares, and finished stock.

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Factor affecting Working Capital Requirement
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1. Nature or character of business (Utility, Trading,
Manufacturing)
2. Size of business / Scale of Operations (Small, Medium
Large)
3. Production Policy (high in Peak season and less in slack
season-Ex-winter garment)
4. Manufacturing process / Length of production cycle
5. Seasonal variations
6. Working capital cycle

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Factor affecting Working Capital Requirement
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7. Credit policy(Debtors and creditors)
8. Business cycles (Boom & Depressions)
9. Rate of growth of business
10.Earning capacity and dividend policy
11.Price level changes
12.Other factors (operating efficiency, management ability,
irregularities of supply, import policy, asset structure,
importance of labour, banking facilities etc.)