The document discusses word embeddings, which learn vector representations of words from large corpora of text. It describes two popular methods for learning word embeddings: continuous bag-of-words (CBOW) and skip-gram. CBOW predicts a word based on surrounding context words, while skip-gram predicts surrounding words from the target word. The document also discusses techniques like subsampling frequent words and negative sampling that improve the training of word embeddings on large datasets. Finally, it outlines several applications of word embeddings, such as multi-task learning across languages and embedding images with text.
The document discusses word embedding techniques used to represent words as vectors. It describes Word2Vec as a popular word embedding model that uses either the Continuous Bag of Words (CBOW) or Skip-gram architecture. CBOW predicts a target word based on surrounding context words, while Skip-gram predicts surrounding words given a target word. These models represent words as dense vectors that encode semantic and syntactic properties, allowing operations like word analogy questions.
DELAB - sequence generation seminar
Title
Open vocabulary problem
Table of contents
1. Open vocabulary problem
1-1. Open vocabulary problem
1-2. Ignore rare words
1-3. Approximative Softmax
1-4. Back-off Models
1-5. Character-level model
2. Solution1: Byte Pair Encoding(BPE)
3. Solution2: WordPieceModel(WPM)
The Search for a New Visual Search Beyond Language - StampedeCon AI Summit 2017StampedeCon
Words are no longer sufficient in delivering the search results users are looking for, particularly in relation to image search. Text and languages pose many challenges in describing visual details and providing the necessary context for optimal results. Machine Learning technology opens a new world of search innovation that has yet to be applied by businesses.
In this session, Mike Ranzinger of Shutterstock will share a technical presentation detailing his research on composition aware search. He will also demonstrate how the research led to the launch of AI technology allowing users to more precisely find the image they need within Shutterstock’s collection of more than 150 million images. While the company released a number of AI search enabled tools in 2016, this new technology allows users to search for items in an image and specify where they should be located within the image. The research identifies the networks that localize and describe regions of an image as well as the relationships between things. The goal of this research was to improve the future of search using visual data, contextual search functions, and AI. A combination of multiple machine learning technologies led to this breakthrough.
Yoav Goldberg: Word Embeddings What, How and WhitherMLReview
This document discusses word embeddings and how they work. It begins by explaining how the author became an expert in distributional semantics without realizing it. It then discusses how word2vec works, specifically skip-gram models with negative sampling. The key points are that word2vec is learning word and context vectors such that related words and contexts have similar vectors, and that this is implicitly factorizing the word-context pointwise mutual information matrix. Later sections discuss how hyperparameters are important to word2vec's success and provide critiques of common evaluation tasks like word analogies that don't capture true semantic similarity. The overall message is that word embeddings are fundamentally doing the same thing as older distributional semantic models through matrix factorization.
Presented by Ted Xiao at RobotXSpace on 4/18/2017. This workshop covers the fundamentals of Natural Language Processing, crucial NLP approaches, and an overview of NLP in industry.
This is a presentation I did for the new interns at Duo Software which I highlight the pros and cons of being creative and following widely used best practices in software development
The document discusses word embedding techniques used to represent words as vectors. It describes Word2Vec as a popular word embedding model that uses either the Continuous Bag of Words (CBOW) or Skip-gram architecture. CBOW predicts a target word based on surrounding context words, while Skip-gram predicts surrounding words given a target word. These models represent words as dense vectors that encode semantic and syntactic properties, allowing operations like word analogy questions.
DELAB - sequence generation seminar
Title
Open vocabulary problem
Table of contents
1. Open vocabulary problem
1-1. Open vocabulary problem
1-2. Ignore rare words
1-3. Approximative Softmax
1-4. Back-off Models
1-5. Character-level model
2. Solution1: Byte Pair Encoding(BPE)
3. Solution2: WordPieceModel(WPM)
The Search for a New Visual Search Beyond Language - StampedeCon AI Summit 2017StampedeCon
Words are no longer sufficient in delivering the search results users are looking for, particularly in relation to image search. Text and languages pose many challenges in describing visual details and providing the necessary context for optimal results. Machine Learning technology opens a new world of search innovation that has yet to be applied by businesses.
In this session, Mike Ranzinger of Shutterstock will share a technical presentation detailing his research on composition aware search. He will also demonstrate how the research led to the launch of AI technology allowing users to more precisely find the image they need within Shutterstock’s collection of more than 150 million images. While the company released a number of AI search enabled tools in 2016, this new technology allows users to search for items in an image and specify where they should be located within the image. The research identifies the networks that localize and describe regions of an image as well as the relationships between things. The goal of this research was to improve the future of search using visual data, contextual search functions, and AI. A combination of multiple machine learning technologies led to this breakthrough.
Yoav Goldberg: Word Embeddings What, How and WhitherMLReview
This document discusses word embeddings and how they work. It begins by explaining how the author became an expert in distributional semantics without realizing it. It then discusses how word2vec works, specifically skip-gram models with negative sampling. The key points are that word2vec is learning word and context vectors such that related words and contexts have similar vectors, and that this is implicitly factorizing the word-context pointwise mutual information matrix. Later sections discuss how hyperparameters are important to word2vec's success and provide critiques of common evaluation tasks like word analogies that don't capture true semantic similarity. The overall message is that word embeddings are fundamentally doing the same thing as older distributional semantic models through matrix factorization.
Presented by Ted Xiao at RobotXSpace on 4/18/2017. This workshop covers the fundamentals of Natural Language Processing, crucial NLP approaches, and an overview of NLP in industry.
This is a presentation I did for the new interns at Duo Software which I highlight the pros and cons of being creative and following widely used best practices in software development
Slides of my presentations at PyData NYC. This PDF is extracted from a Jupyter RISE slideset available at http://nbviewer.ipython.org/format/slides/github/lechatpito/PyDataNYC2015/blob/master/Word%20embeddings%20as%20a%20service%20-%20PyData%20NYC%202015%20%20.ipynb#/
This document discusses natural language inference and summarizes the key points as follows:
1. The document describes the problem of natural language inference, which involves classifying the relationship between a premise and hypothesis sentence as entailment, contradiction, or neutral. This is an important problem in natural language processing.
2. The SNLI dataset is introduced as a collection of half a million natural language inference problems used to train and evaluate models.
3. Several approaches for solving the problem are discussed, including using word embeddings, LSTMs, CNNs, and traditional bag-of-words models. Results show LSTMs and CNNs achieve the best performance.
This document provides an overview of Word2Vec, a model for generating word embeddings. It explains that Word2Vec uses a neural network to learn vector representations of words from large amounts of text such that words with similar meanings are located close to each other in the vector space. The document outlines how Word2Vec is trained using either the Continuous Bag-of-Words or Skip-gram architectures on sequences of words from text corpora. It also discusses how the trained Word2Vec model can be used for tasks like word similarity, analogy completion, and document classification. Finally, it provides a Python example of loading a pre-trained Word2Vec model and using it to find word vectors, similarities, analogies and outlier words.
This document provides guidance on common technical writing issues. It discusses topics such as using a top-down writing style to guide readers, avoiding ambiguous words, strong words, informal or offensive words, complicated words, and passive voice. It also provides examples of these issues and recommends alternatives. Guidelines are given for punctuation, citations, abbreviations, figures/tables and more. Examples of poor phrasing are identified and rewrites are suggested to improve clarity, precision and readability.
Deep learning Malaysia presentation 12/4/2017Brian Ho
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help boost feelings of calmness, happiness and focus.
Implementing Conceptual Search in Solr using LSA and Word2Vec: Presented by S...Lucidworks
The document discusses implementing conceptual search in Solr. It describes how conceptual search aims to improve recall without reducing precision by matching documents based on concepts rather than keywords alone. It explains how Word2Vec can be used to learn related concepts from documents and represent words as vectors, which can then be embedded in Solr through synonym filters and payloads to enable conceptual search queries. This allows retrieving more relevant documents that do not contain the exact search terms but are still conceptually related.
Deep Learning for Information Retrieval: Models, Progress, & OpportunitiesMatthew Lease
Talk given at the 8th Forum for Information Retrieval Evaluation (FIRE, http://fire.irsi.res.in/fire/2016/), December 10, 2016, and at the Qatar Computing Research Institute (QCRI), December 15, 2016.
Continuous representations of words and documents, which is recently referred to as Word Embeddings, have recently demonstrated large advancements in many of the Natural language processing tasks.
In this presentation we will provide an introduction to the most common methods of learning these representations. As well as previous methods in building these representations before the recent advances in deep learning, such as dimensionality reduction on the word co-occurrence matrix.
Moreover, we will present the continuous bag of word model (CBOW), one of the most successful models for word embeddings and one of the core models in word2vec, and in brief a glance of many other models of building representations for other tasks such as knowledge base embeddings.
Finally, we will motivate the potential of using such embeddings for many tasks that could be of importance for the group, such as semantic similarity, document clustering and retrieval.
This presentation goes into the details of word embeddings, applications, learning word embeddings through shallow neural network , Continuous Bag of Words Model.
The document provides advice on common technical writing issues such as top-down writing style, avoiding ambiguous words, strong words, informal or offensive words, complicated words, passive voice, redundancy, dangling modifiers, long sentences, punctuation issues, citations, abbreviations, article usage, logic flow, and references. It also discusses writing techniques such as writing early and along the way, writing as a communication medium, and overcoming common barriers for beginners.
Java is an object-oriented programming language initially developed by Sun Microsystems. It is platform independent because the Java code is compiled into bytecode, which can run on any Java Virtual Machine (JVM). Java is considered more secure than other languages because it does not use pointers, handles memory allocation automatically through garbage collection, and catches errors at compile-time. The key differences between C and Java are that Java does not support pointers, global variables, or preprocessor directives and it has automatic memory management and strict object-oriented approach.
(More info and video at fsharpforfunandprofit.com/fourfromforty)
The 1970's were a golden age for new programming languages, but do they have any relevance to programming today? Can we still learn from them?
In this talk, we'll look at four languages designed over forty years ago -- SQL, Prolog, ML, and Smalltalk -- and discuss their philosophy and approach to programming, which is very different from most popular languages today.
We'll come away with some practical principles that are still very applicable to modern development. And you might discover your new favorite programming paradigm!
The document discusses word embedding techniques, specifically Word2vec. It introduces the motivation for distributed word representations and describes the Skip-gram and CBOW architectures. Word2vec produces word vectors that encode linguistic regularities, with simple examples showing words with similar relationships have similar vector offsets. Evaluation shows Word2vec outperforms previous methods, and its word vectors are now widely used in NLP applications.
This document describes an approach for bridging the gap between natural language queries and linked data concepts using BabelNet. The approach uses BabelNet for word sense disambiguation, named entity recognition and disambiguation. It parses queries, matches terms to ontology concepts and properties, generates candidate triples, and integrates the triples to produce SPARQL queries. The approach was evaluated on test data from QALD-2, achieving a promising 76% of questions answered correctly.
This document discusses methods for evaluating language models, including intrinsic and extrinsic evaluation. Intrinsic evaluation involves measuring a model's performance on a test set using metrics like perplexity, which is based on how well the model predicts the test set. Extrinsic evaluation embeds the model in an application and measures the application's performance. The document also covers techniques for dealing with unknown words like replacing low-frequency words with <UNK> and estimating its probability from training data.
Recurrent neural networks (RNNs) are well-suited for analyzing text data because they can model sequential and structural relationships in text. RNNs use gating mechanisms like LSTMs and GRUs to address the problem of exploding or vanishing gradients when training on long sequences. Modern RNNs trained with techniques like gradient clipping, improved initialization, and optimized training algorithms like Adam can learn meaningful representations from text even with millions of training examples. RNNs may outperform conventional bag-of-words models on large datasets but require significant computational resources. The author describes an RNN library called Passage and provides an example of sentiment analysis on movie reviews to demonstrate RNNs for text analysis.
The document provides an introduction to object-oriented programming (OOP). It defines key OOP concepts like objects, classes, inheritance, encapsulation, and polymorphism. It also discusses design patterns like factory pattern and singleton pattern. Object-oriented programming uses objects and their interactions to design applications and computer programs. Classes and objects help manage complexity by encapsulating data and code into reusable components.
Word embeddings are a technique for converting words into vectors of numbers so that they can be processed by machine learning algorithms. Words with similar meanings are mapped to similar vectors in the vector space. There are two main types of word embedding models: count-based models that use co-occurrence statistics, and prediction-based models like CBOW and skip-gram neural networks that learn embeddings by predicting nearby words. Word embeddings allow words with similar contexts to have similar vector representations, and have applications such as document representation.
Design and optimization of ion propulsion dronebjmsejournal
Electric propulsion technology is widely used in many kinds of vehicles in recent years, and aircrafts are no exception. Technically, UAVs are electrically propelled but tend to produce a significant amount of noise and vibrations. Ion propulsion technology for drones is a potential solution to this problem. Ion propulsion technology is proven to be feasible in the earth’s atmosphere. The study presented in this article shows the design of EHD thrusters and power supply for ion propulsion drones along with performance optimization of high-voltage power supply for endurance in earth’s atmosphere.
Rainfall intensity duration frequency curve statistical analysis and modeling...bijceesjournal
Using data from 41 years in Patna’ India’ the study’s goal is to analyze the trends of how often it rains on a weekly, seasonal, and annual basis (1981−2020). First, utilizing the intensity-duration-frequency (IDF) curve and the relationship by statistically analyzing rainfall’ the historical rainfall data set for Patna’ India’ during a 41 year period (1981−2020), was evaluated for its quality. Changes in the hydrologic cycle as a result of increased greenhouse gas emissions are expected to induce variations in the intensity, length, and frequency of precipitation events. One strategy to lessen vulnerability is to quantify probable changes and adapt to them. Techniques such as log-normal, normal, and Gumbel are used (EV-I). Distributions were created with durations of 1, 2, 3, 6, and 24 h and return times of 2, 5, 10, 25, and 100 years. There were also mathematical correlations discovered between rainfall and recurrence interval.
Findings: Based on findings, the Gumbel approach produced the highest intensity values, whereas the other approaches produced values that were close to each other. The data indicates that 461.9 mm of rain fell during the monsoon season’s 301st week. However, it was found that the 29th week had the greatest average rainfall, 92.6 mm. With 952.6 mm on average, the monsoon season saw the highest rainfall. Calculations revealed that the yearly rainfall averaged 1171.1 mm. Using Weibull’s method, the study was subsequently expanded to examine rainfall distribution at different recurrence intervals of 2, 5, 10, and 25 years. Rainfall and recurrence interval mathematical correlations were also developed. Further regression analysis revealed that short wave irrigation, wind direction, wind speed, pressure, relative humidity, and temperature all had a substantial influence on rainfall.
Originality and value: The results of the rainfall IDF curves can provide useful information to policymakers in making appropriate decisions in managing and minimizing floods in the study area.
Slides of my presentations at PyData NYC. This PDF is extracted from a Jupyter RISE slideset available at http://nbviewer.ipython.org/format/slides/github/lechatpito/PyDataNYC2015/blob/master/Word%20embeddings%20as%20a%20service%20-%20PyData%20NYC%202015%20%20.ipynb#/
This document discusses natural language inference and summarizes the key points as follows:
1. The document describes the problem of natural language inference, which involves classifying the relationship between a premise and hypothesis sentence as entailment, contradiction, or neutral. This is an important problem in natural language processing.
2. The SNLI dataset is introduced as a collection of half a million natural language inference problems used to train and evaluate models.
3. Several approaches for solving the problem are discussed, including using word embeddings, LSTMs, CNNs, and traditional bag-of-words models. Results show LSTMs and CNNs achieve the best performance.
This document provides an overview of Word2Vec, a model for generating word embeddings. It explains that Word2Vec uses a neural network to learn vector representations of words from large amounts of text such that words with similar meanings are located close to each other in the vector space. The document outlines how Word2Vec is trained using either the Continuous Bag-of-Words or Skip-gram architectures on sequences of words from text corpora. It also discusses how the trained Word2Vec model can be used for tasks like word similarity, analogy completion, and document classification. Finally, it provides a Python example of loading a pre-trained Word2Vec model and using it to find word vectors, similarities, analogies and outlier words.
This document provides guidance on common technical writing issues. It discusses topics such as using a top-down writing style to guide readers, avoiding ambiguous words, strong words, informal or offensive words, complicated words, and passive voice. It also provides examples of these issues and recommends alternatives. Guidelines are given for punctuation, citations, abbreviations, figures/tables and more. Examples of poor phrasing are identified and rewrites are suggested to improve clarity, precision and readability.
Deep learning Malaysia presentation 12/4/2017Brian Ho
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help boost feelings of calmness, happiness and focus.
Implementing Conceptual Search in Solr using LSA and Word2Vec: Presented by S...Lucidworks
The document discusses implementing conceptual search in Solr. It describes how conceptual search aims to improve recall without reducing precision by matching documents based on concepts rather than keywords alone. It explains how Word2Vec can be used to learn related concepts from documents and represent words as vectors, which can then be embedded in Solr through synonym filters and payloads to enable conceptual search queries. This allows retrieving more relevant documents that do not contain the exact search terms but are still conceptually related.
Deep Learning for Information Retrieval: Models, Progress, & OpportunitiesMatthew Lease
Talk given at the 8th Forum for Information Retrieval Evaluation (FIRE, http://fire.irsi.res.in/fire/2016/), December 10, 2016, and at the Qatar Computing Research Institute (QCRI), December 15, 2016.
Continuous representations of words and documents, which is recently referred to as Word Embeddings, have recently demonstrated large advancements in many of the Natural language processing tasks.
In this presentation we will provide an introduction to the most common methods of learning these representations. As well as previous methods in building these representations before the recent advances in deep learning, such as dimensionality reduction on the word co-occurrence matrix.
Moreover, we will present the continuous bag of word model (CBOW), one of the most successful models for word embeddings and one of the core models in word2vec, and in brief a glance of many other models of building representations for other tasks such as knowledge base embeddings.
Finally, we will motivate the potential of using such embeddings for many tasks that could be of importance for the group, such as semantic similarity, document clustering and retrieval.
This presentation goes into the details of word embeddings, applications, learning word embeddings through shallow neural network , Continuous Bag of Words Model.
The document provides advice on common technical writing issues such as top-down writing style, avoiding ambiguous words, strong words, informal or offensive words, complicated words, passive voice, redundancy, dangling modifiers, long sentences, punctuation issues, citations, abbreviations, article usage, logic flow, and references. It also discusses writing techniques such as writing early and along the way, writing as a communication medium, and overcoming common barriers for beginners.
Java is an object-oriented programming language initially developed by Sun Microsystems. It is platform independent because the Java code is compiled into bytecode, which can run on any Java Virtual Machine (JVM). Java is considered more secure than other languages because it does not use pointers, handles memory allocation automatically through garbage collection, and catches errors at compile-time. The key differences between C and Java are that Java does not support pointers, global variables, or preprocessor directives and it has automatic memory management and strict object-oriented approach.
(More info and video at fsharpforfunandprofit.com/fourfromforty)
The 1970's were a golden age for new programming languages, but do they have any relevance to programming today? Can we still learn from them?
In this talk, we'll look at four languages designed over forty years ago -- SQL, Prolog, ML, and Smalltalk -- and discuss their philosophy and approach to programming, which is very different from most popular languages today.
We'll come away with some practical principles that are still very applicable to modern development. And you might discover your new favorite programming paradigm!
The document discusses word embedding techniques, specifically Word2vec. It introduces the motivation for distributed word representations and describes the Skip-gram and CBOW architectures. Word2vec produces word vectors that encode linguistic regularities, with simple examples showing words with similar relationships have similar vector offsets. Evaluation shows Word2vec outperforms previous methods, and its word vectors are now widely used in NLP applications.
This document describes an approach for bridging the gap between natural language queries and linked data concepts using BabelNet. The approach uses BabelNet for word sense disambiguation, named entity recognition and disambiguation. It parses queries, matches terms to ontology concepts and properties, generates candidate triples, and integrates the triples to produce SPARQL queries. The approach was evaluated on test data from QALD-2, achieving a promising 76% of questions answered correctly.
This document discusses methods for evaluating language models, including intrinsic and extrinsic evaluation. Intrinsic evaluation involves measuring a model's performance on a test set using metrics like perplexity, which is based on how well the model predicts the test set. Extrinsic evaluation embeds the model in an application and measures the application's performance. The document also covers techniques for dealing with unknown words like replacing low-frequency words with <UNK> and estimating its probability from training data.
Recurrent neural networks (RNNs) are well-suited for analyzing text data because they can model sequential and structural relationships in text. RNNs use gating mechanisms like LSTMs and GRUs to address the problem of exploding or vanishing gradients when training on long sequences. Modern RNNs trained with techniques like gradient clipping, improved initialization, and optimized training algorithms like Adam can learn meaningful representations from text even with millions of training examples. RNNs may outperform conventional bag-of-words models on large datasets but require significant computational resources. The author describes an RNN library called Passage and provides an example of sentiment analysis on movie reviews to demonstrate RNNs for text analysis.
The document provides an introduction to object-oriented programming (OOP). It defines key OOP concepts like objects, classes, inheritance, encapsulation, and polymorphism. It also discusses design patterns like factory pattern and singleton pattern. Object-oriented programming uses objects and their interactions to design applications and computer programs. Classes and objects help manage complexity by encapsulating data and code into reusable components.
Word embeddings are a technique for converting words into vectors of numbers so that they can be processed by machine learning algorithms. Words with similar meanings are mapped to similar vectors in the vector space. There are two main types of word embedding models: count-based models that use co-occurrence statistics, and prediction-based models like CBOW and skip-gram neural networks that learn embeddings by predicting nearby words. Word embeddings allow words with similar contexts to have similar vector representations, and have applications such as document representation.
Design and optimization of ion propulsion dronebjmsejournal
Electric propulsion technology is widely used in many kinds of vehicles in recent years, and aircrafts are no exception. Technically, UAVs are electrically propelled but tend to produce a significant amount of noise and vibrations. Ion propulsion technology for drones is a potential solution to this problem. Ion propulsion technology is proven to be feasible in the earth’s atmosphere. The study presented in this article shows the design of EHD thrusters and power supply for ion propulsion drones along with performance optimization of high-voltage power supply for endurance in earth’s atmosphere.
Rainfall intensity duration frequency curve statistical analysis and modeling...bijceesjournal
Using data from 41 years in Patna’ India’ the study’s goal is to analyze the trends of how often it rains on a weekly, seasonal, and annual basis (1981−2020). First, utilizing the intensity-duration-frequency (IDF) curve and the relationship by statistically analyzing rainfall’ the historical rainfall data set for Patna’ India’ during a 41 year period (1981−2020), was evaluated for its quality. Changes in the hydrologic cycle as a result of increased greenhouse gas emissions are expected to induce variations in the intensity, length, and frequency of precipitation events. One strategy to lessen vulnerability is to quantify probable changes and adapt to them. Techniques such as log-normal, normal, and Gumbel are used (EV-I). Distributions were created with durations of 1, 2, 3, 6, and 24 h and return times of 2, 5, 10, 25, and 100 years. There were also mathematical correlations discovered between rainfall and recurrence interval.
Findings: Based on findings, the Gumbel approach produced the highest intensity values, whereas the other approaches produced values that were close to each other. The data indicates that 461.9 mm of rain fell during the monsoon season’s 301st week. However, it was found that the 29th week had the greatest average rainfall, 92.6 mm. With 952.6 mm on average, the monsoon season saw the highest rainfall. Calculations revealed that the yearly rainfall averaged 1171.1 mm. Using Weibull’s method, the study was subsequently expanded to examine rainfall distribution at different recurrence intervals of 2, 5, 10, and 25 years. Rainfall and recurrence interval mathematical correlations were also developed. Further regression analysis revealed that short wave irrigation, wind direction, wind speed, pressure, relative humidity, and temperature all had a substantial influence on rainfall.
Originality and value: The results of the rainfall IDF curves can provide useful information to policymakers in making appropriate decisions in managing and minimizing floods in the study area.
Discover the latest insights on Data Driven Maintenance with our comprehensive webinar presentation. Learn about traditional maintenance challenges, the right approach to utilizing data, and the benefits of adopting a Data Driven Maintenance strategy. Explore real-world examples, industry best practices, and innovative solutions like FMECA and the D3M model. This presentation, led by expert Jules Oudmans, is essential for asset owners looking to optimize their maintenance processes and leverage digital technologies for improved efficiency and performance. Download now to stay ahead in the evolving maintenance landscape.
Software Engineering and Project Management - Introduction, Modeling Concepts...Prakhyath Rai
Introduction, Modeling Concepts and Class Modeling: What is Object orientation? What is OO development? OO Themes; Evidence for usefulness of OO development; OO modeling history. Modeling
as Design technique: Modeling, abstraction, The Three models. Class Modeling: Object and Class Concept, Link and associations concepts, Generalization and Inheritance, A sample class model, Navigation of class models, and UML diagrams
Building the Analysis Models: Requirement Analysis, Analysis Model Approaches, Data modeling Concepts, Object Oriented Analysis, Scenario-Based Modeling, Flow-Oriented Modeling, class Based Modeling, Creating a Behavioral Model.
Applications of artificial Intelligence in Mechanical Engineering.pdfAtif Razi
Historically, mechanical engineering has relied heavily on human expertise and empirical methods to solve complex problems. With the introduction of computer-aided design (CAD) and finite element analysis (FEA), the field took its first steps towards digitization. These tools allowed engineers to simulate and analyze mechanical systems with greater accuracy and efficiency. However, the sheer volume of data generated by modern engineering systems and the increasing complexity of these systems have necessitated more advanced analytical tools, paving the way for AI.
AI offers the capability to process vast amounts of data, identify patterns, and make predictions with a level of speed and accuracy unattainable by traditional methods. This has profound implications for mechanical engineering, enabling more efficient design processes, predictive maintenance strategies, and optimized manufacturing operations. AI-driven tools can learn from historical data, adapt to new information, and continuously improve their performance, making them invaluable in tackling the multifaceted challenges of modern mechanical engineering.
Introduction- e - waste – definition - sources of e-waste– hazardous substances in e-waste - effects of e-waste on environment and human health- need for e-waste management– e-waste handling rules - waste minimization techniques for managing e-waste – recycling of e-waste - disposal treatment methods of e- waste – mechanism of extraction of precious metal from leaching solution-global Scenario of E-waste – E-waste in India- case studies.
Batteries -Introduction – Types of Batteries – discharging and charging of battery - characteristics of battery –battery rating- various tests on battery- – Primary battery: silver button cell- Secondary battery :Ni-Cd battery-modern battery: lithium ion battery-maintenance of batteries-choices of batteries for electric vehicle applications.
Fuel Cells: Introduction- importance and classification of fuel cells - description, principle, components, applications of fuel cells: H2-O2 fuel cell, alkaline fuel cell, molten carbonate fuel cell and direct methanol fuel cells.
Redefining brain tumor segmentation: a cutting-edge convolutional neural netw...IJECEIAES
Medical image analysis has witnessed significant advancements with deep learning techniques. In the domain of brain tumor segmentation, the ability to
precisely delineate tumor boundaries from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
scans holds profound implications for diagnosis. This study presents an ensemble convolutional neural network (CNN) with transfer learning, integrating
the state-of-the-art Deeplabv3+ architecture with the ResNet18 backbone. The
model is rigorously trained and evaluated, exhibiting remarkable performance
metrics, including an impressive global accuracy of 99.286%, a high-class accuracy of 82.191%, a mean intersection over union (IoU) of 79.900%, a weighted
IoU of 98.620%, and a Boundary F1 (BF) score of 83.303%. Notably, a detailed comparative analysis with existing methods showcases the superiority of
our proposed model. These findings underscore the model’s competence in precise brain tumor localization, underscoring its potential to revolutionize medical
image analysis and enhance healthcare outcomes. This research paves the way
for future exploration and optimization of advanced CNN models in medical
imaging, emphasizing addressing false positives and resource efficiency.
Generative AI leverages algorithms to create various forms of content
Word_Embeddings.pptx
1. Word embeddings (continued)
• Idea: learn an embedding from words into vectors
• Need to have a function W(word) that returns a
vector encoding that word.
2. Word embeddings: properties
• Relationships between words correspond to
difference between vectors.
http://colah.github.io/posts/2014-07-NLP-RNNs-Representations/
3. Word embeddings: questions
• How big should the embedding space be?
• Trade-offs like any other machine learning problem –
greater capacity versus efficiency and overfitting.
• How do we find W?
• Often as part of a prediction or classification task
involving neighboring words.
4. Learning word embeddings
• First attempt:
• Input data is sets of 5 words from a meaningful
sentence. E.g., “one of the best places”. Modify half of
them by replacing middle word with a random word.
“one of function best places”
• W is a map (depending on parameters, Q) from words to
50 dim’l vectors. E.g., a look-up table or an RNN.
• Feed 5 embeddings into a module R to determine ‘valid’
or ‘invalid’
• Optimize over Q to predict better
http://colah.github.io/posts/2014-07-NLP-RNNs-Representations/
https://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/1102/1102.1808.pdf
5. word2vec
• Predict words using context
• Two versions: CBOW (continuous bag of words) and
Skip-gram
https://skymind.ai/wiki/word2vec
6. CBOW
• Bag of words
• Gets rid of word order. Used in discrete case using
counts of words that appear.
• CBOW
• Takes vector embeddings of n words before target and n
words after and adds them (as vectors).
• Also removes word order, but the vector sum is
meaningful enough to deduce missing word.
7. Word2vec – Continuous Bag of
Word
• E.g. “The cat sat on floor”
• Window size = 2
7
the
cat
on
floor
sat
www.cs.ucr.edu/~vagelis/classes/CS242/slides/word2vec.pptx
17. Skip gram
• Skip gram – alternative to CBOW
• Start with a single word embedding and try to predict the
surrounding words.
• Much less well-defined problem, but works better in
practice (scales better).
18. Skip gram
• Map from center word to probability on
surrounding words. One input/output unit below.
• There is no activation function on the hidden layer
neurons, but the output neurons use softmax.
http://mccormickml.com/2016/04/19/word2vec-tutorial-the-skip-gram-model/
19. Skip gram example
• Vocabulary of 10,000 words.
• Embedding vectors with 300 features.
• So the hidden layer is going to be represented by a
weight matrix with 10,000 rows (multiply by vector
on the left).
http://mccormickml.com/2016/04/19/word2vec-tutorial-the-skip-gram-model/
20. Skip gram/CBOW intuition
• Similar “contexts” (that is, what words are likely to
appear around them), lead to similar embeddings
for two words.
• One way for the network to output similar context
predictions for these two words is if the word
vectors are similar. So, if two words have similar
contexts, then the network is motivated to learn
similar word vectors for these two words!
http://mccormickml.com/2016/04/19/word2vec-tutorial-the-skip-gram-model/
21. Word2vec shortcomings
• Problem: 10,000 words and 300 dim embedding
gives a large parameter space to learn. And 10K
words is minimal for real applications.
• Slow to train, and need lots of data, particularly to
learn uncommon words.
22. Word2vec improvements:
word pairs and phrases
• Idea: Treat common word pairs or phrases as single
“words.”
• E.g., Boston Globe (newspaper) is different from Boston and
Globe separately. Embed Boston Globe as a single
word/phrase.
• Method: make phrases out of words which occur
together often relative to the number of individual
occurrences. Prefer phrases made of infrequent words
in order to avoid making phrases out of common words
like “and the” or “this is”.
• Pros/cons: Increases vocabulary size but decreases
training expense.
• Results: Led to 3 million “words” trained on 100 billion
words from a Google News dataset.
23. Word2vec improvements:
subsample frequent words
• Idea: Subsample frequent words to decrease the
number of training examples.
• The probability that we cut the word is related to the word’s
frequency. More common words are cut more.
• Uncommon words (anything < 0.26% of total words) are kept
• E.g., remove some occurrences of “the.”
• Method: For each word, cut the word with probability
related to the word’s frequency.
• Benefits: If we have a window size of 10, and we
remove a specific instance of “the” from our text:
• As we train on the remaining words, “the” will not appear in
any of their context windows.
24. Word2vec improvements:
selective updates
• Idea: Use “Negative Sampling”, which causes each
training sample to update only a small percentage of
the model’s weights.
• Observation: A “correct output” of the network is a
one-hot vector. That is, one neuron should output a 1,
and all of the other thousands of output neurons to
output a 0.
• Method: With negative sampling, randomly select just
a small number of “negative” words (let’s say 5) to
update the weights for. (In this context, a “negative”
word is one for which we want the network to output a
0 for). We will also still update the weights for our
“positive” word.
25. Word embedding applications
http://colah.github.io/posts/2014-07-NLP-RNNs-Representations/
• The use of word representations… has
become a key “secret sauce” for the success
of many NLP systems in recent years, across
tasks including named entity recognition,
part-of-speech tagging, parsing, and
semantic role labeling. (Luong et al. (2013))
• Learning a good representation on a task A
and then using it on a task B is one of the
major tricks in the Deep Learning toolbox.
• Pretraining, transfer learning, and multi-task
learning.
• Can allow the representation to learn from more
than one kind of data.
26. Word embedding applications
• Can learn to map multiple kinds of data
into a single representation.
• E.g., bilingual English and Mandarin
Chinese word-embedding as in Socher et
al. (2013a).
• Embed as above, but words that are
known as close translations should be
close together.
• Words we didn’t know were translations
end up close together!
• Structures of two languages get pulled
into alignment.
http://colah.github.io/posts/2014-07-NLP-RNNs-Representations/