COM 102 Gender and Communication

1. Women RoleWomen Role
in Historyin History

2. A.A. Pre-Colonial TimePre-Colonial Time
 WomenWomen
where highlywhere highly
regarded inregarded in
thethe
communitycommunity
under theunder the
barangaybarangay
systemsystem

3. Three types of community before theThree types of community before the
Spanish came:Spanish came:
a. Primitivea. Primitive
CommunalCommunal
b. Semi-b. Semi-
communalcommunal
and semi-and semi-
SlaverySlavery
c. Fuedalc. Fuedal

4.  No class stratificationNo class stratification
 Land was owned communallyLand was owned communally
 Both men and women participated in theBoth men and women participated in the
productionproduction
 Women were high regardedWomen were high regarded
 Role in production andRole in production and
religionreligion
a.a. Primitive CommunalPrimitive Communal::

5.  formation of classes classesformation of classes classes
 Relatives started toRelatives started to
group together into agroup together into a
communitycommunity
(barangay)(barangay)
b.b. Semi – colonial andSemi – colonial and
Semi SlaverySemi Slavery

6. c.c. Feudal SystemFeudal System
 Difference of classDifference of class
statusstatus
 Few controlled the landFew controlled the land
 Start of menStart of men’s’s
domination in thedomination in the
production, religionproduction, religion
and householdand household

7. B. Spanish ColonizationB. Spanish Colonization
 ColonizationColonization
and formationand formation
of the feudalof the feudal
systemsystem
 WomenWomen
started to bestarted to be
treatedtreated
unequallyunequally

8. Reason why Spain colonizedReason why Spain colonized
the Philippinesthe Philippines
*Source of gold*Source of gold
* Source of* Source of
spicesspices

9. Popularization of thePopularization of the
economic systemeconomic system
 Enkomyenda systemEnkomyenda system
Hacienda systemHacienda system

10. Women where involved in the weaving industryWomen where involved in the weaving industry
before the Spaniards camebefore the Spaniards came

11. When the Spaniards came, cheap cloth fromWhen the Spaniards came, cheap cloth from
England was promoted.England was promoted.
The weaving industryThe weaving industry
dieddied
A lot of women lost theirA lot of women lost their
jobjob
Many of them worked asMany of them worked as
“labandera”, helpers in“labandera”, helpers in
houses or dancershouses or dancers
(bailarina)(bailarina)

12. Society and CultureSociety and Culture
Emergence of the patriarchalEmergence of the patriarchal
societysociety
Laws : women becameLaws : women became
subservient to their husbands;subservient to their husbands;
not free to study; no ownership;not free to study; no ownership;
and everything they do shouldand everything they do should
have the consent of the husbandhave the consent of the husband

13. - No freedom to study or limited to- No freedom to study or limited to
religion and work at homereligion and work at home

14. WomenWomen’s resistance against the’s resistance against the
colonizerscolonizers
 Babaylan atBabaylan at
catalonascatalonas

15. Gabriela SilangGabriela Silang
Women of the Katipunan:Women of the Katipunan:
Leona Florentino,Leona Florentino,
Teresa Magbanua,Teresa Magbanua,
Gregoria de Jesus,Gregoria de Jesus,
Tandang Sora, MarinaTandang Sora, Marina
DizonDizon

16. There were variousThere were various
ways where womenways where women
participated in theparticipated in the
1896 Revolution.1896 Revolution.

17. U .S.U .S.
Colonial RuleColonial Rule

18.  Era in our society thatEra in our society that
oppression on Filipino Womenoppression on Filipino Women
started.started.

19. Reason why the US colonizedReason why the US colonized
the Philippines:the Philippines:
 Source of rawSource of raw
materialsmaterials
 Dumping ground ofDumping ground of
surplus productssurplus products
and capitaland capital
 Strategically locatedStrategically located
in Asia-Pacificin Asia-Pacific

20. Economy:Economy:
 colonial andcolonial and
semi-feudalsemi-feudal

21. Retain the old type of landlordRetain the old type of landlord
system and popularized commercialsystem and popularized commercial
farming which were owned byfarming which were owned by
American corporations.American corporations.

22. Export oriented-import dependentExport oriented-import dependent

23. CultureCulture
 Women were reserve force of cheapWomen were reserve force of cheap
laborlabor
 A great number were part of the serviceA great number were part of the service
industryindustry

24. MenMen’s wages were higher than’s wages were higher than
womenwomen
1.1. Women were working asWomen were working as
unskilled workersunskilled workers

25. 2. Women became part of the2. Women became part of the
informal sector:informal sector: “naglalabada”,“naglalabada”,
“naglalako”“naglalako”

26. Women were educated only on coursesWomen were educated only on courses
bias on the kind of jobs the colonizerbias on the kind of jobs the colonizer
wanted.wanted.

27. Double standardDouble standard
of morality.of morality.

28. Increase in ProstitutionIncrease in Prostitution
 Establishment of cabaret in the haciendasEstablishment of cabaret in the haciendas
 Increase in Night clubs in the AmericanIncrease in Night clubs in the American
basesbases

29. Struggle of Women under the USStruggle of Women under the US
Colonial RuleColonial Rule
 women became part of the struggle of the farmerswomen became part of the struggle of the farmers
and workersand workers
Formation of unions and joining of rally andFormation of unions and joining of rally and
 Suffrage ( right to vote and be part in the electionSuffrage ( right to vote and be part in the election

30. D. JAPANESE ColonizationD. JAPANESE Colonization
 Militarist natureMilitarist nature
of Japaneseof Japanese
and death ofand death of
many womenmany women

31. Reason of colonization ofReason of colonization of
the Philippinesthe Philippines
 Source of rawSource of raw
materialsmaterials
 Control of PacificControl of Pacific
Ocean as a baseOcean as a base
for Asiafor Asia

32. Econimics:Econimics:
Destruction of production because ofDestruction of production because of
warwar
 Destruction of wealthDestruction of wealth
 dislocation ,starvation and separationdislocation ,starvation and separation
of familiesof families

33. Culture:Culture:
Rampant sexual abuseRampant sexual abuse
and rape to our womenand rape to our women
:comfort women:comfort women
Symbol of full authority inSymbol of full authority in
our countryour country

34. Struggle during the Japanese Period:Struggle during the Japanese Period:
Full support andFull support and
participation ofparticipation of
women in the guerillawomen in the guerilla
 Women leader ofWomen leader of
HUKBALAHAP:HUKBALAHAP:
Kumander Dayang-Kumander Dayang-
Dayang or known asDayang or known as
Felipa CulalaFelipa Culala

35.  Stage of theStage of the
formation of theformation of the
semi- feudal andsemi- feudal and
semi-colonialsemi-colonial
society.society.
E. Return of USE. Return of US

36. The USThe US
once againonce again
“stole the“stole the
freedom wonfreedom won
byby
HukbalahapHukbalahap
the from thethe from the
Japanese.Japanese.

37. Politics:Politics:
 Given the psuedoGiven the psuedo
freedomfreedom
 Agreement of nonAgreement of non
unequal treaty ofunequal treaty of
militar basemilitar base
 Creation of theCreation of the
PhilippinePhilippine
Constabulary toConstabulary to
protect theprotect the
US interestUS interest

38. Semi –Feudal and semi-colonialSemi –Feudal and semi-colonial
-Philippines because of the connivance of-Philippines because of the connivance of
the Phil Bureaucrat Capitalist and the US.the Phil Bureaucrat Capitalist and the US.

39. Economy:Economy:
•Backward, agricultureBackward, agriculture
and economyand economy
* export oriented- import* export oriented- import
dependentdependent

40. Root cause of womenRoot cause of women’s’s
discrimination in thediscrimination in the
Philippines .Philippines .

41.  Ruling classRuling class
 Clan/MenClan/Men
 Religion/Religion/
 Colonial Rule :Colonial Rule :
USUS
This system has been from generation toThis system has been from generation to
generation -Spanish colonial rulegeneration -Spanish colonial rule
Women are under the authority of:Women are under the authority of:

42. RULING CLASS

43. Authority :Ruling classAuthority :Ruling class
Landlord ( feudalLandlord ( feudal
relation)relation)
BureaucratBureaucrat
CapitalistCapitalist
All in connivanceAll in connivance
with the USwith the US

44. The root case of discrimination ofThe root case of discrimination of
women is the discrimination of thewomen is the discrimination of the
ruling classruling class
Authority : Ruling ClassAuthority : Ruling Class

45. Relationship of the landownerRelationship of the landowner
and the peasants: feudaland the peasants: feudal
The feudalThe feudal
relationshiprelationship
is alsois also
translatedtranslated
from the menfrom the men
to theto the
women .women .
Authority: Ruling ClassAuthority: Ruling Class

46. Feudal System:Feudal System:
 Giving importance to menGiving importance to men
over women because men areover women because men are
responsible to raise the familyresponsible to raise the family
WomenWomen’s role is base at’s role is base at
homehome
Authority: Ruling ClassAuthority: Ruling Class

47. The domestication of women affectsThe domestication of women affects
her role in the field of economics.her role in the field of economics.
WomenWomen’s role in economic production’s role in economic production
is considis considered a secondary or additionalered a secondary or additional
work only.work only.
Authority: Ruling ClassAuthority: Ruling Class

48. Even in the city, working women areEven in the city, working women are
usually confined to the extended workusually confined to the extended work
at homeat home
Authority: Ruling ClassAuthority: Ruling Class

49.  Waitress in theWaitress in the
restaurantrestaurant
 sewersewer
 Assembly lineAssembly line
workerworker
 TeacherTeacher
 NurseNurse
 SecretarySecretary
Authority: Ruling ClassAuthority: Ruling Class

50. CLAN

51. Within the family:Within the family:
 Women have no voiceWomen have no voice
in the decision makingin the decision making
 Private owner of thePrivate owner of the
husband and sonhusband and son
 Domestic violence andDomestic violence and
force intercourse is aforce intercourse is a
private issueprivate issue
Authority: Family and WifeAuthority: Family and Wife
(power of men)(power of men)

52. Domestic Violence and incestDomestic Violence and incest
happens because of this mind sethappens because of this mind set
Authority: Family andAuthority: Family and
wifewife

53. CHURCH

54. 2 types of Women according2 types of Women according
to the church :to the church :
1.1. Image of VirginImage of Virgin
MaryMary
2.2. Image ofImage of
Mary MagdaleneMary Magdalene
Authority: ChurchAuthority: Church

55. Feudal-patriarchal view of the church :Feudal-patriarchal view of the church :
Women are naturally underWomen are naturally under
men .men .
Women should be base atWomen should be base at
home.home.
Women are flirtWomen are flirt
To compensate to their sin,To compensate to their sin,
women should bewomen should be
submissive, timid, patientsubmissive, timid, patient..
Authority:ChurchAuthority:Church

56. Institution that discriminate women:Institution that discriminate women:
aa. Church and Religion. Church and Religion
b.b. FamilyFamily c.Schoolc.School
d.d. Mass MediaMass Media

57. With the coming back of the US, womenWith the coming back of the US, women’s’s
role worsen.role worsen.
Aggravating factor : United StatesAggravating factor : United States

58.  PopularizationPopularization
of the feudal-of the feudal-
patriarchal atpatriarchal at
bourgeois viewbourgeois view
on women.on women.
Aggravating factor : United StatesAggravating factor : United States

59. Labor and womanLabor and woman’s body can’s body can
be a commodity.be a commodity.
Aggravating factor : United StatesAggravating factor : United States

60. Women were no longer base in theWomen were no longer base in the
home so that they could be part of thehome so that they could be part of the
labor forcelabor force
During crisis , women were the first toDuring crisis , women were the first to
be retrenched.be retrenched.
Aggravating factor : United StatesAggravating factor : United States

61.  Cheap labor forceCheap labor force
 Body as a product and body was used toBody as a product and body was used to
sell productssell products
 Importance of womenImportance of women
““kaakit-akit” sakaakit-akit” sa
““kalalakihan”kalalakihan”
Aggravating factor : United StatesAggravating factor : United States

62. •Division of classesDivision of classes
• State makes sureState makes sure
that women arethat women are
discriminateddiscriminated
• in cohorts with USin cohorts with US
to control the countryto control the country
Discrimintation on women :Discrimintation on women :

63. DekadaDekada ’70:’70:
 Join in the differentJoin in the different
forms of struggles :forms of struggles :
rallies , politicalrallies , political
activities and evenactivities and even
arm strugglearm struggle
Struggle of WomenStruggle of Women

64. MAKIBAKAMAKIBAKA
**declared illegal duringdeclared illegal during
Martial LawMartial Law
*went underground*went underground
•Fought for the rightsFought for the rights
of womenof women
StruggleStruggle

65. October 28,1983 :October 28,1983 :
--largest women’s rally against thelargest women’s rally against the
assasination of Benigno Aquinoassasination of Benigno Aquino
StruggleStruggle

66. GABRIELA during Martial LawGABRIELA during Martial Law
Women’s strugglWomen’s strugglee

67. III.III. Ang Kilusan SaAng Kilusan Sa
Pagpapalaya ngPagpapalaya ng
KababaihanKababaihan

68. Para lumaya ang kababaihang Pilipino,Para lumaya ang kababaihang Pilipino,
kinakailangang magkaisa sila at makipagkaisa sakinakailangang magkaisa sila at makipagkaisa sa
lahat ng inaaping mamamayan para baguhin anglahat ng inaaping mamamayan para baguhin ang
lipunang malakolonyal at malapyudallipunang malakolonyal at malapyudal

69. NATATANGINATATANGI: binubuo, nilalahukan at: binubuo, nilalahukan at
itinataguyod ng kababaihan para saitinataguyod ng kababaihan para sa
PANGKALAHATAN at PARTIKULAR naPANGKALAHATAN at PARTIKULAR na
interes nilainteres nila
1.1. Isa itong natatanging kilusan ngIsa itong natatanging kilusan ng
kababaihankababaihan

70. 2. Isa itong kilusang bahagi at2. Isa itong kilusang bahagi at
nakapaloob sa kabuuang kilusan paranakapaloob sa kabuuang kilusan para
sa pagpapalaya ng bayansa pagpapalaya ng bayan
Interes ngInteres ng
kababaihan nakababaihan na
lumahok salumahok sa
pakikibaka para sapakikibaka para sa
demokrasya atdemokrasya at
pambansangpambansang
kalayaan.kalayaan.
Dahil hindi lalayaDahil hindi lalaya
ang kababaihanang kababaihan
hanggat hindihanggat hindi
lumalaya ang buonglumalaya ang buong
sambayanan.sambayanan.

71. 3. Isa itong kilusan na may linyang3. Isa itong kilusan na may linyang
makauri.makauri.
Kinikilala ng kilusangKinikilala ng kilusang
kababaihan na nahahatikababaihan na nahahati
ang kababaihan sa ibaang kababaihan sa iba’t’t
ibang uri.ibang uri.
kinakatawan ng kilusangkinakatawan ng kilusang
kababaihan ang interes ngkababaihan ang interes ng
lahat ng inaapinglahat ng inaaping
kababaihan, laluna angkababaihan, laluna ang
interes ng kababaihanginteres ng kababaihang
anakpawisanakpawis

72. Sumasanib din sa kilusang kababaihan angSumasanib din sa kilusang kababaihan ang
kababaihang petiburgesya at pambansangkababaihang petiburgesya at pambansang
burgesya.burgesya.
Hindi sila ligtas sa krisis ngHindi sila ligtas sa krisis ng
sistema at dumaranas din ngsistema at dumaranas din ng
ibaiba’t ibang anyo ng’t ibang anyo ng
pagsasamantala at pang-aapipagsasamantala at pang-aapi
Kahit nakakaangat sila saKahit nakakaangat sila sa
buhay kumpara sabuhay kumpara sa
kababaihang anakpawis, api rinkababaihang anakpawis, api rin
sila bilang babaesila bilang babae

73. Pana-panahon:Pana-panahon:
mapagkakaisa angmapagkakaisa ang
kababaihan sa isyukababaihan sa isyu
ng karapatan atng karapatan at
pagkapantay-pantaypagkapantay-pantay
Nababaka ang ugatNababaka ang ugat
ng dominasyon:ng dominasyon:
isang mapang-apingisang mapang-aping
sistemasistema
Ang pang-aapi ng kalalakihan ayAng pang-aapi ng kalalakihan ay
tumatagos sa lahat ng uri.tumatagos sa lahat ng uri.
Pero hindi itoPero hindi ito
nangangahulugannangangahulugan
ng pagbitaw sang pagbitaw sa
linyang makauri.linyang makauri.

74. 4. Isa itong militanteng kilusan.4. Isa itong militanteng kilusan.
Likas na militante ang kilusangLikas na militante ang kilusang
kababaihan na nakaugat sa batayangkababaihan na nakaugat sa batayang
masamasa
Marami sa kanila, laluna sa ang mgaMarami sa kanila, laluna sa ang mga
kababaihang manggagawa, ay maykababaihang manggagawa, ay may
karanasan sa organisado, siyentipiko atkaranasan sa organisado, siyentipiko at
kolektibong paggawa.kolektibong paggawa.

75. Sa pagkakaroon ng kilusan, ano ang sinisikapSa pagkakaroon ng kilusan, ano ang sinisikap
bakahin?bakahin?
 makibaka laban sa mgamakibaka laban sa mga
naghaharing uri at sanaghaharing uri at sa
monopolyo ng dayuhang USmonopolyo ng dayuhang US
Panginoong maylupa naPanginoong maylupa na
siyang mga pangunahingsiyang mga pangunahing
dahilan ng pananatili ngdahilan ng pananatili ng
pyudal-patriyarkal napyudal-patriyarkal na
pananaw sa kababaihan atpananaw sa kababaihan at
siyang mga nagpapatuloysiyang mga nagpapatuloy
ng kaapihan sa kababaihanng kaapihan sa kababaihan

76. Ano Ang Tungkulin ngAno Ang Tungkulin ng
Kilusang Kababaihan?Kilusang Kababaihan?
1. Maramihang palahukin ang kababaihan1. Maramihang palahukin ang kababaihan
sa mga pakikibakasa mga pakikibaka’t protesta ng buong’t protesta ng buong
sambayanan at ng iba’t ibang makauri atsambayanan at ng iba’t ibang makauri at
sektoral na kilusan.sektoral na kilusan.

77. 1.1. Ipaglaban ang mgaIpaglaban ang mga
karapatan at kagalingankarapatan at kagalingan
ng kababaihan.ng kababaihan.

78. 3.3. Palaganapin ang mapagpa-Palaganapin ang mapagpa-
layang edukasyon salayang edukasyon sa
kababaihan.kababaihan.

79. 1.1. Magbuo ng ibaMagbuo ng iba’t ibang’t ibang
organisasyon ng kababaihan.organisasyon ng kababaihan.

80. 5.5. Pasiglahin at palawakin paPasiglahin at palawakin pa
ang kilusang kababaihan saang kilusang kababaihan sa
pamamagitan ng mgapamamagitan ng mga
alyansa.alyansa.

81. 6.6. Makipagkaisa sa kababaihan ngMakipagkaisa sa kababaihan ng
ibaiba’t ibang bansa laban sa’t ibang bansa laban sa
imperyalismo at sa lahat ng anyoimperyalismo at sa lahat ng anyo
ng pang-aapi sang pang-aapi sa kababaihan.kababaihan.

82. 7.7. Ipaglaban ang panlipunangIpaglaban ang panlipunang
responsibilidad saresponsibilidad sa
pangangalaga sa mga bata.pangangalaga sa mga bata.

83. Ano ang mga gawain ngAno ang mga gawain ng
kilusang kababaihan?kilusang kababaihan?
1. Edukasyon1. Edukasyon
2. Pag-oorganisa2. Pag-oorganisa
3. Kampanya at Pakikibakang Masa3. Kampanya at Pakikibakang Masa
4. Propaganda4. Propaganda
5. Networking at Pakikipag-alyansa5. Networking at Pakikipag-alyansa
6. Suportang Serbisyo6. Suportang Serbisyo

84. Ano ang mga Anyo ngAno ang mga Anyo ng
Organisasyon ng Kababaihan?Organisasyon ng Kababaihan?
1.1. Multisektoral naMultisektoral na
organisasyonorganisasyon
* Binubuo ito ng* Binubuo ito ng
kababaihan mulakababaihan mula
sa ibasa iba’t ibang uri’t ibang uri
at nagdadala ngat nagdadala ng
mgamga
pangkalahatan atpangkalahatan at
partikular napartikular na
isyungisyung
kababaihankababaihan

85. 2. Makauring organisasyon2. Makauring organisasyon
 Binubuo ito ng kababaihan mula saBinubuo ito ng kababaihan mula sa
isang uriisang uri

86. 3. Komite ng Kababaihan3. Komite ng Kababaihan
 Isang espesyal nagrupo ngIsang espesyal nagrupo ng
kababaihan sa loob ng mgakababaihan sa loob ng mga
organisasyong halo ang kalalakihan atorganisasyong halo ang kalalakihan at
kababaihankababaihan

87. 4. Programang kababaihan4. Programang kababaihan
 IsangIsang
programa naprograma na
nakapatungkonakapatungko
l lamang sal lamang sa
isa o pilingisa o piling
proyektoproyekto

88. 5. Institusyong kababaihan5. Institusyong kababaihan
 May kakayahang magbigay ng serbisyo oMay kakayahang magbigay ng serbisyo o
makapagpakilos ng kababaihan sa antas ngmakapagpakilos ng kababaihan sa antas ng
istap,mga kaalyado o mga kaugnayangistap,mga kaalyado o mga kaugnayang
organisasyong at indibidwalorganisasyong at indibidwal

89. 6. Alyansang kababaihan6. Alyansang kababaihan
 Napapalawak nito ang pag-abotNapapalawak nito ang pag-abot
at pag-oorganisa ng kababaihanat pag-oorganisa ng kababaihan

90. Isinusulong nila ang kilusang kababaihan saIsinusulong nila ang kilusang kababaihan sa
pamamagitan ng pagmumulat, pag-oorganisa atpamamagitan ng pagmumulat, pag-oorganisa at
pagpapakilos ng kababaihan sa kanilang hanaypagpapakilos ng kababaihan sa kanilang hanay
Ano ang papel ng makauri at sektoralAno ang papel ng makauri at sektoral
na kilusan?na kilusan?

91. Magagawa nila ito sa pamamagitanMagagawa nila ito sa pamamagitan
ng sumumusunod:ng sumumusunod:
pagrekrut ng kababaihanpagrekrut ng kababaihan
pagbibigay ng edukasyonpagbibigay ng edukasyon
pagdala ng kahilingan ngpagdala ng kahilingan ng
kababaihankababaihan
pagsuporta sa kanilang pagkilospagsuporta sa kanilang pagkilos
pagtaguyod sa partikular napagtaguyod sa partikular na
programa o proyektoprograma o proyekto
pagsasanay sa mga liderpagsasanay sa mga lider
kababaihankababaihan
Paglalagay ng lider kababaihanPaglalagay ng lider kababaihan
sa organisasyonsa organisasyon