This document is an autobiographical account describing the narrator's early life and what led to his first voyage overseas. It details how he was born in York, England in 1632 to a German father and English mother. Despite his father's wishes that he pursue a career in law, the narrator was determined to go to sea. His father gave him serious counsel against this decision, worried he would face miseries abroad. Nonetheless, the narrator eventually left home without permission at age 18 and embarked on a ship bound for London, only to face a terrible storm that made him regret his choice.
This document is an excerpt from the novel Robinson Crusoe by Daniel Defoe. It describes the early life and upbringing of the protagonist Robinson Crusoe, including his desire from a young age to go to sea despite his father's wishes. It details a conversation between Robinson and his wise father, who urges him to stay home in England and not risk the dangers of life at sea. However, Robinson later runs away to join a ship bound for London against his parents' wishes.
This document provides a summary of the novel Robinson Crusoe by Daniel Defoe in 3 paragraphs. It discusses that Robinson Crusoe is a publication by Penn State University and is available freely. It then provides a brief summary of the plot of Robinson Crusoe, mentioning that the protagonist is born in York, England and against his father's wishes leaves to go to sea, facing a storm early in his voyage that causes him to regret his decision. It summarizes some of the advice his father had given him to stay home and pursue a moderate life. The summary concludes by saying after the storm ends, Crusoe's companion gets him drunk and he forgets his promises to change, facing further trials from Providence.
The document is an excerpt from Chapter 1 of the novel Robinson Crusoe by Daniel Defoe. It describes the main character Robinson Crusoe's childhood and family background, as well as his father's attempts to dissuade him from leaving home to go to sea by explaining the advantages of a middle-class life and warning of the dangers he may face abroad. Despite his father's advice, Robinson decides to run away from home and join a ship without telling his parents.
This document provides a summary of the first chapter of Robinson Crusoe by Daniel Defoe. It describes Crusoe's early life and upbringing, his desire to go to sea against his father's wishes, and his first voyage which ends in a terrible storm that makes him regret his decision. The summary concludes as Crusoe's ship takes shelter in Yarmouth Roads due to contrary winds, where they wait for over a week with other ships.
Medea sends Jason a spiteful letter blaming him for all the crimes she has committed, including killing their children and the king and princess who opposed their marriage. She claims she acted out of love for Jason and that he has now abandoned her. Jason responds firmly denying any responsibility for Medea's actions. He argues that marrying the princess would have provided a secure future for their family, but Medea killed their children and the royal couple out of selfishness and bloodlust.
The document provides commentary on various passages from the Song of Songs/Song of Solomon. It discusses the intense passion and sexuality depicted in the passages. Commentators note that while the sexual content makes some uncomfortable, the song depicts God-approved sexuality between marriage partners. It is argued the passages praise mutual pleasure between husband and wife, not the polygamy of King Solomon. One passage describes a dream the woman has of her lover knocking at night for her, though she hesitates to let him in, missing their chance for intimacy. Commentators analyze what this passage may be teaching about the ups and downs of love.
This document is an autobiographical account describing the narrator's early life and what led to his first voyage overseas. It details how he was born in York, England in 1632 to a German father and English mother. Despite his father's wishes that he pursue a career in law, the narrator was determined to go to sea. His father gave him serious counsel against this decision, worried he would face miseries abroad. Nonetheless, the narrator eventually left home without permission at age 18 and embarked on a ship bound for London, only to face a terrible storm that made him regret his choice.
This document is an excerpt from the novel Robinson Crusoe by Daniel Defoe. It describes the early life and upbringing of the protagonist Robinson Crusoe, including his desire from a young age to go to sea despite his father's wishes. It details a conversation between Robinson and his wise father, who urges him to stay home in England and not risk the dangers of life at sea. However, Robinson later runs away to join a ship bound for London against his parents' wishes.
This document provides a summary of the novel Robinson Crusoe by Daniel Defoe in 3 paragraphs. It discusses that Robinson Crusoe is a publication by Penn State University and is available freely. It then provides a brief summary of the plot of Robinson Crusoe, mentioning that the protagonist is born in York, England and against his father's wishes leaves to go to sea, facing a storm early in his voyage that causes him to regret his decision. It summarizes some of the advice his father had given him to stay home and pursue a moderate life. The summary concludes by saying after the storm ends, Crusoe's companion gets him drunk and he forgets his promises to change, facing further trials from Providence.
The document is an excerpt from Chapter 1 of the novel Robinson Crusoe by Daniel Defoe. It describes the main character Robinson Crusoe's childhood and family background, as well as his father's attempts to dissuade him from leaving home to go to sea by explaining the advantages of a middle-class life and warning of the dangers he may face abroad. Despite his father's advice, Robinson decides to run away from home and join a ship without telling his parents.
This document provides a summary of the first chapter of Robinson Crusoe by Daniel Defoe. It describes Crusoe's early life and upbringing, his desire to go to sea against his father's wishes, and his first voyage which ends in a terrible storm that makes him regret his decision. The summary concludes as Crusoe's ship takes shelter in Yarmouth Roads due to contrary winds, where they wait for over a week with other ships.
Medea sends Jason a spiteful letter blaming him for all the crimes she has committed, including killing their children and the king and princess who opposed their marriage. She claims she acted out of love for Jason and that he has now abandoned her. Jason responds firmly denying any responsibility for Medea's actions. He argues that marrying the princess would have provided a secure future for their family, but Medea killed their children and the royal couple out of selfishness and bloodlust.
The document provides commentary on various passages from the Song of Songs/Song of Solomon. It discusses the intense passion and sexuality depicted in the passages. Commentators note that while the sexual content makes some uncomfortable, the song depicts God-approved sexuality between marriage partners. It is argued the passages praise mutual pleasure between husband and wife, not the polygamy of King Solomon. One passage describes a dream the woman has of her lover knocking at night for her, though she hesitates to let him in, missing their chance for intimacy. Commentators analyze what this passage may be teaching about the ups and downs of love.
Petruchio, a man from Verona, Italy, travels to Padua seeking to marry a wealthy woman. He learns of Katherina, who has a fierce reputation and whose marriage will allow her younger sister Bianca to also wed. Undeterred by warnings of Katherina's temper, Petruchio insists on marrying her in hopes of gaining her wealth. After their wedding, Petruchio begins mentally and verbally tormenting Katherina in an attempt to "tame" her behavior, which eventually succeeds by the play's end.
This document provides metadata about the Project Gutenberg eBook of The Life and Adventures of Robinson Crusoe by Daniel Defoe. It describes that the eBook is freely available online and can be copied, distributed, and reused under an open license. It provides publication details such as the release date and language. The document then includes an excerpt from Chapter 1 of the novel, which provides background on Robinson Crusoe and describes how he came to go to sea against his father's wishes, leading to his famous shipwreck and time as a castaway.
This document discusses biblical passages related to marriage, sexuality, and purity. It provides advice on living together before marriage versus marrying first, noting that those who marry see the relationship as a commitment to address issues, while those who live together first may view it more casually as something that can be abandoned if problems arise. Several quotes encourage respecting God's design for relationships and sexuality within marriage only.
This document summarizes the key points about forgetting sorrow from a chapter in the book "Practical Religion Vol. 2". It makes three main points:
1) We can never truly forget our deepest sorrows, but we should remember them in a way that brings blessing rather than bitterness. Some people dwell perpetually in the shadows of past grief and fail to appreciate current blessings.
2) There is a duty to forget our sorrows in the sense of not brooding over them and letting them stunt our growth. We should turn from graves to our present duties and look forward to future joys rather than back on losses.
3) Sorrow should spur us to new earnestness in service rather than inactivity
Medea writes Jason accusing him of abandoning her after she sacrificed everything for him, including killing her brother and tricking the daughters of King Pelias to help Jason become king. She admits to killing Jason's new wife the princess and King Creon. She blames Jason for her actions and ruined life, saying he corrupted her and everything she did was because of him.
Jason responds that Medea's choices were her own and he did not make her do anything. He married the princess to provide for their family, not to abandon Medea. He denies responsibility for Medea's actions or ruined life, saying she has free will and chose evil.
Preston is a wealthy and successful lawyer who believes his success is solely due to his own hard work and vision. While driving to work, he sees a Bible verse on a beat-up car and later encounters the same homeless man he sees every morning, who recites another Bible verse. Preston reacts harshly and continues on his way, though he feels a twinge of guilt. He later looks up the verses online and wonders if there is a connection between giving to others and finding blessings.
The document discusses good manners and civility. It argues that while discourtesy is not a legal offense, the lift-man was wrong to physically assault the passenger who refused to say "please." Though the law cannot enforce manners, social practices encourage civility through small courtesies like saying "please" and "thank you." The document praises a polite bus conductor who treats passengers with kindness, easing tensions and making his work pleasant through good humor.
The poem describes a woman who was seduced and abandoned by a lord, leaving her feeling ashamed. She contrasts her fate with her cousin Kate, who the lord chose over her and married. Though Kate now lives in wealth and comfort as the lord's wife, the narrator insinuates that Kate's love was superficial and she would not have willingly become his wife if she knew his true nature, as the narrator did. The narrator takes solace in her son, the product of her relationship with the lord, showing the lord would give much to have a son of his own with Kate.
This document summarizes the experiences of the Willie and Martin handcart companies of Mormon pioneers in 1856. [1] Over 200 people died when these companies were caught in early winter snowstorms after departing late in the season. [2] Survivors never criticized this decision and remained faithful, experiencing God's help during their extreme hardships. [3] One survivor recounted being pushed by unseen angels when too weak to continue yet expressed no regrets about choosing to immigrate by handcart.
1) The passage discusses the meaning of "immortal youths" in the Quran, stating that it refers to children of believers who pass away at a young age remaining eternally young and bringing their parents happiness in Paradise.
2) It provides a metaphor comparing a prisoner's child being taken to a palace by a compassionate judge, to a believer's child passing away but going to Paradise's gardens.
3) Losing a child is seen as the child being fortunate to go to Paradise rather than face difficulties in this world, and the death helps the parents' faith and chance of joining the child in Paradise.
The document is a prayer service addressing clergy sexual abuse in the Catholic Church. It includes prayers for victims of abuse, for church leaders who failed to protect the vulnerable, and for Catholics disillusioned by the scandal. The service references scripture calling for a purification of heart and spirit. General intercessions ask for forgiveness, wisdom and courage to respond to abuse with justice, love and mercy. The closing prayer seeks a more compassionate heart to live as ambassadors of reconciliation.
This document provides an analysis of the Wife of Bath character from Geoffrey Chaucer's Canterbury Tales. It summarizes key details about her appearance and background as a thrice-married seamstress who seeks wealth over love in her marriages. The document also summarizes the plot of the Wife of Bath's Tale, in which a knight is given a year to determine what women truly desire and is told by an old hag that women wish to have sovereignty over their husbands.
1) The narrator Charlie attends a house party with old friends but feels out of place among faces he barely recognizes.
2) Charlie reflects on how he used to get wasted at parties in the past but now sees his past self as a "fuck up with no future."
3) After an encounter with his ex-girlfriend Olivia, who set him down the wrong path, Charlie decided to turn his life around and start his own graphic design business, though it has left him lonely and isolated.
4) At the party, Charlie's eyes are drawn to a petite girl drinking whiskey, and they share an intense connection through eye contact where he sees a reflection of his own sadness and
X. Transfiguration
XI. Learning by Suffering
XII. Looking on the Bright Side
XIII. "Thy Will be Done"
XIV. The Love of God
XV. Prayer Lessons
XVI. The Vision Glorious
Charlotte Bronte provides advice to her friend Nell about passion and marriage in a long letter. She advises Nell to tell Mr. Vincent to directly ask Miss --- for her hand in marriage rather than continuing to send sentimental letters. She also tells Nell to caution Miss --- not to wait for "une grande passion" and to consider Mr. Vincent's offer rationally rather than being repulsed by initial dislike, as intimacy over time could change her view. Bronte argues that mediocrity and moderation in marriage are wise, and that a woman should not fall deeply in love with her husband or let her will be governed by his.
This document contains several poems about love and Valentine's Day. The poems express feelings of love, gratitude for a partner, and finding meaning and purpose through romantic love. They describe love as transcending physical or earthly constraints and filling one with joy, purpose and light.
This document appears to be the front cover and table of contents for the June 2000 issue of The Jewish Observer, a monthly publication of Agudath Israel of America. The front cover lists the publication details including the editor, editorial board, and management board. The table of contents lists 6 articles in the issue, including "Facing Churban Europe: The Anguish, The Grief... and The Sense of Mission" and "The Grand Escape From Lithuania to Japan." It also lists various other sections including "Notes From a Prison Cell in Villepinte, France" and advertisements.
Defines incest tabu; Contrasts definition with rule of exogamy; Explains tabu in term of inbreeding, lack of sexual interest, sexual jealousy and explains the inadequacy of each explanation.
The document discusses different types of marriage systems around the world. It covers topics like the definition of marriage, who qualifies as a father, exceptions to traditional marriage, reasons why marriage is universal, incest taboos, restrictions on marriage, explanations for incest taboos, who one marries, how marriage occurs, how many spouses one can have, plural marriages, divorce, and family forms.
Polygamy refers to marriages involving more than two partners. While illegal in Western countries, it is legal and sometimes preferred in many other parts of the world. The document defines different types of polygamous marriages such as polygyny where a man has multiple wives, polyandry where a woman has multiple husbands, and group marriages involving multiple husbands and wives. Some cultures and religions, such as Islam, have traditionally allowed polygynous marriages, though laws and social acceptance vary globally.
This is our report for Anthropology 1 and our Topic was Marriage
Marriage: definition, Types of marriage (how does one marry), economic aspects of marriage, theories on incest tabboo, Whom Should One marry?, Family
Rules of Descent: How Kin are Reckoned.PaulVMcDowell
This document discusses the key concepts of kinship and rules of descent. It covers two major types of descent - bilateral, which reckons kin through both the male and female lines, and unilineal, which traces kin through one line only, either male or female. Unilineal descent can be patrilineal, tracing the male line, or matrilineal, tracing the female line. Descent rules are important as they determine things like inheritance, property rights, and political affiliation. The document also briefly discusses constants of kinship like biological sex, death, and incest taboos.
Petruchio, a man from Verona, Italy, travels to Padua seeking to marry a wealthy woman. He learns of Katherina, who has a fierce reputation and whose marriage will allow her younger sister Bianca to also wed. Undeterred by warnings of Katherina's temper, Petruchio insists on marrying her in hopes of gaining her wealth. After their wedding, Petruchio begins mentally and verbally tormenting Katherina in an attempt to "tame" her behavior, which eventually succeeds by the play's end.
This document provides metadata about the Project Gutenberg eBook of The Life and Adventures of Robinson Crusoe by Daniel Defoe. It describes that the eBook is freely available online and can be copied, distributed, and reused under an open license. It provides publication details such as the release date and language. The document then includes an excerpt from Chapter 1 of the novel, which provides background on Robinson Crusoe and describes how he came to go to sea against his father's wishes, leading to his famous shipwreck and time as a castaway.
This document discusses biblical passages related to marriage, sexuality, and purity. It provides advice on living together before marriage versus marrying first, noting that those who marry see the relationship as a commitment to address issues, while those who live together first may view it more casually as something that can be abandoned if problems arise. Several quotes encourage respecting God's design for relationships and sexuality within marriage only.
This document summarizes the key points about forgetting sorrow from a chapter in the book "Practical Religion Vol. 2". It makes three main points:
1) We can never truly forget our deepest sorrows, but we should remember them in a way that brings blessing rather than bitterness. Some people dwell perpetually in the shadows of past grief and fail to appreciate current blessings.
2) There is a duty to forget our sorrows in the sense of not brooding over them and letting them stunt our growth. We should turn from graves to our present duties and look forward to future joys rather than back on losses.
3) Sorrow should spur us to new earnestness in service rather than inactivity
Medea writes Jason accusing him of abandoning her after she sacrificed everything for him, including killing her brother and tricking the daughters of King Pelias to help Jason become king. She admits to killing Jason's new wife the princess and King Creon. She blames Jason for her actions and ruined life, saying he corrupted her and everything she did was because of him.
Jason responds that Medea's choices were her own and he did not make her do anything. He married the princess to provide for their family, not to abandon Medea. He denies responsibility for Medea's actions or ruined life, saying she has free will and chose evil.
Preston is a wealthy and successful lawyer who believes his success is solely due to his own hard work and vision. While driving to work, he sees a Bible verse on a beat-up car and later encounters the same homeless man he sees every morning, who recites another Bible verse. Preston reacts harshly and continues on his way, though he feels a twinge of guilt. He later looks up the verses online and wonders if there is a connection between giving to others and finding blessings.
The document discusses good manners and civility. It argues that while discourtesy is not a legal offense, the lift-man was wrong to physically assault the passenger who refused to say "please." Though the law cannot enforce manners, social practices encourage civility through small courtesies like saying "please" and "thank you." The document praises a polite bus conductor who treats passengers with kindness, easing tensions and making his work pleasant through good humor.
The poem describes a woman who was seduced and abandoned by a lord, leaving her feeling ashamed. She contrasts her fate with her cousin Kate, who the lord chose over her and married. Though Kate now lives in wealth and comfort as the lord's wife, the narrator insinuates that Kate's love was superficial and she would not have willingly become his wife if she knew his true nature, as the narrator did. The narrator takes solace in her son, the product of her relationship with the lord, showing the lord would give much to have a son of his own with Kate.
This document summarizes the experiences of the Willie and Martin handcart companies of Mormon pioneers in 1856. [1] Over 200 people died when these companies were caught in early winter snowstorms after departing late in the season. [2] Survivors never criticized this decision and remained faithful, experiencing God's help during their extreme hardships. [3] One survivor recounted being pushed by unseen angels when too weak to continue yet expressed no regrets about choosing to immigrate by handcart.
1) The passage discusses the meaning of "immortal youths" in the Quran, stating that it refers to children of believers who pass away at a young age remaining eternally young and bringing their parents happiness in Paradise.
2) It provides a metaphor comparing a prisoner's child being taken to a palace by a compassionate judge, to a believer's child passing away but going to Paradise's gardens.
3) Losing a child is seen as the child being fortunate to go to Paradise rather than face difficulties in this world, and the death helps the parents' faith and chance of joining the child in Paradise.
The document is a prayer service addressing clergy sexual abuse in the Catholic Church. It includes prayers for victims of abuse, for church leaders who failed to protect the vulnerable, and for Catholics disillusioned by the scandal. The service references scripture calling for a purification of heart and spirit. General intercessions ask for forgiveness, wisdom and courage to respond to abuse with justice, love and mercy. The closing prayer seeks a more compassionate heart to live as ambassadors of reconciliation.
This document provides an analysis of the Wife of Bath character from Geoffrey Chaucer's Canterbury Tales. It summarizes key details about her appearance and background as a thrice-married seamstress who seeks wealth over love in her marriages. The document also summarizes the plot of the Wife of Bath's Tale, in which a knight is given a year to determine what women truly desire and is told by an old hag that women wish to have sovereignty over their husbands.
1) The narrator Charlie attends a house party with old friends but feels out of place among faces he barely recognizes.
2) Charlie reflects on how he used to get wasted at parties in the past but now sees his past self as a "fuck up with no future."
3) After an encounter with his ex-girlfriend Olivia, who set him down the wrong path, Charlie decided to turn his life around and start his own graphic design business, though it has left him lonely and isolated.
4) At the party, Charlie's eyes are drawn to a petite girl drinking whiskey, and they share an intense connection through eye contact where he sees a reflection of his own sadness and
X. Transfiguration
XI. Learning by Suffering
XII. Looking on the Bright Side
XIII. "Thy Will be Done"
XIV. The Love of God
XV. Prayer Lessons
XVI. The Vision Glorious
Charlotte Bronte provides advice to her friend Nell about passion and marriage in a long letter. She advises Nell to tell Mr. Vincent to directly ask Miss --- for her hand in marriage rather than continuing to send sentimental letters. She also tells Nell to caution Miss --- not to wait for "une grande passion" and to consider Mr. Vincent's offer rationally rather than being repulsed by initial dislike, as intimacy over time could change her view. Bronte argues that mediocrity and moderation in marriage are wise, and that a woman should not fall deeply in love with her husband or let her will be governed by his.
This document contains several poems about love and Valentine's Day. The poems express feelings of love, gratitude for a partner, and finding meaning and purpose through romantic love. They describe love as transcending physical or earthly constraints and filling one with joy, purpose and light.
This document appears to be the front cover and table of contents for the June 2000 issue of The Jewish Observer, a monthly publication of Agudath Israel of America. The front cover lists the publication details including the editor, editorial board, and management board. The table of contents lists 6 articles in the issue, including "Facing Churban Europe: The Anguish, The Grief... and The Sense of Mission" and "The Grand Escape From Lithuania to Japan." It also lists various other sections including "Notes From a Prison Cell in Villepinte, France" and advertisements.
Defines incest tabu; Contrasts definition with rule of exogamy; Explains tabu in term of inbreeding, lack of sexual interest, sexual jealousy and explains the inadequacy of each explanation.
The document discusses different types of marriage systems around the world. It covers topics like the definition of marriage, who qualifies as a father, exceptions to traditional marriage, reasons why marriage is universal, incest taboos, restrictions on marriage, explanations for incest taboos, who one marries, how marriage occurs, how many spouses one can have, plural marriages, divorce, and family forms.
Polygamy refers to marriages involving more than two partners. While illegal in Western countries, it is legal and sometimes preferred in many other parts of the world. The document defines different types of polygamous marriages such as polygyny where a man has multiple wives, polyandry where a woman has multiple husbands, and group marriages involving multiple husbands and wives. Some cultures and religions, such as Islam, have traditionally allowed polygynous marriages, though laws and social acceptance vary globally.
This is our report for Anthropology 1 and our Topic was Marriage
Marriage: definition, Types of marriage (how does one marry), economic aspects of marriage, theories on incest tabboo, Whom Should One marry?, Family
Rules of Descent: How Kin are Reckoned.PaulVMcDowell
This document discusses the key concepts of kinship and rules of descent. It covers two major types of descent - bilateral, which reckons kin through both the male and female lines, and unilineal, which traces kin through one line only, either male or female. Unilineal descent can be patrilineal, tracing the male line, or matrilineal, tracing the female line. Descent rules are important as they determine things like inheritance, property rights, and political affiliation. The document also briefly discusses constants of kinship like biological sex, death, and incest taboos.
This document discusses different definitions and types of families. It explores marriage structures like polygyny, polyandry, and polygamy. A family can consist of nuclear, extended, family of orientation, or family of procreation relationships. The document also examines theories about family from functionalist, conflict, and symbolic interactionist perspectives, and discusses trends like divorce, cohabitation, and diversity in modern families.
Incest adalah hubungan seksual antar anggota keluarga yang masih memiliki hubungan darah. Faktor penyebabnya adalah faktor internal seperti biologis dan psikologis, serta faktor eksternal seperti ekonomi keluarga, pengetahuan, dan lingkungan sosial. Incest berdampak buruk seperti gangguan psikologis, hasil cacat mental, dan kemungkinan terjerumus nanti. Untuk mencegahnya perlu memperkuat iman,
Incest is defined as sexual intercourse between closely blood-related individuals such as fathers and daughters, brothers and sisters. Incest between these close relatives is common and usually involves psychological factors. In India, incest itself is not a criminal offense. Incest may occur between mentally defective individuals unable to understand the taboo, when alcohol removes inhibitions, in cases of cerebral disease, or when closely related individuals are separated for long periods and reunite as strangers. Adultery, defined as sexual intercourse without consent between a man's wife and another man, is punishable by up to five years imprisonment, though the wife would not be considered an abettor.
Marriage involves more than just biological functions of sex. It plays a larger role in caring for children, maintaining a household, and fulfilling other culturally imposed needs of the family.
This document discusses social institutions related to kinship, marriage, and family. It defines key terms like family, household, nuclear family, and extended family. It describes different forms of families according to membership and residence patterns. It also discusses regulating sexual relations through laws and marriage, as well as forms of marriage like monogamy, polygamy, and exogamy versus endogamy. Kinship networks and descent groups are also covered.
This document discusses different types of marriage across cultures from an anthropological perspective. It begins by asking questions about how marriage is defined and regulated and what role it plays in creating group alliances. It then defines key concepts like exogamy, incest taboos, and different types of cousins. The document also discusses why incest is nearly universally taboo, types of marriage like endogamy and homogamy, and marriages in caste systems. It concludes by briefly covering divorce and polygamy.
Lec vii Family as Social Institution - Imran Ahmad SajidDr. Imran A. Sajid
The document discusses the definition and functions of family as a social institution. It defines family as a group of people related by blood, marriage, or adoption that are responsible for caring for children and reproducing society. The main types of families are nuclear families consisting of parents and children, and extended families with additional relatives living together. The document also examines marriage, kinship patterns, family authority structures, and residential patterns around the world. It notes family serves functions like reproduction, protection, socialization, regulating sexuality, and providing companionship, status, economic support, and recreation for its members.
This document discusses families, kinship, and descent from an anthropological perspective. It begins by outlining why anthropologists study kinship and the differences between families and descent groups. It then defines key terms like nuclear family, extended family, descent groups, family of orientation, and family of procreation. The document goes on to discuss how industrialization has impacted family organization and norms in places like the US, Brazil, Turkey, and foraging societies. It also defines matrilineal descent, patrilineal descent, and discusses how kinship is calculated through kinship terms that reflect social constructions of family.
Social institutions are established sets of norms and subsystems that support a society's survival. Examples include families, governments, and universities. A social institution performs social functions like satisfying needs, socializing individuals, and coordinating and stabilizing a culture. The family is the most important social institution. It socializes children, transmits culture, and provides affection, security, and social status. Schools also play a key role in socializing children and transmitting knowledge, values, behaviors, and allegiance to the existing social and political order from one generation to the next. Both the family and schools are crucial for stabilizing society.
The document provides an overview of various social institutions including their definitions, structures, functions and importance. It discusses key social institutions like family, economic, religious, political, and educational institutions. It defines them, explains their roles and functions in society such as socialization, social control, and meeting basic needs. It also compares the differences between social institutions and organizations.
The document discusses different types of families and marriages. It defines terms like nuclear family, extended family, polygyny, polyandry, and exogamy. It also covers family structures and relationships, including patriarchy, matriarchy, and egalitarian relationships. The document then discusses family life cycles, trends in modern families like cohabitation and single parenthood, and challenges like divorce and domestic violence.
The document discusses several key social institutions from a sociological perspective:
1. Education serves functions like teaching skills, enhancing social mobility, and promoting unity, but can also support inequality, according to conflict theorists.
2. Religion can be defined as a system of beliefs and practices regarding sacred things that unite adherents, and includes theism, ethicalism, and animism. Religion both reflects and can influence society's structure.
3. Power and the state involve one party exercising power over others through legitimate or illegitimate means. Authority can be traditional, charismatic, or legal. Politics and economics vary between totalitarian and democratic states.
This document discusses kinship, marriage, and household structures in anthropology. It defines kinship as relationships based on blood or marriage ties that are recognized by society. Kinship can be traced through the father's line (patrilineal descent) or mother's line (matrilineal descent). Marriage is a social institution that establishes family relationships through practices like monogamy, polygamy, and different post-marital residence patterns. Household structures include nuclear families, extended families, and transnational families that live across countries. Kinship also influences politics in some societies through traditions like inherited political leadership positions within families.
Social institutions are groups that perform social roles and socialize people. Key social institutions include families, governments, universities, and religious groups. Social institutions have several functions like simplifying social behavior, providing social roles, coordinating culture, and controlling behavior through shared expectations. The five major social institutions are family, education, religion, economics, and government. The family's functions include reproduction, socialization of children, and providing identity. Education's functions are transmitting culture, socializing children, and preparing them for social and economic roles. Religion's function is providing meaning and spiritual guidance.
This document defines and discusses incest, which involves sexual relations between family members. It describes three major categories of incest and four types, including cross-generational, peer, same-sex, and multiple incest. Potential psychological effects on victims are outlined, such as anxiety, depression, and post-traumatic stress disorder. Laws regarding incest vary globally and within countries, with some considering it legal and others prohibiting it due to cultural and religious views.
This document provides commentary on the parable of the ten virgins from the Bible. It discusses various interpretations of the parable and analyzes what the lamps and oil represent. Specifically:
1) It examines different views on whether the virgins went to meet the bridegroom before or after he fetched the bride. It argues they went to meet both based on Jewish wedding customs.
2) It analyzes debates on whether the "oil" represents living faith or good works. Reformers saw it as living faith while Catholics saw it as good works.
3) It concludes the two sides differ only in their definitions of "faith" - Catholics saw it as outward profession while Reformers saw it
The Code of the Assyrians 1075 BCE(Excerpt from the Code of th.docxcherry686017
The Code of the Assyrians
1075 BCE
(Excerpt from the Code of the Assyrians.)
I.2. If a woman, whether the wife of a man or the daughter of a man, utter vulgarity or indulge in low talk, that woman bears her own sin; against her husband, her sons, or her daughter they shall have no claim.
I.7. If a woman bring her hand against a man, they shall prosecute her; 30 manas of lead shall she pay, 20 blows shall they inflict on her.
I.8. If a woman in a quarrel injure the testicle of a man, one of her fingers they shall cut off. And if a physician bind it up and the other testicle which is beside it be infected thereby, or take harm; or in a quarrel she injure the other testicle, they shall destroy both of her eyes.
I.9. If a man bring his hand against the wife of a man, treating her like a little child, and they prove it against him, and convict him, one of his fingers they shall cut off. If he kiss her, his lower lip with the blade of an axe they shall draw down and they shall cut off.
I.12. If the wife of a man be walking on the highway, and a man seize her, say to her "I will surely have intercourse with you," if she be not willing and defend herself, and he seize her by force and rape her, whether they catch him upon the wife of a man, or whether at the word of the woman whom he has raped, the elders shall prosecute him, they shall put him to death. There is no punishment for the woman.
I.13. If the wife of a man go out from her house and visit a man where he lives, and he have intercourse with her, knowing that she is a man's wife, the man and also the woman they shall put to death.
I.14. If a man have intercourse with the wife of a man either in an inn or on the highway, knowing that she is a man's wife, according as the man, whose wife she is, orders to be done, they shall do to the adulterer. If not knowing that she is a man's wife he rapes her, the adulterer goes free. The man shall prosecute his wife, doing to her as he likes.
I.15. If a man catch a man with his wife, both of them shall they put to death. If the husband of the woman put his wife to death, he shall also put the man to death. If he cut off the nose of his wife, he shall turn the man into a eunuch, and they shall disfigure the whole of his face.
I.16. If a man have relations with the wife of a man at her wish, there is no penalty for that man. The man shall lay upon the woman, his wife, the penalty he wishes.
I.18. If a man say to his companion, "They have had intercourse with they wife; I will prove it," and he be not able to prove it, and do not prove it, on that man they shall inflict forty blows, a month of days he shall perform the king's work, they shall mutilate him, and one talent of lead he shall pay.
I.20. If a man have intercourse with his brother-in-arms, they shall turn him into a eunuch.
I.21. If a man strike the daughter of a man and cause her to drop what is in her, they shall prosecute him, they shall convict him, two talents and thirty manas of ...
Quran 4:19. O you who believe! You are forbidden to inherit women against their will, and you should not treat them with harshness, that you may take away part of the Mahr you have given them, unless they commit open illegal sexual intercourse. And live with them honorably. If you dislike them, it may be that you dislike a thing and Allâh brings through it a great deal of good.
092, 093 surat an-nisa (the women) and az-zalzalah (the earthquake)TEBYİN-ÜL-KUR’AN
What does “Islam” mean?
The word الإسلام [Islam] is an infinitive word derived from س ل م [silm] root in if‘al pattern and used as noun and infinitive. The word silm means “release/keeping away; and to be distant from fear, doubt, trouble, lack of peace, unhappiness, fight, war, pain, suffering, material and spiritual inconveniences, weakness and decaying, and all the negativities.” This word is also the root of salim, selam, teslim, Islam etc. The word’s “Islam” form means “strengthening” [removal from problems, worries, fear, unhappiness, fights, wars, and similar negative things]. Hence, the religion Islam means the “the religion that strengthens humans [entire range of principles that protects and secures people by putting a distance between them and problems, worries, war, weakness, spiritual illness, unhappiness, and similar things].”
This document summarizes the customs of the Tagalog people in the Philippines as recorded by Juan de Plasencia, a Franciscan missionary, between 1578 and 1590. It describes the tribal system of independent barangays led by local chiefs or datos. Slavery was an established part of their social hierarchy, with inheritance and marriage determining one's social status. Their religious practices involved worship of various gods and spirits through festivals, sacrifices, and shamans. Burial rites and beliefs about the afterlife are also detailed. The document aims to provide the Spanish monarchy information about Tagalog society and culture at the time of early colonization.
This is the narrative of the By-Laws, Structures and Mandatory Electives of Covenant Creations for High Priest/ess, House Witch. Gratoo Coutisen Initiate.
THE
MALLEUS MALEFICARUM
PART I.
QUESTION VI.
Concerning Witches who copulate with Devils. Why is it that Women are chiefly addicted to Evil
superstitions?
Why it is that Women are chiefly addicted to Evil Superstitions.
There is also, concerning witches who copulate with devils, much difficulty in considering
the methods by which such abominations are consummated. On the part of the devil: first, of what
element the body is made that he assumes; secondly, whether the act is always accompanied by the
injection of semen received from another; thirdly, as to time and place, whether he commits this
act more frequently at one time than at another; fourthly, whether the act is invisible to any who
may be standing by. And on the part of the women, it has to be inquired whether only they who
were themselves conceived in this filthy manner are often visited by devils; or secondly, whether it
is those who were offered to devils by midwives at the time of their birth; and thirdly, whether the
actual venereal delectation of such is of a weaker sort. But we cannot here reply to all these
questions, both because we are only engaged in a general study, and because in the second part of
this work they are all singly explained by their operations, as will appear in the fourth chapter,
where mention is made of each separate method. Therefore, let us now chiefly consider women;
and first, why this kind of perfidy is found more in so fragile a sex than in men. And our inquiry
will first be general, as to the general conditions of women; secondly, particular, as to which sort
of women are found to be given to superstition and witchcraft; and thirdly, specifically with regard
to midwives, who surpass all others in wickedness.
Why Superstition is chiefly found in Women.
As for the first question, why a greater number of witches is found in the fragile feminine sex
than among men; it is indeed a fact that it were idle to contradict, since it is accredited by actual
experience, apart from the verbal testimony of credibly witnesses. And without in any way
detracting from a sex in which God has always taken great glory that His might should be spread
abroad, let us say that various men have assigned various reasons for this fact, which nevertheless
agree in principle. Wherefore it is good, for the admonition of women, to speak of this matter; and
it has often been proved by experience that they are eager to hear of it, so long as it is set forth
with discretion.
For some learned men propound this reason; that there are three things in nature, the Tongue,
an Ecclesiastic, and a Woman, which know no moderation in goodness or vice; and when they
exceed the bounds of their condition they reach the greatest heights and the lowest depths of
goodness and vice. When they are governed by a good spirit, they are most excellent in virtue; but
Part I, Question VI - P.1
file:///C|/!!witch/part_I/mm01_06a.html (1 of 5) [2002-01-20 12:02:58 PM]
when.
A verse by verse commentary on DEUTERONOMY 24 dealing with marriage and divorce,lepers,security,kidnapping, love loans,kindness,poor,justice, and widows
This document is a letter from Abraham Lincoln to his step-brother Johnston. In the letter, Lincoln refuses to give Johnston $80 because Johnston has a habit of idly wasting time instead of working. Lincoln proposes that if Johnston works hard until May, Lincoln will match whatever wages Johnston earns dollar for dollar. Lincoln believes hard work will prevent Johnston from getting back into debt and encourages self-sufficiency over ongoing financial support.
This document provides an overview of marriage (nikah) in Islam according to Maulana Ashraf Ali Thanvi Rahmatullah Alaihi. It discusses topics such as:
1. The definition and importance of marriage in Islam. Marriage brings order to this life and the next and prevents sinning.
2. The requirements for a valid marriage contract, which can be executed in just two sentences in the presence of witnesses.
3. Those whom one cannot marry, such as family members, in-laws, or multiple wives at once without exception. Adoption does not establish true family ties.
4. The role and hierarchy of the wali or legal guardian in arranging marriages, and
BOOK IIAn Excerpt from The Republicby Plato (360 B.C.) Link.docxAASTHA76
1) Glaucon outlines an argument that most people believe injustice is more profitable than justice but that justice is tolerated as the "lesser evil" due to laws and social agreements.
2) He proposes imagining that a just and unjust man are each given a magic ring that allows them to do whatever they want without consequences. This would prove that people are only just out of necessity rather than willingly.
3) Socrates asks Glaucon to describe in more detail how an entirely just life would differ from an entirely unjust life if both were isolated with no rewards or punishments for their actions.
This document provides an overview of marriage and divorce customs in ancient civilizations and Canada. It discusses traditions in Ancient China, Greece, Egypt, and Mesopotamia, noting that marriages were usually arranged and involved dowries. Divorce was generally easier for men than women. The document also outlines modern Canadian marriage, which involves dating and independent choice of partners compared to ancient traditions of parental arrangement. Canadian divorce law is governed by province and involves procedures like separation periods. Overall, the document summarizes key differences and similarities in wedding and divorce customs across time and cultures.
This document provides an overview of marriage and divorce customs in ancient civilizations and Canada. It discusses traditions in Ancient China, Greece, Egypt, and Mesopotamia, noting that marriages were usually arranged and involved dowries. Divorce was generally easier for men than women. The document also summarizes modern Canadian marriage, which involves dating and independent choice of partners compared to ancient traditions of parental arrangement. Canadian divorce law also has standardized procedures unlike ancient societies. Overall, the document summarizes and compares key aspects of marriage and divorce customs across ancient and modern societies.
the most vast work transmitted to humanity through Jakob Lorber; it presents a history narrated by Jesus Christ Himself, describing Lord’s and His closed ones’ lives in the last three years of His life on earth, containing a great number of wonders, dialogues and teachings that greatly develop and enrich the records from the Gospels of Matthew and John; it also contains detailed revelations explaining essential passages from the Old and the New Testament and predictions concerning events occurring during the last 2000 years, culminating with facts that characterize the technological civilization of the XX-th Century and disclosures of a scientific nature which were validated long time after Jakob Lorber wrote about them. In the Great Gospel of John, one can practically find the essential answers to all the fundamental questions of life – these are to be found in the clear, but also extraordinary deep descriptions of the divine and human nature, of the creation and the material and spiritual evolution.
BOOK ISocrates I went down to the Piraeus^ yesterday withVannaSchrader3
BOOK I
Socrates: I went down to the Piraeus^ yesterday with Glaucon, son of
Ariston,^ to pray to the goddess; and, at the same time, I wanted to ob-
serve how they would put on the festival,^ since they were now hold-
ing it for the first time. Now, in my opinion, the procession of the native
inhabitants was fine; but the one the Thracians conducted was no less
fitting a show. After we had prayed and looked on, we went off toward
town.
Catching sight of us from afar as we were pressing homewards,
Polemarchus, son of Cephalus, ordered his slave boy to run after us and
order us to wait for him. The boy took hold of my cloak from behind
and said, "Polemarchus orders you to wait."
And I turned around and asked him where his master was. "He is
coming up behind," he said, "just wait."
"Of course we'll wait," said Glaucon.
A moment later Polemarchus came along with Adeimantus, Glau-
con's brother, Niceratus, son of Nicias, and some others—apparently
from the procession. Polemarchus said, "Socrates, I guess you two are
hurrying to get away to town."
"That's not a bad guess," I said.
"Well, " he said, "do you see how many of us there are?
"
"Of course."
"Well, then," he said, "either prove stronger than these men
or stay here."
[3]
socrates/polemarchus/glaucon/adeimantus/cephalus the RErUBLIC
227 c "Isn't there still one other possibility . . . ," I said, "our per-
suading you that you must let us go?"
"Could you really persuade," he said, "if we don't listen?"
"There's no way," said Glaucon.
"Well, then, think it over, bearing in mind we won't listen."
328 a Then Adeimantus said, "Is it possible you don't know that at sun-
set there will be a torch race on horseback for the goddess?"
"On horseback?" I said. "That is novel. Will they hold torches
and pass them to one another while racing the horses, or what do you
mean?"
"That's it," said Polemarchus, "and, besides, they'll put on an all-
night festival that will be worth seeing. We'll get up after dinner and go
to see it; there we'll be together with many of the young men and we'll
b talk. So stay and do as I tell you."
And Glaucon said, "It seems we must stay."
"Well, if it is so resolved,"^ I said, "that's how we must act."
Then we went to Polemarchus' home; there we found Lysias'^ and
Euthydemus, Polemarchus' brothers, and, in addition, Thrasymachus,^
the Chalcedonian and Charmantides, the Paeanian,^ and Cleito-
phonji** the son of Aristonymus.
Cephalus,!! Polemarchus' father, was also at home; and he
c seemed very old to me, for I had not seen him for some time. He was
seated on a sort of cushioned stool and was crowned with a wreath, for
he had just performed a sacrifice in the courtyard. We sat down beside
him, for some stools were arranged in a circle there. As soon as Ceph-
alus saw me, he greeted me warmly and said:
"Socrates, you don't come down to us in the Piraeus very often,
yet you ought to. Now if I still had the strength to make the trip to
town ea ...
Vestals were priestesses of the goddess Vesta in ancient Rome. They took vows of chastity and were responsible for maintaining the sacred fire of Vesta.
The document discusses the legal status and rights of Vestal Virgins. It was noted that when a woman became a Vestal Virgin, she left her father's power and gained her own legal rights, including the right to write a will. If a Vestal Virgin died without a will, her estate would pass to the public treasury rather than to heirs.
The document also provides biographical information about a pagan philosopher named Hypatia who lived in Alexandria in the 4th century CE. She taught philosophy and mathematics and had a
This document discusses Christianity's views on women and marriage based on passages from the Bible and writings of early Christian thinkers. It presents passages from Paul's letters that establish the hierarchy of man over woman. It also discusses views from other early Christian writers like Tertullian, who believed women should dress modestly as a sign of repentance, and Augustine, who argued that while some men in the Bible had multiple wives to promote larger families, it was never acceptable for women to have multiple husbands under Christian doctrine. The document examines early Christian teachings around the roles and appearance of women in the church and within marriage.
This document discusses legal definitions and concepts of gender in Roman law. It provides sources from Roman jurists and legal texts that defined legal terms and addressed questions around how legal concepts applied to both men and women. For example, it discusses how terms like "father of the family" (paterfamilias) included women as beginning and ending their own family, and how terms like "son" were understood to include all children. It also examines debates around whether terms like "man" legally included women, as well as discussions of guardianship for women and how necessary that was considered.
The Woman in the Roman Society. Unit 3-4:
Legal standing of a woman in Roman law. The Twelve Tables and Beyond. Women under authority and autonomous. Guardianship
(Capacity to Legal Transactions / Legal Capacity)
The Woman in the Roman Society. Ideal - Law - Practice
Unit 2-3: A true Roman woman – a true woman? An ideal or a revolutionary factor? Lucretia – Virginia – Cornelia – Cleopatra – Messalina – Agrippina – Theodora and Elagabalus. Literary topos and reality
1. Verginius was distraught after Appius Claudius claimed his daughter was actually a slave and not a free citizen. When permission was granted, he took his daughter and her nurse aside and plunged a butcher's knife into her breast, saying this was the only way he could vindicate her freedom.
2. Verginius then looked toward Appius and vowed to devote his head to the infernal gods with his daughter's blood. There was an outcry as Verginius brandished the knife to clear a path through the crowd while protected by sympathizers.
3. Icilius and Numitorius displayed the girl's lifeless body to the people to deplore Appius'
A Visual Guide to 1 Samuel | A Tale of Two HeartsSteve Thomason
These slides walk through the story of 1 Samuel. Samuel is the last judge of Israel. The people reject God and want a king. Saul is anointed as the first king, but he is not a good king. David, the shepherd boy is anointed and Saul is envious of him. David shows honor while Saul continues to self destruct.
Level 3 NCEA - NZ: A Nation In the Making 1872 - 1900 SML.pptHenry Hollis
The History of NZ 1870-1900.
Making of a Nation.
From the NZ Wars to Liberals,
Richard Seddon, George Grey,
Social Laboratory, New Zealand,
Confiscations, Kotahitanga, Kingitanga, Parliament, Suffrage, Repudiation, Economic Change, Agriculture, Gold Mining, Timber, Flax, Sheep, Dairying,
Beyond Degrees - Empowering the Workforce in the Context of Skills-First.pptxEduSkills OECD
Iván Bornacelly, Policy Analyst at the OECD Centre for Skills, OECD, presents at the webinar 'Tackling job market gaps with a skills-first approach' on 12 June 2024
This presentation was provided by Racquel Jemison, Ph.D., Christina MacLaughlin, Ph.D., and Paulomi Majumder. Ph.D., all of the American Chemical Society, for the second session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session Two: 'Expanding Pathways to Publishing Careers,' was held June 13, 2024.
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdfTechSoup
"Learn about all the ways Walmart supports nonprofit organizations.
You will hear from Liz Willett, the Head of Nonprofits, and hear about what Walmart is doing to help nonprofits, including Walmart Business and Spark Good. Walmart Business+ is a new offer for nonprofits that offers discounts and also streamlines nonprofits order and expense tracking, saving time and money.
The webinar may also give some examples on how nonprofits can best leverage Walmart Business+.
The event will cover the following::
Walmart Business + (https://business.walmart.com/plus) is a new shopping experience for nonprofits, schools, and local business customers that connects an exclusive online shopping experience to stores. Benefits include free delivery and shipping, a 'Spend Analytics” feature, special discounts, deals and tax-exempt shopping.
Special TechSoup offer for a free 180 days membership, and up to $150 in discounts on eligible orders.
Spark Good (walmart.com/sparkgood) is a charitable platform that enables nonprofits to receive donations directly from customers and associates.
Answers about how you can do more with Walmart!"
Gender and Mental Health - Counselling and Family Therapy Applications and In...PsychoTech Services
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
This document provides an overview of wound healing, its functions, stages, mechanisms, factors affecting it, and complications.
A wound is a break in the integrity of the skin or tissues, which may be associated with disruption of the structure and function.
Healing is the body’s response to injury in an attempt to restore normal structure and functions.
Healing can occur in two ways: Regeneration and Repair
There are 4 phases of wound healing: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. This document also describes the mechanism of wound healing. Factors that affect healing include infection, uncontrolled diabetes, poor nutrition, age, anemia, the presence of foreign bodies, etc.
Complications of wound healing like infection, hyperpigmentation of scar, contractures, and keloid formation.
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptxDenish Jangid
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
2. General division
Marriages cum manu: wife filiae-loco,
inheritance expectative
Marriages sine manu: separate estates,
possible bequests in the will of the
husband, otherwise nothing by the way
of succession (praetorian order of
intestate succession)
3. Dowry in classical law
Tituli ex corpore Ulpiani, 6.1-2; 6.4; 6.6-7; 6.10; 6.12-13
A dowry is either transferred, (dotis datio), declared by
the giver (dotis dictio) or promised (dotis promissio). A
woman who is about to be married can declare her
dowry, and her debtor can do so, at her direction, a
male ascendant of the woman related to her through
the male sex, such as her father or paternal
grandfather, can likewise so do. Any person can give or
promise a dowry.
6. Dowry after
the termination of marriage
Archaic times: no restitution, unless a
stipulation was made
Do you promise to give back the
dowry when the marriage ends?
7. Dowry after
the termination of marriage
Archaic times: no restitution, unless a
stipulation was made
Do you promise to give back the
dowry when the marriage ends?
I do promise
8. Dowry after
the termination of marriage
Archaic times: no restitution, unless a
stipulation was made
Do you promise to give back the
dowry when the marriage ends?
I do promise
Preclassical times: action for the wife’s
things (actio rei uxoriae)
9. QUOD AULA AGERIA NUMERIO NEGIDIO
MARITO DOTEM DEDIT, QUIDQUID OB EAM
REM MELIUS AEQUIUS ERIT NUMERIUM
NEGIDIUM AULIAE AGERIAE REDDI OPORTET,
EIUS IUDEX NUMERIUM NEGIDIUM AULIAE
AGERIAE CONDEMNATO, SI NON PARET
ABSOLVITO.
BECAUSE THE PLAINTIFF HAS GIVEN A DOWRY
TO THE DEFENDANT, WHATEVER BECAUSE OF
THIS CAUSE WILL BE BETTER AND MORE
EQUITABLE, THAT THE DEFENDANT SHOULD
RESTORE TO THE PLAINTIFF, LET THE JUDGE
CONDEMN THE DEFENDANT TO THIS
AMOUNT IN FAVOUR OF THE PLAINTIF, IF IT
IS NOT PROVEN, LET THE JUDGE ACQUIT
(HIM).
10. Dowry in classical law
Tituli ex corpore Ulpiani, 6.1-2; 6.4; 6.6-7; 6.10; 6.12-13
When a woman dies during the marriage, her dowry given
by her father reverts to him, a fifth of the same for each
child she leaves being retained by the husband, no matter
what the number maybe. If her father is not living, the
dowry remains in the hands of the husband.
When a divorce takes place, if the woman is in her own
power, she herself has the right to sue for the recovery of
the dowry. If, however, she is under the power of her father,
he having been joined with his daughter can bring the
action for recovery of the dowry …
11. Dowry in classical law
If the woman dies after the divorce, no right of
action will be granted to her heir, unless her
husband has been in default in restoring her dowry.
A portion is retained on account of children, when
the divorce took place either through the fault of
the wife, or her father, if she is in his power. For
then a sixth part of the dowry is retained in the
name of each child, but not more than three-sixths
altogether…
12. Dowry in classical law
A sixth of the dowry is also retained on the ground
of flagrant breach of morals; an eighth, where the
offence is not so serious. Adultery alone comes
under the head of a flagrant breach of morals all
other improper acts are classed as less serious.
The adultery of a husband is punished by requiring
him to return the dowry at once, if it was to have
been returned after a certain time; if his offence is
less grave, it must be returned within six months
13. A dowry contract from second half of second
cent.) (P. Mich. inv. 508+2217+ P Ryl IV 612)
.
P.Ryl. IV, 612: scriptura interior);;[- - -
Nomissianus] in accordance with the Julian law,
[which has enacted concerning marriage
arrangements, has given his] maiden [daughter]
Zenarion in marriage for the sake of begetting
[children and M. Petronius Servillius has taken
her as his wife]; and to him he has promised and
has given (by way) of dowry everything [that is
written below for the same, above-mentioned
(daughter)]
14. A dowry contract from second half of second
cent.) (P. Mich. inv. 508+2217+ P Ryl IV 612)
.
: of land inherited from his father [near the
village of Philadelphia], two and one-half and
one-half <;read: one-quarter>; iugera [of
catoecic land in the place Cor- - -, and in the
same village], three and a half (iugera) [of sandy
land inherited from his father], for the half [. . .
used as vine land; and in gold objects a very
long earring] (of the weight) of two and one-half
quarters and some necklaces [(of the weight) of
one and one-half quarters, total 4 quarters, and
one pair of silver . . . ]7 staters in weight, and
15. (in clothing by valuation [a tunic and a light
mantle and a Scyrian cloak for the value of 430
Augustan drachmai], and as additional gifts, a
tunic and an [old] light mantle, [and a
Heratianon, and a striped garment(?), and a
bronze Venus] and a bronze flask (of the value)
of 48 drachmai, [and a mirror and a chest . . .
and two oil flasks and another flask] in weight 7
1/4 minae, [and a small wooden box, an easy
chair, a perfume box, a basket, and] the paternal
[slave] Heraida.
16. [Likewise M. Petronius Servillius also said that
he himself had contributed as dowry gifts of his
own two paternal iugera of grain land located]
near the village of Philadelphia [in the place - -
-];;(P.Mich. inv. 508 + 2217, verso);;(2nd hand) [- -
-];(3rd hand, in Greek) I, Marcus [- - -] . . ., have
sealed.;(4th hand, in Greek) I, Marcus Varius(?) [-
- -], have sealed.;(5th hand, in Greek) I, Titus
Flavius Iulianus, have sealed.;(6th hand, in
Greek) I, Lucius Valerius Lucretanas, have
sealed.;(7th hand, in Greek) I, Publius M[- - -] [-
-]thinos, have sealed.;(8th hand, in Latin) [I, - -
-], have sealed
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22. Dowry in theatre: Plautus, Asinaria
Plautus, The Ass-dealer
DIABOLUS Troth now, prithee, proceed and read them over to me. A PARASITE Are you
attending? DIABOLUS I'm all attention.
A PARASITE (reads the agreement) . "Diabolus, the son of Glaucus, has made a
present to Cleæreta, the procuress, of twenty silver minæ, that Philenium may be
with him night and day for this whole year." (...) "And not admit any other man
whatever, because either her friend or her patron, she may choose to call him” (...)
"Or because she may say that he is the lover of a female friend of hers. The door
must be closed to all men except to yourself. On the door she must write that she is
engaged. Or, because she may affirm that the letter has been brought from abroad,
there is not to be even any letter in the house, nor so much as a waxed tablet; and if
there is any useless picture , let her sell it; if she does not part with it, within four
days from the time when she has received the money of you, let it be considered as
your own; you to burn it if you like; so that she may have no wax, with which she
may be able to make a letter. She is to invite no guest; you are to invite them. On no
one of them is she to cast her eyes: if she looks upon any other person, she must be
blind forthwith3. Then she is to drink cup by cup equally with yourself. She is to
receive it from you; she is to hand it to you for you to drink. She is not to have a
relish for less or for more than yourself."
23. A PARASITE (reading) . “She is to remove all causes of suspicion from her, nor is she
to tread on any man’s foot with her foot; when she rises she is neither to step upon the
next couch, nor when she gets down from the couch is she thence to extend her hand
to any one; she is not to give to nor ask of any one a ring for her to look at; she is not to
present dice to any man whatever except to yourself; when she throws them, she is not
to say, You I call upon,’ she is to mention your name. She may call on any Goddess that
she pleases as propitious to her, but on no God: if she should chance to be very full of
devotion, she is to tell you, and you are to pray to him that he may be propitious. She is
neither to nod at any man, wink, or make a sign. In fine, if the lamp goes out, she is not
to move a single joint of herself in the dark.”.... “And she is not to use any shuffling
words, nor is she to know how to speak in any tongue but the Attic. If perchance she
should begin to cough, she is not to cough so as to expose her tongue to any one in
coughing. But if she should pretend as though she had a running at the nose , even
then she is not to do so; you yourself must wipe her lips rather than that she should
open her mouth before another person. And her mother, the procuress, is not to come
in in the middle of the wine, nor is she to utter a word of abuse to any one; if she does
so speak, let this be her fine, to go for twenty days without wine.... “Then, if she bids her
maid-servant carry chaplets, garlands, or unguents, to Venus or to Cupid, your servant is
to watch whether she gives them to Venus or to a man. If perchance she should say she
wishes to keep herself in purity, let her account for as many nights as she has kept
herself in purity. These are no trifles; for they are no funeral dirge”
25. Gifts: the legal principle
D. 24.1.1 (Ulpian): It has been accepted among us by custom
that gifts between husband and wife are not valid. Moreover
it has been accepted for this reason, that they not be
reciprocally despoiled from love for each other, by not acting
with restraint in their gifts, but by acting with immoderate
good-nature towards each other.
D. 24.1.2 (Paulus) and so that they not be remiss in their zeal
for bringing up children. Sextus Caecilius added another
reason as well, because it would often occur, that marriages
would be torn apart, if the one who was able to give did not,
and so in this way it would come about that marriages would
be up for sale.
26. Gifts: the legal principle
D. 24.1.3 pr. (Ulpian) The Reason has been taken from
the speech of our emperor Antoninus (Caracalla)
Augustus, for he spoke thus „Our ancestors prohibited
gifts between husband and wife, valuing honourable
love by feelings alone, and also considering the
reputation of the couples, so that they not appear to be
united in marital harmony for a price, nor should the
better partner fall into poverty and the worse partner
become richer‘.
27. Gifts: the practical side
1. Domestic Life
D. 24.1.18 (Pomponius) If a husband has used the slaves
or clothing of his wife or a wife has used the slaves or
clothing of her husband, or has lived for free in the
other’s house, the gift is valid.
28. Gifts: the practical side
2. Travel Expenses
D. 24.1.21 pr. (Ulpian) If someone had paid out on his
wife’s behalf the tolls which is usual to pay on a
journey, would there be a demand for repayment by her
as if she had been made richer by this, or would this be
a gift? And I rather think that this is not forbidden,
especially if she set out on the journey for his sake.
29. Gifts: the practical side
3. Honourable Maintenance
D. 24.1.31.8 (Pomponius) If a man had given his wife an
extravagant gift on Kalends of March or on her birthday, it is
a gift. 9. But if he covered expenses which she had made in
order to maintain herself in a more honourable way, the
opposite is the case. For a woman does not seem to have
been made richer, if she has spent money given to her on
victuals or perfumes or on food for her slave-household
30. Gifts: the practical side
4. Husband’s Career
D. 24.1.40 (Ulpian): That which was brought by a wife to
her husband for the purpose of acquiring office is valid to
the extent that it was necessary for fulfilling the office;.
D. 24.1.41 (Licinnius Rufus): for the emperor
Antoninus also decided that a wife could give a gift for
her husband’s advancement.
31. Gifts: the practical side
4. Husband’s Career
D. 24.1.42 (Gaius) Recently from the indulgence of the
emperor Antoninus another reason for a gift has been
accepted, which we call “for the sake of honour“ as for
instance, if a wife makes a gift to her husband who is
seeking the senatorial stripe or in order that he
become a member of the equestrian order or for the
sake of giving games
33. Severed in law....
C. 9.12.1 (Severus/Antoninus to Pelia
(206): Those to seize the property of the
wife as a pledge on account of a debt of
her husband or because of some public
civic burden which he has incurred, are
considered to have done it with violence.
34. Severed in law....
D. 24.1.31 pr.-1 (Pomponius, on Sabinus, book 4): Where a
husband makes clothing for his wife out of his own wool,
although this is done for his wife and through solicitude
for her, the clothing, nevertheless, will belong to the
husband; nor does it make any difference whether the wife
assisted in preparing the wool and attended to the matter
for her husband. 1. When a wife used her own wool but
makes women’s clothes for herself with the aid of female
slaves belonging to the husband, the garments will be her,
and she will owe her husband nothing for the labour of the
slaves; but where the clothing is made for her husband, it
will belong to him, if he paid his wife the value of the wool.
38. The case: Specificatio
Differences between Schools
Sabinians/Proculeians
the so-called media-sententia: if the
new thing could be returned to the
state of material, ownership remains
with the owner of the material, else
the new thing becomes the property
of the producer
41. ... real life: joint!
Kalokairos to Euphrosyne his sister,
greetings. Please sister, if you want to do
me a favour, enquire what my wife Aleis
is doing. Even if I had not written to
you, you ought of your own accord to
have written to me, as I am your
brother. Not that I care about her, but all
that I posses is under her control. And
the fact that she doesn’t write to me –
fram that I have a presentiment of
trouble about her. Salut Thaïsos my
sistet and tell her, if she needs anything
here, to write to me. I pray for your
health. Verso: give it to Euphrosyne
42. P Cair Isid. 62 (297) a
.
terrible step-mother!
seizure of property to
warrant the dowry
recovery
the plaintiffs mention the
duty to evaluate the dowry
by a goldsmith and taylor.
43. To Aurelius Leontius also called Isidorus ... on duty in
the Arsinoite nome, from Aurelia Thaesion and Aurelia
Kyrillous, both daughters of Kopres and Sarapias, of
the village of Karanis, acting through our guardian and
relative, our maternal uncle Aurelius Ammonius, son of
Isidorus of the same village of Karanis. Manifold are
the covetous acts of men; but when they are detected
therein, it remains for his Highness’ severity to punish
what they have dared to do. Our aforesaid father after
our mother’s death married another woman, and after
suffering a painful injury in an assault, he lingered for
a time. When he was about to depart this life, we called
in his aforesaid wife and asked her whether our father
44. did not perhaps owe something to her or to someone
else, and she acknowledged that he owed nothing. But
after his death the wretched woman first suborned her
own father and compelled him to remove twenty-seven
sheep out of our father’s flock. And when she had
succeeded in this, she then alleged that our father
owed her one gold mina. Having made this claim with
the support of witnesses but not having established it
satisfactorily, she has now taken another approach and
has asserted against us a document supposedly drawn
by our aforesaid father, in which he stated that he, our
father, had given her in hypallagma half-share of a
female slave as security for her dowry which he had
45. used up; but she will not be able to provide the proofs. For this is
required by the laws, that the dowries recorded in written agreements
be evaluated by a goldsmith and a tailor; and she will produce neither
their dowry agreement nor the deed of security which he drew up for
the half interest in the slave girl, probably foreseeing that these were
not properly drawn. Since we intend to inform his Highness the most
renowned Corrector Aurelius Achilles about this matter, we are
submitting this petition with our testimony on this very point,
requesting that she be compelled by you to furnish us with copies of
the contracts which she has claimed to have, that is, both the dowry
agreement and the deed of security, so that thus having traced them
through the record-offices we may be able to answer her claims before
his Highness. For not few are the burdens both public and private
which we now pay and have previously discharged on behalf of our
aforesaid father on account of the very large amount of both public
and private land which was registered in his name. Farewell. Year 2 of
our lord Lucius Domitius Domitianus Augustus, Thoth 8.
48. Laudatio Turiae
Laudatio Turiae, I.37-39
We preserved all your patrimony received
from your parents with shared diligence, for
you had no concern for acquiring that which
you handed over completely to me. We
divided our duties so that I bore the
guardianship of your fortune and you
sustained the care of mine.
49. Senatusconsultum
Velleianum: prehistory
Ulpian, Edict, book 29, D. 16,1,2pr.-3:
Now, first in the reign of the deified
Augustus, and then soon afterward in
that of Claudius, it was forbidden by
imperial edict for women to intercede
on behalf of their husbands.
50. Management
D. 35.2.95.pr Scaevola, Digest, Book XXI.
A husband had charge of the property of his wife, which
did not include her dowry, and she, having died before her
husband had rendered her an account of his
administration, left him heir to her entire estate, and
charged him, when he died, to deliver ten shares of the
same to their common son, and to deliver two shares to her
grandson. The question arose whether what was found to
have remained in the hands of her husband from his
administration of the property should be transferred to the
son, along with the other assets, in proportion to ten shares
of the estate. The answer was that what the husband owed
the estate would also be included in the distribution.
51. Management
D. 3.5.33 Papinian,, Opinions X.
The heir of a deceased husband cannot bring
suit against his wife (who during marriage had
the property of her husband under her control)
for plundering an estate; and he will act more
wisely if he should sue her for production of
property on the ground of business transacted,
if she actually attended to the affairs of her
husband.
52. Wife’s Brining in property and
recovering it.
D. 23.3.9.3 (Ulpian) Again where property is given as
what the Greeks call parapherna and the Gauls
peculium, let us see whether the right to it at once
vests in the husband. I think that if it is given to
become his, it at once passes to the husband; and if
the marriage should be dissolved, the woman cannot
claim it as hers, but should bring a personal action
for its recovery, and not institute proceedings by an
action on dowry as the Divine Marcus, our Emperor,
and his father, stated in a Rescript.
53. It is evident that if a schedule of the property of the
wife is given to her husband, as is generally done at
Rome, for a wife is accustomed to place in a
schedule the property which she is to make use of
in the house of her husband, and which she does
not give as a dowry, in order that he may sign it, as
having received said property, and that she may
retain possession of the document which contains a
description of what she brought into his house.
54. Let us consider whether this belongs to the husband. I do not
think that it does, not for the reason that it is not delivered to
him, for what difference will it make whether it is delivered to him
or not, if it is brought into his house with his consent; but because
I do not believe that it was agreed between husband and wife that
the ownership of said property would be transferred to him, but
rather as it is certain that, in case of a separation, this cannot be
denied; and because frequently the husband assumes
responsibility for such articles unless they are left in charge of his
wife.
Let us see whether, if such articles should not be returned, the
woman can bring an action on the ground of property removed, or
on deposit, or on mandate. Where the safe-keeping of the effects
was entrusted to the husband, she can bring an action on deposit,
or mandate; otherwise, an action for property removed will lie, if
the husband retains it with the intention of appropriating it, or
suit for production can be brought, if he has not attempted to
remove the property.