This document discusses various gynecological infections and abnormalities. It begins by defining and describing dysmenorrhea (painful periods) and its causes. It then discusses premenstrual syndrome (PMS), defining it as a cluster of physical and psychological symptoms before menstruation. Precipitating factors and common symptoms of PMS are provided. Treatment options for both dysmenorrhea and PMS focus on reducing pain and inflammation. These include NSAIDs, oral contraceptives, exercise, and tranquilizers or diuretics to help manage mood changes and bloating respectively.
Understanding your-menstrual-cycle and body systemRufus Yamoah
This Slide Show Presentation is Pastor Derashay Zorn for LADY CARE COACHING. Learn how to manage your body and take care of yourself as a lady during menstrual cycle.
For more Info visit www.healthlibrary.com "Management of PCOS in Unani System of Medicine" by Dr. Shaikh Nikhat held on 11th June 2016.
Management of PCOS in Unani System of Medicine - Unani system have the holistic approach to treat the condition like PCOD / PCOS.
These slides are for Yoga Teachers or students of Yoga for understanding the disease and what Yoga program we can offer to our client when they reach you for help. Although every individual is unique and Yoga Therapy should also be made considering what level of disease they are going through.
Disclaimer: We dont take any responsibility if someone starts to follow the program as mentioned in the PPT for any harm or injury.
The term metrorrhagia is often used for irregular menstruation that occurs between the expected menstrual periods. Oligomenorrhea is the medical term for infrequent, often light menstrual periods (intervals exceeding 35 days). Amenorrhea is the absence of a menstrual period in a woman of reproductive age.
Understanding your-menstrual-cycle and body systemRufus Yamoah
This Slide Show Presentation is Pastor Derashay Zorn for LADY CARE COACHING. Learn how to manage your body and take care of yourself as a lady during menstrual cycle.
For more Info visit www.healthlibrary.com "Management of PCOS in Unani System of Medicine" by Dr. Shaikh Nikhat held on 11th June 2016.
Management of PCOS in Unani System of Medicine - Unani system have the holistic approach to treat the condition like PCOD / PCOS.
These slides are for Yoga Teachers or students of Yoga for understanding the disease and what Yoga program we can offer to our client when they reach you for help. Although every individual is unique and Yoga Therapy should also be made considering what level of disease they are going through.
Disclaimer: We dont take any responsibility if someone starts to follow the program as mentioned in the PPT for any harm or injury.
The term metrorrhagia is often used for irregular menstruation that occurs between the expected menstrual periods. Oligomenorrhea is the medical term for infrequent, often light menstrual periods (intervals exceeding 35 days). Amenorrhea is the absence of a menstrual period in a woman of reproductive age.
Menopause is a biological stage in a woman's life that occurs when she stops menstruating and reaches the end of her natural reproductive life. This is not usually abrupt, but a gradual process during which women experience perimenopause before reaching post-menopause”
A complete question and answer ppt on Menstruation and related queries, questions. Find information about Period pain, excess bleeding,PCOD/PCOS, menopause and much more...
Menopause is a biological stage in a woman's life that occurs when she stops menstruating and reaches the end of her natural reproductive life. This is not usually abrupt, but a gradual process during which women experience perimenopause before reaching post-menopause”
A complete question and answer ppt on Menstruation and related queries, questions. Find information about Period pain, excess bleeding,PCOD/PCOS, menopause and much more...
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Safalta Digital marketing institute in Noida, provide complete applications that encompass a huge range of virtual advertising and marketing additives, which includes search engine optimization, virtual communication advertising, pay-per-click on marketing, content material advertising, internet analytics, and greater. These university courses are designed for students who possess a comprehensive understanding of virtual marketing strategies and attributes.Safalta Digital Marketing Institute in Noida is a first choice for young individuals or students who are looking to start their careers in the field of digital advertising. The institute gives specialized courses designed and certification.
for beginners, providing thorough training in areas such as SEO, digital communication marketing, and PPC training in Noida. After finishing the program, students receive the certifications recognised by top different universitie, setting a strong foundation for a successful career in digital marketing.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
6. “Women’s health” – what are we talking about?
• Who’s heard of the phrase “women’s troubles?”
Menstrual Problems
PCOS
Ovarian Cyst
Endometriosis
Vaginal Discharge
Urinary tract infections
Osteoporosis
Autoimmune Diseases
(including Diabetes, thyroid
issues etc)
Cardiovascular diseases
Gallstones
7. Menstruation – how can this effect women’s health?
Premenstrual syndrome(PMS )
Symptoms include:
• Swollen or tender breasts
• Spotty skin or greasy hair
• Constipation or diarrhoea
• Bloating or a gassy feeling
• Cramping
• Headache or backache
• Clumsiness
• Lower tolerance for noise or light
• Irritability or hostile behaviour
• Feeling tired
• Sleep problems (sleeping too much or too
little)
• Appetite changes or food cravings
• Trouble with concentration or memory
• Tension or anxiety
• Depression, feelings of sadness, or crying
spells
• Mood swings
• Less interest in sex
Symptoms include:
• Lasting irritability or anger that may affect
other people
• Feelings of sadness or despair, or even
thoughts of suicide
• Feelings of tension or anxiety
• Panic attacks
• Mood swings or crying often
• Lack of interest in daily activities and
relationships
• Trouble thinking or focusing
• Tiredness or low energy
• Food cravings or binge eating
• Trouble sleeping
• Feeling out of control
• Physical symptoms, such as cramps,
bloating, breast tenderness, headaches,
and joint or muscle pain
Premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD )
8. Menstruation – how can this effect women’s health?
What helps?
• Getting regular aerobic physical activity throughout the month. Exercise can help with
symptoms such as depression, difficulty concentrating, and fatigue.
• Choose healthy foods most of the time. Avoiding foods and drinks with caffeine, salt, and
sugar in the two weeks before your period may lessen many PMS symptoms.
• Get enough sleep. Try to get about eight hours of sleep each night. Lack of sleep is linked
to depression and anxiety and can make PMS symptoms such as moodiness worse.
• Find healthy ways to cope with stress. Talk to your friends or write in a journal. Some
women also find yoga, massage, or meditation helpful.
• Consult your GP – if the above aren't working keep a diary of your symptoms and speak
with your GP who may prescribe antidepressants
• Don’t smoke.
• Don’t drink too much alcohol
9. Menstruation - how can this effect women’s health?
Endometriosis
Symptoms:
• pain in your lower tummy or back
(pelvic pain) – usually worse during
your period
• period pain that stops you doing your
normal activities
• pain during or after sex
• pain when peeing or pooing during
your period
• feeling sick, constipation, diarrhoea, or
blood in your pee during your period
• difficulty getting pregnant
• You may also have heavy periods – you
might use lots of pads or tampons, or
you may bleed through your clothes
What to do:
• Keep a diary / log of your symptoms
• Arrange to see your GP to get a
diagnosis
• See support from Endometriosis UK
(details on final slide)
Treatments can include:
• Painkillers such as ibuprofen or
paracetamol
• Hormone medicine or contraceptives
• surgery
On average it takes up to 7 years to diagnose from the onset of symptoms
Women with endometriosis can suffer a 38% greater loss of work productivity than those
without endometriosis – this difference was mainly explained by a greater severity of pain
symptoms among women with endometriosis
10. Menstruation – what can be done to support and why it matters
Why it matters…
58% had found it difficult to work because of the pain,
What can we do?
• Talk about it! We should all encourage a culture of greater openness about our
health, regardless of our gender.
• Encourage people to take exercise during the working day – even a walk around
campus can reduce pain and discomfort
• Relaxation techniques – providing space and time for individuals to practice
mindfulness during the day can be helpful or time to attend a yoga or Pilates class
• Encouraging staff to consult their GP if the pain is greater than mere discomfort
• Discuss opportunities to work more flexibly or working from home
• Be sensitive to those around you
12. Definition
• Normal menstrual cycle involves
hypothalamus-pituitary-ovary and uterus and
is 28 days
• Vaginal bleeding is abnormal (Abnormal
Uterine Bleeding--AUB) when:
– Volume is excessive or
– Occurs at times other than expected, including
during pregnancy or menopause
• Known as dysfunctional uterine bleeding
(DUB) when organic causes are excluded
13. AUB
• Duration >7 days or
• Flow >80ml/cycle or
• Occurs more frequently than 21 days or
• Occurs more than 90 days apart or
• Intermenstrual or postcoital bleeding
19. Hematologic
• Von Willebrand’s disease (most common
inherited bleeding disorder with frequency
1/800-1000)
• Hemophilia
• Thrombocytopenia
• Hematologic malignancies (leukemia)
• Liver disease
20. Other
• DUB (dysfunctional uterine bleeding): non-organic
causes, either ovulatory or anovulatory
• Fallopian tube cancer
• Trauma
• Foreign body
• Cervical bleeding--mets, cervicitis, cervical cancer
• Vaginitis--atrophic, cancer of vagina
• Endometrial cancer (10% of post-menopausal
bleeding)
21. Evaluation of Abnormal Uterine Bleeding
(AUB)
Acute
History suggestive of:
• Pregnancy and related
complications
• Recent and Heavy
bleeding
• Pelvic pain
• Medications
contributing to above
Chronic
History:
• Long standing abnormal
menstrual history
• Symptoms of anemia,
hypothyroidism,
perimenopause
• Personal or family history
of excessive bleeding
22. AUB Examination
• Assess vitals/hemodynamic stability
• Look for features of anemia (pallor,
tachycardia, syncope)
• Look for features of hypothyroidism
• Look for metabolic syndrome (obesity,
hirsutism, acne)
• Pelvic exam for structural abnormalities:
fibroids, pregnancy, active bleeding—uterine
vs. cervical bleeding
23. AUB Lab Studies
• Serum HCG to rule out pregnancy
• CBC and iron studies to assess severity of anemia
• TSH for thyroid disorders
• Coagulation studies (PT, PTT, platelet count, VWF) (primarily
for adolescents)
• Transvaginal ultrasound to look for fibroids and other
masses/lesions
• Endometrial biopsy to rule out endometrial cancer in
perimenopausal and chronic anovulatory cycles (primarily for
women >35 years with AUB and postmenopausal women)
• Sonohysterography is useful in diagnosis of anatomical lesions
which might even be missed with transvaginal ultrasound
24. Treatment of Chronic Menorrhagia for
Most Causes (including DUB)
Combined hormonal contraceptives (cyclical
or continuous)
DMPA (depot medroxyprogesterone)
IUD (Intrauterine devices)
25. Treatment options continued
After excluding coagulopathy, pregnancy, or
malignancy:
• Progestins
• Estrogens including oral contraceptives
• Cyclic NSAIDS
• Dilatation and curettage (surgical)
• Endometrial ablation (surgical)
• Hysteroscopic endometrial resection (surgical)
26. Treatment for Fibroids
• Surgical: Hysterectomy/myomectomy, uterine
artery ablation
• Medical: Suppression of gonadotropins
(danazol and leuprolide)
27. Treatment: progestins
• Inhibits endometrial growth by inhibiting
synthesis of estrogen receptors, promotes
conversion of estradiol to estrone, inhibits LH
• Organized slough to basalis layer
• Stimulates arachidonic acid production
• Progestins preferred for those women with
anovulatory AUB
28. Progestational Agents
• Cyclic medroxyprogesterone 2.5-10mg daily
for 10-14 days
• Continuous medroxyprogesterone 2.5-5mg
daily
• DMPA 150 mg IM every 3 months
• Levonorgestrel IUD (5 years)
29. Estrogens
• Conjugated estrogens given IV every 6 hours
effective in controlling heavy bleeding
followed by oral estrogen
• For less severe bleeding, oral conjugated
estrogens 1.25 mg, 2 tabs qid--until bleeding
stops
30. NSAIDS
• Cyclooxygenase pathway is blocked
• Arachidonic acid conversion from
prostaglandins to thromboxane and
prostacyclin (which promotes bleeding by
causing vasodilation and platelet aggregation)
is blocked
31. Clinical Highlights
• Most common cause of AUB in reproductive
age is pregnancy related--so initial evaluation
must include pregnancy test.
• Pregnancy must be ruled out before initiating
invasive testes or medical therapy
32. Clinical Highlights
• Endometrial biopsy is recommended for post
menopausal women
Or
• Younger women with history of chronic
anovulation >35 years of age
33. Clinical Highlights
• Uterine cancer and endometrial hyperplasia
must be ruled out before medical therapy is
initiated in postmenopausal/perimenopausal
bleeding
• NSAIDS may reduce menstrual flow by 20-60%
in women with chronic menorrhagia
• Coagulopathy workup must be initiated in
menorrhagia in adolescents
34. References
• ACOG Practice Bulletin #14, 2000
• American Journal Obstetrics and Gynecol
2005;193:1361
• Clinical Obstetrics & Gynecology 50(2):324-
353, June 2007
• Comprehensive Gynecology, 4th edition
• Harrison’s Principles of Internal Medicine, 14th
edition
• Karlsson, et al, 1995
36. • Women reproductive system is quite volatile and it often gets
infected with numerous infections and other health issues. PCOS
(Polycystic Ovary Syndrome) is one such problem that can prove to be
quite negative for a woman’s health.
• PCOS is a major hormonal and metabolic issue influencing females,
causing side effects, for example, infertility, weight increase, acne,
and abundance of hair in unwanted areas, hair loss, mind swings, skin
tags, and an increased danger of diabetes.
• There are numerous myths connected with PCOS, so it’s time to
debunk them!
37. Myth #1 – If a patient is overweight, then she has to endure it
because there’s no solution for the problem.
• Absolutely wrong! If you’ve Polycystic Ovary Syndrome and you’re
overweight, it can be more testing to shed pounds than the 'normal'
individual, yet it is absolutely not impossible to achieve this target. The
main way you’ll get fit and keep it off is by managing the basic factors
that cause your body to hold fat.
• Remember, fat cells won't get burned when insulin levels are high, so
you have to focus on insulin resistance by having a low GI diet,
following normal exercise for every 2 days, increasing your rest, and
taking health supplements.
38. Myth #2 – If you’ve Polycystic Ovary Syndrome you won't be able to
conceive children without the assistance of IVF.
• Absolutely wrong! Despite the fact that having PCOS can make it hard
to consider, and IVF has helped numerous females with PCOS to
conceive, it isn't the only option for females. There are additionally
numerous females who have become pregnant with less intrusive
medications, and some even just with common medicines. Remember,
you can have PCOS and become a mother!
39. Myth #3 – Polycystic Ovary Syndrome is just a matter of concern, if
you’re trying to get pregnant.
• Absolutely wrong! For some females, getting pregnant is one of the
biggest matters of concern if they’ve PCOS, yet Polycystic Ovary
Syndrome carries with it numerous different issues that can be
similarly as challenging as infertility. The impact that Polycystic Ovary
Syndrome has on a female's femininity and self-confidence can't be
ignored.
• Depression and mood swings can be occur because of this and must
be handled seriously. Consult renowned gynecologists to get the best
treatment for PCOS and issues connected with it.
40. Myth #4 – Polycystic Ovary Syndrome disappearance after menopause or
a hysterectomy will end the issue.
• Absolutely wrong! It’s true that after menopause, many changes
happen. Some of your Polycystic Ovary Syndrome symptoms may die
down, for example, period issues, of course, yet the basic metabolic
reasons for PCOS will still be there. For more info, consult famous
gynaecologists.
• Remember, menopause won't cure your Polycystic Ovary Syndrome, in
spite of the fact that it will influence you in an unexpected way. You
may still witness acne and excessive hair in unwanted areas, weight
gain, and sugar cravings.
42. Dysmenorrhea
• Most common cause of pelvic pain in
females.
• Definition - menstrual pain
• Etiology -
– Obstruction and anatomical cervical stenosis,
fibroids, anteflexion of uterus, PID
– Endocrine - excessive production of prostaglandins
which intensify uterine contractions.
43. Dysmenorrhea
• Management.
• NSAIDS (nonsteroidal anti inflammatory
drugs).
• Oral contraceptive.
• Adequate rest and sleep and regular exercise
may be beneficial.
• Heating--baths, soaks, showers and heating
pad.
• Muscle relaxants--PRN for cramping.
44. Premenstrual syndrome (PMS)
premenstrual tension
• Definition--is a distinct clinical entity
characterized by a cluster of physical and
psychological symptoms that are limited to a
week or 10 days, preceding menstruation and
are relieved by onset of the menses.
45. Premenstrual syndrome (PMS)
premenstrual tension
• Known precipitating factors include an
increase in antidiuretic hormone and
aldosterone secretion, as well as estrogen-
progesterone imbalance.
49. Premenstrual syndrome (PMS)
premenstrual tension
• Treatment.
• Past treatment has been symptomatic.
• Diuretics to reduce fluid retention.
• Tranquilizer drugs for mood changes.
Diazepam 2 5 mg TID orally.
• Analgesics for pain, mild pain ASA 600 mg
orally Q 4 6 hrs PRN.
• Program of regular sleep and exercise.
50. Premenstrual syndrome (PMS)
premenstrual tension
• Treatment.
• Decrease salt intake to relieve bloating and
edema.
• Drug therapy should be avoided, when
possible.
51. Pelvic Inflammatory Disease
• Definition--Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID)
is any acute, subacute, recurrent, or chronic
infection of the oviducts, and ovaries, with
adjacent involvement.
52. Pelvic Inflammatory Disease
• Sites - it includes inflammation of the cervix
(cervicitis) uterus (endometritis) fallopian
tubes (salpingitis) and ovaries (oophoritis)
which can extend to the connective tissue
lying between the broad ligaments
(parametritis).
57. Pelvic Inflammatory Disease
• Acute cervicitis.
• Assessment.
• Physical examination.
• Cultures for N. gonorrhea are positive
greater than 90% of the time.
• Cytologic smears.
• Cervical palpation reveals tenderness.
• Management - based on culture results.
58. Pelvic Inflammatory Disease
• Chronic cervicitis.
• Symptoms.
• Cervical dystocia--difficult labor.
• Lacerations or eversion of the cervix.
• Ulceration vesicular lesions (when cervicitis
results from Herpes simplex
59. Pelvic Inflammatory Disease
• Assessment.
• Physical examination.
• Chronic cervicitis, causative organisms are
usually staphylococcus or streptococcus.
60. Pelvic Inflammatory Disease
• Management - manage by cauterization,
cryotherapy, conization (excision of a cone of
tissue).
61. Pelvic Inflammatory Disease
• Endometritis.
• Definition - inflammation of the
endometrium.
• Etiology - produced by bacterial infection most
commonly staphylococci, colon bacilli, or
gonococci, trauma, septic abortion
62. Pelvic Inflammatory Disease
• Endometritis.
• Etiology - produced by bacterial infection most
commonly staphylococci, colon bacilli, or
gonococci, trauma, septic abortion.
• Sites - uterine ligaments, (uterosacral, broad,
round) and ovaries, (extra uterine locations).
63. NOTE
• Endometriosis - ectopic endometrium
located in various sites throughout the
pelvis or on the abdominal wall.
64.
65. Pelvic Inflammatory Disease
• Endometriosis
• Symptoms.
• Low back and low abdominal pain.
• Dysmenorrhea.
• Menorrhagia.
• Pain on defecation, constipation.
• Sterility.
67. Pelvic Inflammatory Disease
• Salpingitis and Oophoritis.
• Definition - infection of the fallopian tubes
and ovaries.
• History - usually recent sexual intercourse,
insertion of an IUD, or a recent childbirth or
abortion, gonococcus, chlamydia,
streptococcus, and anaerobes have been
implicated as causative organisms
68. Pelvic Inflammatory Disease
• Salpingitis and Oophoritis.
• Signs and symptoms.
• Lower abdominal pain sometimes with signs
and symptoms of acute abdomen can be
unilateral or bilateral.
• Fever.
• Severe pain with palpation of the cervix,
uterus, and adnexa (Chandelier sign).
69. Pelvic Inflammatory Disease
• Salpingitis and Oophoritis.
• Signs and symptoms (cont.)
• Purulent cervical discharge.
• Leukocytosis.
70. Pelvic Inflammatory Disease
• Salpingitis and Oophoritis.
• Assessment.
• Physical examination.
• Gonorrhea culture.
• Test for chlamydia.
72. Pelvic Inflammatory Disease
• Salpingitis and Oophoritis
• Management.
• IV fluids to correct dehydration.
• NG suction in the presence of abdominal
distention or ileus.
• Manage the associated symptoms.
• Bedrest and restrict oral feedings.
75. Ovarian Cyst
• Ovarian cysts are usually nonneoplastic sacs
on an ovary that contain fluid or semisolid
material.
• Ovarian cysts are frequently asymptomatic,
but the pressure of an abnormal mass may
cause discomfort, aching, or heaviness to the
pelvic region and on abdominal organs.
76. Ovarian Cyst
• Sudden or sharp pain may indicate rupture,
hemorrhage, or torsion of cyst.
• Fever, leukocytosis or s/s of shock may be
present.
81. Monoliasis or Candidiasis
• Signs and symptoms.
• Marked leukorrhea, marked redness of vulva,
extreme pruritus.
• White, creamy, cheesy, sweet smelling
discharge, thrush patches.
• Commonly seen in pregnancy, diabetics,
women on BCP or antibiotics (ampicillin).
82. Monoliasis or Candidiasis
• Assessment - lab KOH wet mount NS KOH 10%
20% look for (branching Hyphae or Mycelium
fungus nails).
• Management - Nystatin--intravaginal adult
tabs 0.1 to 0.2 million units daily times 7 to 10
days.
87. Bacterial Vaginitis
(Gardnerella vaginitis)
• Assessment.
• Gram-positive nonmotile coccobacillus that
normally inhabits the vagina.
• Wet smears of this nonspecific vaginitis yields
vaginal desquamated epithelial cells covered
with many bacteria.
88. Bacterial Vaginitis
(Gardnerella vaginitis)
• Management.
• Metronidazole (Flagyl) 250 mg TID to 500
mg BID orally for 7 10 days.
• Ampicillin 500 mg QID x 7 days.
• Douching with povidone iodine solution.
• About 25% of the patients have recurrence
and require treatment in 2 3 months.
• Management based on culture results.
89. Perineal pain -
Bartholin’s abscess
• Definition and etiology - acute or chronic
infection of the Bartholin's gland
(streptococci, staphylococci, E. coli,
anaerobes; may result in infection).
• History - recent intercourse, venereal disease,
trauma, spontaneous abortion, wiping from
rectum to vagina.
90. Perineal pain -
Bartholin’s abscess
• Signs and symptoms.
• Mass in perineum that is hot, tender, and
fluctuant.
• Pus draining from Bartholin's duct.
91.
92. Perineal pain -
Bartholin’s abscess
• Management.
• I & D.
• Sitz bath.
• Broad-spectrum antibiotics which cover gram-
positive organisms and some common vaginal
gram-negative organisms.
94. Acute Mastitis
• Definition - bacterial infection of breast.
• Time - confined generally to the first 2 months
of lactation.
• Organism - usually staphylococcus, sometimes
streptococcus.
• RULE - signs and symptoms of mastitis in
female; rule out cancer
95. Acute Mastitis
• Signs and symptoms.
• Pain in the breast.
• Withdraw from palpation.
• Erythema.
• Induration.
• Hot.
97. Chronic Cystic Mastitis
• Benign pathology - fibrocystic syndrome.
• Age - begins in twenties and increases with
age.
• Signs and symptoms.
• Single or multiple cysts.
• Pain/tenderness.
• Nodular, well defined cysts.
• Smooth, firm, mobile cysts.
98. Chronic Cystic Mastitis
• Significance - increased incidence of breast
cancer 3-5 times.
• Management.
• Rule out cancer.
• Avoid caffeine and tobacco products, may
need referral to rule out cancer; follow-up
patient education.
• NOTE: In a field environment have
patient return for follow up.