This document discusses disorders of menstruation, including amenorrhea and premenstrual syndrome (PMS). It defines amenorrhea as the absence of menstrual periods, and describes primary amenorrhea as never starting periods and secondary amenorrhea as periods ceasing. Common causes include pregnancy, breastfeeding, medications, hormonal imbalances, eating disorders, and structural issues. PMS refers to physical and emotional symptoms in the one to two weeks before a period, with treatments including antidepressants, NSAIDs, diuretics, and dietary and lifestyle modifications.
This document provides information about disorders of the menstrual cycle. It discusses amenorrhea, which is the absence of menstrual periods, and outlines its various causes including natural states, contraceptive use, medications, lifestyle factors, and hormonal or structural issues. Signs and symptoms of amenorrhea are described. The diagnostic process and treatment options for restoring normal menstruation are also outlined. The document then discusses premenstrual syndrome, including common symptoms, potential causes, and treatment approaches like antidepressants, NSAIDs, diuretics, and lifestyle modifications.
These slides are for Yoga Teachers or students of Yoga for understanding the disease and what Yoga program we can offer to our client when they reach you for help. Although every individual is unique and Yoga Therapy should also be made considering what level of disease they are going through.
Disclaimer: We dont take any responsibility if someone starts to follow the program as mentioned in the PPT for any harm or injury.
This document discusses male and female climacteric changes. It describes andropause or male menopause as age-related changes in men over 50 that involve a drop in testosterone levels and similar symptoms to hypogonadism. Common symptoms include low energy, depression, erectile dysfunction and reduced muscle mass. Diagnosis is based on history, exam and testosterone blood levels. Lifestyle changes and testosterone therapy are management options. Menopause in women occurs between 45-55 and involves stopping periods due to declining estrogen levels. Symptoms last 4 years and are managed with hormone replacement therapy, lifestyle changes or mindfulness.
Absent or irregular periods??
Menstrual cycle disorders can cause a woman’s periods to be absent or infrequent. Although some women do not mind missing their menstrual period, these changes should always be discussed with a healthcare provider because they can signal underlying medical conditions and potentially have long-term health consequences. A woman who misses more than three menstrual periods (either consecutively or over the course of a year) should see a healthcare provider.
This document discusses polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), a hormonal disorder common among women of reproductive age. PCOS is caused by abnormal ovarian function and high androgen levels. Its symptoms include irregular periods, excess body and facial hair, and cysts on the ovaries. Early diagnosis and treatment, especially weight loss, can reduce risks of diabetes and heart disease. The document discusses various treatment options for PCOS, including lifestyle changes, oral contraceptives, metformin, and clomiphene. It also covers diagnosis of PCOS through physical exams, blood tests, and pelvic ultrasounds.
Menopause is a biological stage in a woman's life that occurs when she stops menstruating and reaches the end of her natural reproductive life. This is not usually abrupt, but a gradual process during which women experience perimenopause before reaching post-menopause”
Menstrual problems are common in female athletes due to hormonal disturbances from intense exercise and dietary factors. Key issues include delayed menarche, luteal dysfunction, oligomenorrhea and amenorrhea. Treatment focuses on diet, exercise and hormone therapy if needed to address infertility risks and bone density loss from prolonged lack of periods.
Menopause is defined as the permanent cessation of menstruation due to loss of ovarian activity, occurring typically between ages 45-55. It marks the end of a woman's reproductive life and is a natural part of aging. Common symptoms include hot flashes, night sweats, sleep problems, mood changes, and vaginal dryness due to declining estrogen levels. Hormone replacement therapy can help treat short-term symptoms but carries some health risks with long-term use. Lifestyle changes and supplements are generally recommended first before considering hormone therapy.
This document provides information about disorders of the menstrual cycle. It discusses amenorrhea, which is the absence of menstrual periods, and outlines its various causes including natural states, contraceptive use, medications, lifestyle factors, and hormonal or structural issues. Signs and symptoms of amenorrhea are described. The diagnostic process and treatment options for restoring normal menstruation are also outlined. The document then discusses premenstrual syndrome, including common symptoms, potential causes, and treatment approaches like antidepressants, NSAIDs, diuretics, and lifestyle modifications.
These slides are for Yoga Teachers or students of Yoga for understanding the disease and what Yoga program we can offer to our client when they reach you for help. Although every individual is unique and Yoga Therapy should also be made considering what level of disease they are going through.
Disclaimer: We dont take any responsibility if someone starts to follow the program as mentioned in the PPT for any harm or injury.
This document discusses male and female climacteric changes. It describes andropause or male menopause as age-related changes in men over 50 that involve a drop in testosterone levels and similar symptoms to hypogonadism. Common symptoms include low energy, depression, erectile dysfunction and reduced muscle mass. Diagnosis is based on history, exam and testosterone blood levels. Lifestyle changes and testosterone therapy are management options. Menopause in women occurs between 45-55 and involves stopping periods due to declining estrogen levels. Symptoms last 4 years and are managed with hormone replacement therapy, lifestyle changes or mindfulness.
Absent or irregular periods??
Menstrual cycle disorders can cause a woman’s periods to be absent or infrequent. Although some women do not mind missing their menstrual period, these changes should always be discussed with a healthcare provider because they can signal underlying medical conditions and potentially have long-term health consequences. A woman who misses more than three menstrual periods (either consecutively or over the course of a year) should see a healthcare provider.
This document discusses polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), a hormonal disorder common among women of reproductive age. PCOS is caused by abnormal ovarian function and high androgen levels. Its symptoms include irregular periods, excess body and facial hair, and cysts on the ovaries. Early diagnosis and treatment, especially weight loss, can reduce risks of diabetes and heart disease. The document discusses various treatment options for PCOS, including lifestyle changes, oral contraceptives, metformin, and clomiphene. It also covers diagnosis of PCOS through physical exams, blood tests, and pelvic ultrasounds.
Menopause is a biological stage in a woman's life that occurs when she stops menstruating and reaches the end of her natural reproductive life. This is not usually abrupt, but a gradual process during which women experience perimenopause before reaching post-menopause”
Menstrual problems are common in female athletes due to hormonal disturbances from intense exercise and dietary factors. Key issues include delayed menarche, luteal dysfunction, oligomenorrhea and amenorrhea. Treatment focuses on diet, exercise and hormone therapy if needed to address infertility risks and bone density loss from prolonged lack of periods.
Menopause is defined as the permanent cessation of menstruation due to loss of ovarian activity, occurring typically between ages 45-55. It marks the end of a woman's reproductive life and is a natural part of aging. Common symptoms include hot flashes, night sweats, sleep problems, mood changes, and vaginal dryness due to declining estrogen levels. Hormone replacement therapy can help treat short-term symptoms but carries some health risks with long-term use. Lifestyle changes and supplements are generally recommended first before considering hormone therapy.
PCOS is a condition characterized by the formation of cysts in the ovaries caused by increased levels of male hormones preventing ovulation. It can be diagnosed through hormonal testing, ultrasound detection of cysts, and can be caused by genetic or metabolic factors like obesity. Women with PCOS have a higher risk of health issues like infertility, gestational diabetes, and miscarriage during pregnancy and require careful monitoring. Homeopathic, Ayurvedic, and Siddha medicines may help treat PCOS through regulating hormones and the menstrual cycle.
This document discusses various gynecological infections and abnormalities. It begins by defining and describing dysmenorrhea (painful periods) and its causes. It then discusses premenstrual syndrome (PMS), defining it as a cluster of physical and psychological symptoms before menstruation. Precipitating factors and common symptoms of PMS are provided. Treatment options for both dysmenorrhea and PMS focus on reducing pain and inflammation. These include NSAIDs, oral contraceptives, exercise, and tranquilizers or diuretics to help manage mood changes and bloating respectively.
Ovulation disorder is a series of conditions that affect the endocrine system and hormones, bringing an abnormality in the Ovulation cycle. Ovulation disorders are common, and most are treatable if the treatment is opted for at the right time.
This document discusses menopause and related topics. It defines menopause as the permanent cessation of menstruation resulting from loss of ovarian activity. Natural menopause is recognized after 12 months of amenorrhea without other causes. Women in the UK typically experience menopause between ages 45-55. The document also discusses premenopause, perimenopause, postmenopause, premature ovarian insufficiency, symptoms, diagnosis, and management including hormone replacement therapy.
Dysmenorrhoea is menstrual cramps and pain associated with menstruation. It affects approximately 50% of women and is caused by prostaglandins released during menstruation which cause uterine contractions and pain. Primary dysmenorrhoea occurs without underlying issues and is most common in adolescent women. Secondary dysmenorrhoea has underlying causes like endometriosis. Treatment includes medications like NSAIDs and hormonal contraceptives to reduce pain.
Global Medical Cures™ | Women's Health - REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH
Caring for your reproductive health, understanding reproduction and gynecological disorders, and understanding you birth control options.
DISCLAIMER-
Global Medical Cures™ does not offer any medical advice, diagnosis, treatment or recommendations. Only your healthcare provider/physician can offer you information and recommendations for you to decide about your healthcare choices.
Amenorrhoea is the absence of menstrual periods in a woman of reproductive age. There are two main types: primary amenorrhoea, where periods do not start by age 16, and secondary amenorrhoea, where established periods stop for six months or more. Common causes of secondary amenorrhoea include pregnancy, breastfeeding, contraceptive use, stress, weight change, excessive exercise, and medical conditions affecting hormone levels like polycystic ovary syndrome. Treatment depends on the underlying cause but may involve lifestyle changes, hormone therapy, weight management, or fertility treatment.
The three main hormones involved in the female menstrual cycle are estrogen, progesterone, and luteinizing hormone (LH). Estrogen causes the thickening of the uterine lining and development of female secondary sex characteristics. Progesterone maintains the thickened uterine lining to prepare for potential implantation. If implantation does not occur, decreasing progesterone levels cause the uterine lining to shed through menstruation. LH surges near ovulation to trigger the release of a mature egg. Together, these hormones regulate the monthly changes in a woman's reproductive system through menarche, menstruation, and menopause.
This document discusses hormonal replacement therapy (HRT). It begins by defining HRT as any medical treatment that replaces hormones the body can no longer produce on its own due to age or organ damage/failure. The main types of HRT are then listed, including various sex hormones. Effects of HRT for transgender individuals and testosterone replacement therapy are also outlined. The document concludes by discussing menopause, including its phases, causes, and physiological changes like hormonal and ovarian changes.
This document discusses several reproductive disorders in women including menopause, premenstrual syndrome, dysmenorrhea, amenorrhea, menorrhagia, metrorrhagia, abortion, spontaneous abortion, and habitual abortion. It describes the symptoms, causes, medical management, and nursing care considerations for each condition. Key points covered include the hormonal changes that occur during menopause and how it is signaled, common symptoms of premenstrual syndrome, painful menstruation associated with dysmenorrhea, and definitions and types of abortion.
This document outlines the course content for a gynaecology course. It will cover topics such as anatomy and physiology, gynaecological assessment, common disorders including menstrual disorders, abortions, pelvic congestion syndrome and ectopic pregnancy. Specific conditions like dysfunctional uterine bleeding, threatened abortion and septic abortion will also be described in terms of definition, causes, signs/symptoms, management and complications.
This document summarizes various gynecological disorders including menstrual disorders, amenorrhea, abnormal uterine bleeding, menstrual pain, endometriosis, premenstrual disorders, gynecological infections including toxic shock syndrome, sexually transmitted infections, and pelvic inflammatory disease. It provides details on causes, symptoms, diagnoses, and treatment for each condition. The nursing role involves educating patients, explaining treatments, providing emotional support, and preventing infections through measures like safe sex practices and hygiene.
Oligomenorrhea refers to infrequent or abnormally light menstrual bleeding where periods occur more than 35 days apart. It can be caused by age, weight changes, stress, exercise, medical conditions like PCOS, or medications. Diagnosis involves medical tests to check hormone levels and examine reproductive organs. Treatment depends on the underlying cause but may include lifestyle changes, hormone therapy, or treating any medical conditions found to be contributing.
Amenorrhea is the absence of menstrual periods. It can result from hormonal imbalances that interrupt the menstrual cycle at various points. Causes of primary amenorrhea include hormonal imbalances, psychiatric disorders, eating disorders, malnutrition, rapid weight gain or loss, and certain drugs. Specific causes are polycystic ovary syndrome, thyroid issues, pituitary tumors, and premature menopause, which can interfere with the hormonal regulation of menstruation.
The term metrorrhagia is often used for irregular menstruation that occurs between the expected menstrual periods. Oligomenorrhea is the medical term for infrequent, often light menstrual periods (intervals exceeding 35 days). Amenorrhea is the absence of a menstrual period in a woman of reproductive age.
This document summarizes puberty in females, including normal developmental milestones, hormonal changes, physical changes, diagnostic approaches, differential diagnoses, and common disorders. Puberty typically begins between ages 8-13 with breast development and pubic hair growth, followed by a growth spurt and first menstrual period around age 12-13. Precocious and delayed puberty as well as menstrual irregularities are some of the main puberty disorders discussed. A thorough history, physical exam, and potential lab/imaging workup are used to diagnose the underlying cause and guide management.
Sex hormones play an important role in sexual development and reproductive functions. Disorders can occur when hormone levels are too high or too low. Some common sex hormone disorders discussed in the document include erectile dysfunction in males, gynecomastia which is breast growth in males, hypogonadism meaning low sex hormones, and polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) in females. PCOS is characterized by irregular periods, excess hair growth, and obesity due to abnormal ovarian function and high androgen levels. Its causes may include excess insulin, inflammation, and heredity.
Changes in Reproductive Health Hormonal Balance Life Style Adaptationilaiyarani
This document summarizes changes in the reproductive system that occur with hormonal imbalance and lifestyle adaptations during menopause. It discusses the definition of the reproductive system and the roles of key hormones like testosterone, estrogen, and progesterone in regulating the male and female systems. It describes symptoms of low and high hormone levels as well as changes that occur in the organs during menopause such as irregular periods, hot flashes, night sweats, insomnia, and fatigue. Lifestyle adaptations and natural remedies are suggested to help manage menopausal symptoms.
Cardiogenic shock is a life-threatening condition where the heart is unable to pump enough blood to meet the body's needs. It is usually caused by heart muscle damage from a myocardial infarction, cardiomyopathy, or other acute cardiac conditions. Key features include low blood pressure, rapid heart rate, impaired thinking, and poor peripheral circulation. Treatment focuses on supporting heart function through inotropic drugs or devices, reducing workload on the heart, and treating any underlying causes.
PCOS is a condition characterized by the formation of cysts in the ovaries caused by increased levels of male hormones preventing ovulation. It can be diagnosed through hormonal testing, ultrasound detection of cysts, and can be caused by genetic or metabolic factors like obesity. Women with PCOS have a higher risk of health issues like infertility, gestational diabetes, and miscarriage during pregnancy and require careful monitoring. Homeopathic, Ayurvedic, and Siddha medicines may help treat PCOS through regulating hormones and the menstrual cycle.
This document discusses various gynecological infections and abnormalities. It begins by defining and describing dysmenorrhea (painful periods) and its causes. It then discusses premenstrual syndrome (PMS), defining it as a cluster of physical and psychological symptoms before menstruation. Precipitating factors and common symptoms of PMS are provided. Treatment options for both dysmenorrhea and PMS focus on reducing pain and inflammation. These include NSAIDs, oral contraceptives, exercise, and tranquilizers or diuretics to help manage mood changes and bloating respectively.
Ovulation disorder is a series of conditions that affect the endocrine system and hormones, bringing an abnormality in the Ovulation cycle. Ovulation disorders are common, and most are treatable if the treatment is opted for at the right time.
This document discusses menopause and related topics. It defines menopause as the permanent cessation of menstruation resulting from loss of ovarian activity. Natural menopause is recognized after 12 months of amenorrhea without other causes. Women in the UK typically experience menopause between ages 45-55. The document also discusses premenopause, perimenopause, postmenopause, premature ovarian insufficiency, symptoms, diagnosis, and management including hormone replacement therapy.
Dysmenorrhoea is menstrual cramps and pain associated with menstruation. It affects approximately 50% of women and is caused by prostaglandins released during menstruation which cause uterine contractions and pain. Primary dysmenorrhoea occurs without underlying issues and is most common in adolescent women. Secondary dysmenorrhoea has underlying causes like endometriosis. Treatment includes medications like NSAIDs and hormonal contraceptives to reduce pain.
Global Medical Cures™ | Women's Health - REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH
Caring for your reproductive health, understanding reproduction and gynecological disorders, and understanding you birth control options.
DISCLAIMER-
Global Medical Cures™ does not offer any medical advice, diagnosis, treatment or recommendations. Only your healthcare provider/physician can offer you information and recommendations for you to decide about your healthcare choices.
Amenorrhoea is the absence of menstrual periods in a woman of reproductive age. There are two main types: primary amenorrhoea, where periods do not start by age 16, and secondary amenorrhoea, where established periods stop for six months or more. Common causes of secondary amenorrhoea include pregnancy, breastfeeding, contraceptive use, stress, weight change, excessive exercise, and medical conditions affecting hormone levels like polycystic ovary syndrome. Treatment depends on the underlying cause but may involve lifestyle changes, hormone therapy, weight management, or fertility treatment.
The three main hormones involved in the female menstrual cycle are estrogen, progesterone, and luteinizing hormone (LH). Estrogen causes the thickening of the uterine lining and development of female secondary sex characteristics. Progesterone maintains the thickened uterine lining to prepare for potential implantation. If implantation does not occur, decreasing progesterone levels cause the uterine lining to shed through menstruation. LH surges near ovulation to trigger the release of a mature egg. Together, these hormones regulate the monthly changes in a woman's reproductive system through menarche, menstruation, and menopause.
This document discusses hormonal replacement therapy (HRT). It begins by defining HRT as any medical treatment that replaces hormones the body can no longer produce on its own due to age or organ damage/failure. The main types of HRT are then listed, including various sex hormones. Effects of HRT for transgender individuals and testosterone replacement therapy are also outlined. The document concludes by discussing menopause, including its phases, causes, and physiological changes like hormonal and ovarian changes.
This document discusses several reproductive disorders in women including menopause, premenstrual syndrome, dysmenorrhea, amenorrhea, menorrhagia, metrorrhagia, abortion, spontaneous abortion, and habitual abortion. It describes the symptoms, causes, medical management, and nursing care considerations for each condition. Key points covered include the hormonal changes that occur during menopause and how it is signaled, common symptoms of premenstrual syndrome, painful menstruation associated with dysmenorrhea, and definitions and types of abortion.
This document outlines the course content for a gynaecology course. It will cover topics such as anatomy and physiology, gynaecological assessment, common disorders including menstrual disorders, abortions, pelvic congestion syndrome and ectopic pregnancy. Specific conditions like dysfunctional uterine bleeding, threatened abortion and septic abortion will also be described in terms of definition, causes, signs/symptoms, management and complications.
This document summarizes various gynecological disorders including menstrual disorders, amenorrhea, abnormal uterine bleeding, menstrual pain, endometriosis, premenstrual disorders, gynecological infections including toxic shock syndrome, sexually transmitted infections, and pelvic inflammatory disease. It provides details on causes, symptoms, diagnoses, and treatment for each condition. The nursing role involves educating patients, explaining treatments, providing emotional support, and preventing infections through measures like safe sex practices and hygiene.
Oligomenorrhea refers to infrequent or abnormally light menstrual bleeding where periods occur more than 35 days apart. It can be caused by age, weight changes, stress, exercise, medical conditions like PCOS, or medications. Diagnosis involves medical tests to check hormone levels and examine reproductive organs. Treatment depends on the underlying cause but may include lifestyle changes, hormone therapy, or treating any medical conditions found to be contributing.
Amenorrhea is the absence of menstrual periods. It can result from hormonal imbalances that interrupt the menstrual cycle at various points. Causes of primary amenorrhea include hormonal imbalances, psychiatric disorders, eating disorders, malnutrition, rapid weight gain or loss, and certain drugs. Specific causes are polycystic ovary syndrome, thyroid issues, pituitary tumors, and premature menopause, which can interfere with the hormonal regulation of menstruation.
The term metrorrhagia is often used for irregular menstruation that occurs between the expected menstrual periods. Oligomenorrhea is the medical term for infrequent, often light menstrual periods (intervals exceeding 35 days). Amenorrhea is the absence of a menstrual period in a woman of reproductive age.
This document summarizes puberty in females, including normal developmental milestones, hormonal changes, physical changes, diagnostic approaches, differential diagnoses, and common disorders. Puberty typically begins between ages 8-13 with breast development and pubic hair growth, followed by a growth spurt and first menstrual period around age 12-13. Precocious and delayed puberty as well as menstrual irregularities are some of the main puberty disorders discussed. A thorough history, physical exam, and potential lab/imaging workup are used to diagnose the underlying cause and guide management.
Sex hormones play an important role in sexual development and reproductive functions. Disorders can occur when hormone levels are too high or too low. Some common sex hormone disorders discussed in the document include erectile dysfunction in males, gynecomastia which is breast growth in males, hypogonadism meaning low sex hormones, and polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) in females. PCOS is characterized by irregular periods, excess hair growth, and obesity due to abnormal ovarian function and high androgen levels. Its causes may include excess insulin, inflammation, and heredity.
Changes in Reproductive Health Hormonal Balance Life Style Adaptationilaiyarani
This document summarizes changes in the reproductive system that occur with hormonal imbalance and lifestyle adaptations during menopause. It discusses the definition of the reproductive system and the roles of key hormones like testosterone, estrogen, and progesterone in regulating the male and female systems. It describes symptoms of low and high hormone levels as well as changes that occur in the organs during menopause such as irregular periods, hot flashes, night sweats, insomnia, and fatigue. Lifestyle adaptations and natural remedies are suggested to help manage menopausal symptoms.
Similar to disordersofmenstruation-170513114138.pptx (20)
Cardiogenic shock is a life-threatening condition where the heart is unable to pump enough blood to meet the body's needs. It is usually caused by heart muscle damage from a myocardial infarction, cardiomyopathy, or other acute cardiac conditions. Key features include low blood pressure, rapid heart rate, impaired thinking, and poor peripheral circulation. Treatment focuses on supporting heart function through inotropic drugs or devices, reducing workload on the heart, and treating any underlying causes.
EVALUATION OF CURRICULNNNNNNNNNNNNUM.pptxSubi Babu
The document discusses the evaluation of nursing curriculum. It defines curriculum evaluation as assessing the philosophy, nursing content, course objectives, teaching methods, evaluation methods, and relationship between nursing and non-nursing courses. Curriculum evaluation is needed to improve instruction, assess student knowledge and skills over time, diagnose issues, and assess teacher and student performance. It should evaluate the achievement of objectives, use observable behaviors, and comprehensively measure the curriculum using various techniques. The criteria for evaluation include utility, flexibility, continuity, articulation, integration, and accommodation of individual differences. Methods of evaluation include discussions, experiments, interviews, opinions, observations, questionnaires, schedules, and practical performance assessments. Evaluation can be formative, to develop new programs,
This document discusses educational objectives and Bloom's Taxonomy. It introduces Bloom's Taxonomy, which classifies learning objectives into three domains: cognitive, affective, and psychomotor. Within the cognitive domain are six levels of learning - knowledge, comprehension, application, analysis, synthesis, and evaluation. The affective domain includes receiving, responding, valuing, organization, and characterization. The psychomotor domain ranges from impulsion to imitation to coordination to habit formation. Specific verbs are provided for each level to illustrate the types of learning measured. The document emphasizes that educational objectives should be specific, measurable, attainable and time-bound.
Effective teaching requires thorough preparation. Careful planning provides both teachers and students with direction and structure, helping to establish a productive learning environment where students can engage in meaningful activities focused on achieving educational goals.
The document discusses lesson planning and its importance for effective teaching. It defines lesson planning as outlining the key points of a lesson in the order they will be presented. Good lesson planning ensures the teacher knows what and how to teach, has clear lesson objectives, and how student learning will be evaluated. Lesson planning provides structure, focus on learning goals, confidence for teachers, and maintains student interest. The document outlines Herbartian steps for lesson planning, including preparation, presentation, comparison, generalization, application, and recapitulation. Each step in the planning process is described in detail.
course plan unit plan.pptxfffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffSubi Babu
Effective teaching requires thorough preparation. Careful planning provides both teachers and students with direction and structure, helping to establish a productive learning environment where students can engage in meaningful activities focused on achieving educational goals.
The document discusses different types of adoption in India. It defines adoption as permanently transferring parenting rights from biological parents to adoptive parents. Adoption can be open, semi-open, closed, or intra-family/relative. Open adoption allows contact between adoptive and biological families, while closed adoption prohibits contact. Eligibility requirements for adoptive parents and children are also outlined. The process of adopting a child in India involves registration, home study, acceptance, court procedures, and follow ups. Hindu and juvenile justice laws govern adoption in India.
This document discusses maternal and genetic factors that can influence birth defects and diseases. It covers several key topics:
1) Causes of congenital anomalies include genetic factors like chromosomal abnormalities and single-gene defects, as well as environmental teratogens. Common teratogens discussed are alcohol, thalidomide, infections, and ionizing radiation.
2) Genetic factors that can cause birth defects are chromosomal abnormalities and single-gene mutations. Chromosomal defects can cause syndromes like Down syndrome.
3) Other influences discussed are maternal age, nutrition, and consanguinity. Advanced maternal age increases risks of genetic defects, while good prenatal nutrition may lower risks of allergies and atopic
The document provides an overview of the male and female reproductive systems. It describes the key external and internal organs of each system, including their structure, blood supply, functions, and role in reproduction. The female system produces eggs, receives sperm, and enables fetal development and childbirth. The male system produces, matures, and stores sperm for delivery via ejaculation. Both systems work together through sexual intercourse and fertilization to enable sexual reproduction.
This document discusses the puerperium period following childbirth. It defines puerperium as the time period when the body returns to its pre-pregnant state, which normally lasts 6 weeks. The document outlines the anatomical and physiological changes during this period, including uterine involution and lochia discharge. It also discusses management of normal puerperium, including postnatal care, exercise, treatment of common issues, and health education.
INTRODUCTION TO PAnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnn THOLOGY.pptxSubi Babu
This document provides an introduction and overview of pathology. It defines pathology as the scientific study of changes in structure and function of the body caused by disease. Key points covered include:
- Etiology (causes) of disease which can be genetic or environmental factors.
- Pathogenesis which describes the mechanism of how diseases develop.
- Morphology which refers to gross and microscopic changes seen in tissues and cells.
- Clinical significance relating to how morphological changes impact organ function and present clinically.
- Different areas of pathology study such as general pathology, clinical pathology, and importance of pathology for understanding disease and patient care.
This document provides an overview of the female pelvis from an obstetrical perspective. It describes the bones that make up the pelvis and their joints. It then details the divisions of the pelvis including the false pelvis, true pelvis, inlet, cavity, and outlet. For each it discusses their shape, plane, axis, and key diameters. Measurements for various diameters are provided. The document concludes with descriptions of the pelvic joints.
The document provides an overview of the female pelvis. It describes the bones that make up the pelvis (innominate bones, sacrum, coccyx), pelvic ligaments and joints. It discusses the diameters and landmarks of the true pelvis, including the brim, cavity and outlet. It also outlines the functions of the pelvis and variations in pelvic shape, including gynaecoid, anthropoid, android and platypelloid types. The learning objectives are to describe the pelvic bones and joints, explain the planes and diameters of the true pelvis, and mention variations in pelvis shape.
The document provides an overview of palliative care nursing. It discusses the evolution and history of palliative care, with the modern hospice movement tracing its roots to Dame Cicely Saunders' founding of St. Christopher's Hospice in 1967. The World Health Organization definition of palliative care as improving quality of life for those with life-limiting illnesses through prevention and relief of suffering is presented. Key concepts in the WHO palliative care approach such as relief from pain/symptoms and support for patients and families are outlined.
Topical drug administration involves applying medications locally to areas like the skin, eyes, ears, nose, and mucous membranes. It allows for local drug effects with fewer systemic side effects. Methods include direct application of liquids, insertions into body cavities, instillations, irrigations, and sprays. Proper topical administration requires following the rights of medication administration, preparing the application site, educating the patient, carefully applying the medication, documenting, and monitoring for side effects.
1. A chest tube is a catheter inserted through the chest wall to drain air and fluids from the pleural space and re-establish normal pressure.
2. Chest tubes are used to treat conditions like pneumothorax, hemothorax, and pleural effusions by removing air or fluids and providing continuous suction.
3. Chest tube drainage systems like one-, two-, or three-bottle setups maintain a closed drainage system and negative pressure in the pleural space through a water seal and optional suction to efficiently drain the chest.
Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is glucose intolerance that develops during pregnancy and affects 3-10% of pregnancies. It is usually diagnosed through screening tests involving glucose challenges. Management involves dietary changes, glucose monitoring, and potentially insulin therapy, with the goals of maintaining normal blood glucose and minimizing risks to the fetus such as macrosomia. Close monitoring of the mother and fetus is required throughout pregnancy to watch for complications.
This document discusses several gynecological disorders that can occur during pregnancy, including increased vaginal discharge, trichomoniasis, candidiasis, cervical polyps, cervical cancer, fibroids, ovarian cysts, retroverted uterus, uterine prolapse, and incarcerated uterus. For each condition, it describes the prevalence during pregnancy, potential effects on the pregnancy and delivery, signs and symptoms, diagnosis, and recommended treatment approaches. Conservative management is typically recommended where possible to avoid risks to the fetus. Surgical intervention may be required in some cases, such as for cervical cancer, ovarian cysts, or incarcerated uterus where pregnancy continuation could endanger the mother.
This document discusses several gynecological disorders that can occur during pregnancy, including increased vaginal discharge, trichomoniasis, candidiasis, cervical polyps, cervical cancer, fibroids, ovarian cysts, retroverted uterus, uterine prolapse, and incarcerated uterus. For each condition, it describes the prevalence during pregnancy, potential effects on the pregnancy and delivery, signs and symptoms, diagnosis, and recommended treatment approaches. Conservative management is typically recommended where possible to avoid risks to the fetus. Surgical intervention may be required in some cases, such as for cervical cancer, ovarian cysts, or incarcerated uterus that could impact birth outcomes.
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In their analysis of a recent HijackLoader sample, CrowdStrike researchers discovered new techniques designed to increase the defense evasion capabilities of the loader. The malware developer used a standard process hollowing technique coupled with an additional trigger that was activated by the parent process writing to a pipe. This new approach, called "Interactive Process Hollowing", has the potential to make defense evasion stealthier.
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4. • Physiological states of amenorrhoea
are seen, most commonly, during
pregnancy and lactation
(breastfeeding), the latter also
contraception known as
forming the basis of a form of
the
lactational amenorrhoea method.
• Outside of the reproductive years
there is absence of menses during
childhood and after menopause.
5. Classification of
amenorrhoea:
• Primary amenorrhoea (menstrual cycles
never starting) may be caused by
developmental problems such as,
• the congenital absence of the uterus,
• failure of the ovary to receive or maintain
egg cells.
6. • It is defined as an absence of
secondary sexual characteristics by
age 14 with no menarche or normal
secondary sexual characteristics but
no menarche by 16 years of age.
7. • Secondary amenorrhoea (menstrual
cycles ceasing) is often caused by
hormonal disturbances from the
hypothalamus and the pituitary gland,
from premature menopause or
intrauterine scar formation.
• It is defined as the absence of
menses for three months in a woman
with previously normal menstruation or
nine months for women with a history
of oligomenorrhoea.
8. Causes and risk
factors:
1. Natural amenorrhea
• During the normal course of life,
women may experience amenorrhea
for natural reasons, such as:
• Pregnancy
• Breast-feeding
• Menopause
9. 2. Contraceptives
• Some women who take birth control
pills may not have periods. Even after
stopping oral contraceptives, it may
take some time before regular
ovulation and menstruation return.
Contraceptives that are injected or
implanted also may cause
amenorrhea, as can some types of
intrauterine devices.
10. 3. Medications
• Certain medications can cause
menstrual periods to stop, including
some types of:
• Antipsychotics
• Cancer chemotherapy
• Antidepressants
• Blood pressure drugs
• Allergy medications
11. 4. Lifestyle factors
• Sometimes lifestyle factors contribute to
amenorrhea, for instance:
• Low body weight. Excessively low body
weight — about 10 percent under normal
weight — interrupts many hormonal
functions in your body, potentially halting
ovulation. Women who have an eating
disorder, such as anorexia or bulimia,
often stop having periods because of
these abnormal hormonal changes.
12. • Excessive exercise. Women who
participate in activities that require rigorous
training, such as ballet, may find their
menstrual cycles interrupted. Several
factors combine to contribute to the loss of
periods in athletes, including low body fat,
stress and high energy expenditure.
13. • Stress. Mental stress can temporarily
alter the functioning of your
hypothalamus — an area of your
brain that controls the hormones that
regulate your menstrual cycle.
Ovulation and menstruation may stop
as a result. Regular menstrual
after your
periods usually resume
stress decreases.
14. 5. Hormonal imbalance
• Many types of medical problems can
cause hormonal imbalance, including:
• Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS).
PCOS causes relatively high and
sustained levels of hormones, rather
than the fluctuating levels seen in the
normal menstrual cycle.
15. • Thyroid malfunction. An overactive
thyroid gland (hyperthyroidism) or
underactive thyroid gland
(hypothyroidism) can cause
menstrual irregularities, including
amenorrhea.
16. • Pituitary tumor. A noncancerous
(benign) tumor in your pituitary gland
can interfere with the hormonal
regulation of menstruation.
17. • Premature menopause. Menopause
usually begins around age 50. But,
for some women, the ovarian supply
of eggs diminishes before age 40,
and menstruation stops.
18. 6. Structural problems
• Problems with the sexual
themselves also can
organs
cause
amenorrhea. Examples include:
• Uterine scarring. Asherman's
syndrome, a condition in which scar
tissue builds up in the lining of the
uterus, can sometimes occur after a
dilation and curettage (D&C), cesarean
section or treatment for uterine fibroids.
Uterine scarring prevents the normal
buildup and shedding of the uterine
lining.
19. • Lack of reproductive organs.
Sometimes problems arise during
fetal development that lead to a girl
being born without some major part of
her reproductive system, such as her
uterus, cervix or vagina. Because her
reproductive system didn't develop
normally, she can't have menstrual
cycles.
20. • Structural abnormality of the
vagina. An obstruction of the vagina
may prevent visible menstrual
bleeding. A membrane or wall may be
present in the vagina that blocks the
outflow of blood from the uterus and
cervix.
21. Signs and symptoms:
• The main sign of amenorrhea is
the absence of menstrual periods.
Depending on the cause of
amenorrhea, you might experience
other signs or symptoms along with
the absence of periods, such as:
• Milky nipple discharge
• Hair loss
23. Diagnostic evaluation:
• History collection
• Physical examination
• Blood tests may be performed to
determine the levels of hormones
secreted by the pituitary gland (FSH,
LH, TSH, and prolactin) and the
ovaries (estrogen).
24. • Ultrasonography of the pelvis may be
performed to assess the abnormalities
of the genital tract or to look for
polycystic ovaries.
• CT scan or MRI of the head may be
performed to exclude pituitary and
hypothalamic causes of amenorrhea.
25. • If the above tests are inconclusive,
additional tests may be performed
including:
• Thyroid function tests
• Determination of prolactin levels
• Hysterosalpingogram (X-ray test)
which examine the uterus
• Hysteroscopy
26. Management:
• Dopamine agonists such as bromocriptine
(Parlodel) or pergolide (Permax), are
effective in treating hyperprolactinemia. In
most women, treatment with dopamine
agonists medications restores normal
ovarian endocrine function and ovulation.
• Hormone replacement therapy consisting
of an estrogen and a progestin can be used
for women in whom estrogen deficiency
remains because ovarian function cannot be
restored.
27. • Metformin (Glucophage) is a drug
that has been successfully used in
women with polycystic ovary
syndrome to induce ovulation.
28. • In some cases, oral contraceptives may
be prescribed to restore the menstrual
cycle and to provide estrogen
replacement to women with amenorrhea
who do not wish to become pregnant.
• Before administering oral contraceptives,
withdrawal bleeding is induced with an
administration of 5-10 mg
injection of progesterone or oral
of
10
medroxyprogesterone (Provera) for
days.
29. • Some pituitary and hypothalamic
tumors may require surgery and, in
some cases, radiation therapy.
• Women with intrauterine adhesions
require dissolution of the scar tissue.
31. Introduction:
• Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) refers
to physical and emotional symptoms
that occur in the one to two weeks
before a woman's period. Symptoms
often vary between women and
resolve around the start of bleeding.
32. • Common symptoms include acne,
tender breasts, bloating, feeling tired,
irritability, and mood changes. Often
symptoms are present for around six
days.
• Premenstrual dysphoric disorder
(PMDD) is a more severe form of PMS
that has greater psychological
symptoms.
33. Causes and risk
factors:
• Exactly what causes premenstrual
syndrome is unknown, but several
factors may contribute to the
condition:
• Cyclic changes in hormones. Signs
and symptoms of premenstrual
syndrome change with hormonal
fluctuations and disappear with
pregnancy and menopause.
34. • Chemical changes in the brain.
Fluctuations of serotonin, a brain
chemical (neurotransmitter) that is
thought to play a crucial role in mood
states, could trigger PMS symptoms.
Insufficient amounts of serotonin may
contribute to premenstrual
depression, as well as to fatigue, food
cravings and sleep problems.
36. • Appetite changes and food cravings
• Trouble falling asleep (insomnia)
• Social withdrawal
• Poor concentration
37. Physical signs and symptoms
• Joint or muscle pain
• Headache
• Fatigue
• Weight gain related to fluid retention
• Abdominal bloating
• Breast tenderness
• Acne
• Constipation or diarrhea
38. Diagnostic evaluation:
are no unique physical
or laboratory tests to
diagnose premenstrual
• There
findings
positively
syndrome.
39. Management:
• Antidepressants. Selective serotonin
reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) — which
include fluoxetine (Prozac, Sarafem),
paroxetine (Paxil, Pexeva), sertraline
(Zoloft) and others — have been
successful in reducing mood symptoms.
SSRIs are the first line treatment for
severe PMS or PMDD. These drugs are
generally taken daily. But for some
women with PMS, use of
antidepressants may be limited to the
two weeks before menstruation
begins.
40. • Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory
drugs (NSAIDs). Taken before or at
the onset of your period, NSAIDs
such as ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin IB,
others) or naproxen (Aleve,
Naprosyn, others) can ease cramping
and breast discomfort.
41. • Diuretics. When exercise and limiting
salt intake aren't enough to reduce
the weight gain, swelling and bloating
of PMS, taking water pills (diuretics)
can help your body shed excess fluid
through your kidneys.
Spironolactone (Aldactone) is a
diuretic that can help ease some of
the symptoms of PMS.
42. • Hormonal contraceptives. These
prescription medications stop
ovulation, which may bring relief from
PMS symptoms.
43. Modify diet:
• Eat smaller, more-frequent meals to reduce
bloating and the sensation of fullness.
• Limit salt and salty foods to reduce bloating
and fluid retention.
• Choose foods high in complex carbohydrates,
such as fruits, vegetables and whole grains.
• Choose foods rich in calcium. If you can't
tolerate dairy products or aren't getting
adequate calcium in your diet, a daily calcium
supplement may help.
• Avoid caffeine and alcohol.
44. Incorporate exercise into
regular routine
• Engage in at least 30 minutes of brisk
walking, cycling, swimming or other
aerobic activity most days of the
week. Regular daily exercise can help
improve your overall health and
alleviate certain symptoms, such as
fatigue and a depressed mood.
45. Reduce stress
• Get plenty of sleep.
• Practice progressive muscle
relaxation or deep-breathing
exercises to help reduce headaches,
anxiety or trouble sleeping
(insomnia).
• Try yoga or massage to relax and
relieve stress.
46. Record symptoms for a few
months
• Keep a record to identify the triggers
and timing of your symptoms. This
will allow you to intervene with
strategies that may help to lessen
them.
48. Introduction:
• It is the most common type of
abnormal uterine bleeding
prolonged menstrual bleeding.
characterized by heavy and
In
some cases, bleeding may be so
severe and daily activities become
interrupted.
49. • A normal menstrual cycle 21-35 days
in duration, with bleeding lasting an
average of 5 days and total blood
flow between 25 and blood of greater
than 80 ml or lasting longer than 7
days constitutes menorrhagia.
50. Causes and risk
factors:
• Hormone imbalance. In a normal
menstrual cycle, a balance between
the hormones estrogen and
progesterone regulates the buildup
of the lining of the uterus
(endometrium), which is shed during
menstruation. If a hormone imbalance
occurs, the endometrium develops in
excess and eventually sheds by way
of heavy menstrual bleeding.
51. • Dysfunction of the ovaries. If
ovaries don't release an egg (ovulate)
during a menstrual cycle
(anovulation), your body doesn't
produce the hormone progesterone,
as it would during a normal menstrual
cycle. This leads to hormone
imbalance and may result in
menorrhagia.
52. • Uterine fibroids. These
noncancerous (benign) tumors of the
uterus appear during your
childbearing years. Uterine fibroids
may cause heavier than normal or
prolonged menstrual bleeding.
53. • Polyps. Small, benign growths on the
lining of the uterus (uterine polyps)
may cause heavy or prolonged
menstrual bleeding. Polyps of the
uterus most commonly occur in
women of reproductive age as the
result of high hormone levels.
54. • Adenomyosis. This condition occurs
when glands from the endometrium
become embedded in the uterine
muscle, often causing heavy bleeding
and painful menses.
55. • Intrauterine device (IUD).
Menorrhagia is a well-known side
effect of using a nonhormonal
intrauterine device for birth control.
When an IUD is the cause of
excessive menstrual bleeding, may
need to remove it.
56. • Pregnancy complications. A single,
heavy, late period may be due to a
miscarriage. If bleeding occurs at the
usual time of menstruation, however,
miscarriage is unlikely to be the
cause. An ectopic pregnancy —
implantation of a fertilized egg within
uterus —
the fallopian tube
also
instead of the
may cause
menorrhagia.
57. • Cancer. Rarely, uterine cancer,
ovarian cancer and cervical cancer
can cause excessive menstrual
bleeding.
58. • Inherited bleeding disorders. Some
blood coagulation disorders — such
as von Willebrand's disease, a
condition in which an important blood-
clotting factor is deficient or impaired
— can cause abnormal menstrual
bleeding.
59. • Medications. Certain drugs,
including anti-inflammatory
medications and anticoagulants, can
contribute to heavy or prolonged
menstrual bleeding.
60. • Other medical conditions. A
number of
conditions,
other
including
medical
pelvic
inflammatory disease (PID),
problems,
thyroid
endometriosis, and
kidney disease, may
liver or
be
associated with menorrhagia.
61. Clinical
Manifestations:
• Soaking through one or more sanitary
pads or tampons every hour for
several consecutive hours
• Needing to use double sanitary
protection to control your menstrual
flow
• Needing to wake up to change
sanitary protection during the night
62. • Bleeding for longer than a week
• Passing blood clots with menstrual
flow for more than one day
• Restricting daily activities due to
heavy menstrual flow
• Symptoms of anemia, such as
tiredness, fatigue or shortness of
breath.
63. Diagnostic evaluation:
• History collection
• Physical examination
• Blood tests. A sample of your blood
may be evaluated for iron deficiency
(anemia) and other conditions, such
as thyroid disorders or blood-clotting
abnormalities.
64. • Pap test. In this test, cells from your
cervix are collected and tested for
infection, inflammation or changes
that may be cancerous or may lead to
cancer.
• Endometrial biopsy. Your doctor
may take a sample of tissue from the
inside of your uterus to be examined
by a pathologist.
65. • Ultrasound scan. This imaging
method uses sound waves to
produce images of your uterus,
ovaries and pelvis.
• Based on the results of your initial
tests, doctor may recommend further
testing, including:
66. • Sonohysterogram. During this test, a
fluid is injected through a tube into your
uterus by way of your vagina and cervix.
Your doctor then uses ultrasound to look
for problems in the lining of your uterus.
• Hysteroscopy. This exam involves
inserting a tiny camera through your
vagina and cervix into your uterus,
which allows your doctor to see the
inside of your uterus.
67. Management:
• Iron supplements. If you also have
anemia, your doctor may recommend
that you take iron supplements
regularly. If your iron levels are low
but you're not yet anemic, you may
be started on iron supplements rather
than waiting until you become
anemic.
68. • Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory
drugs (NSAIDs). NSAIDs, such as
ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin IB, others) or
naproxen (Aleve), help reduce
menstrual blood loss. NSAIDs have
the added benefit of relieving painful
menstrual cramps (dysmenorrhea).
69. • Tranexamic acid. Tranexamic acid
(Lysteda) helps reduce menstrual
blood loss and only needs to be taken
at the time of the bleeding.
70. • Oral contraceptives. Aside from
contraceptives can
providing birth control, oral
help regulate
menstrual cycles and reduce
episodes of excessive or prolonged
menstrual bleeding.
71. • Oral progesterone. When taken for
10 or more days of each menstrual
cycle, the hormone progesterone can
help correct hormone imbalance and
reduce menorrhagia.
72. • The hormonal IUD (Mirena). This
intrauterine device releases a type of
progestin called levonorgestrel,
which makes the uterine lining thin
and decreases menstrual blood flow
and cramping.
73. • Dilation and curettage (D&C). In this
procedure, your doctor opens (dilates)
your cervix and then scrapes or
suctions tissue from the lining of your
uterus to reduce menstrual bleeding.
Although this procedure is common and
often treats acute or active bleeding
successfully, you may need additional
D&C procedures if menorrhagia recurs.
74. • Uterine artery embolization. For
women whose menorrhagia is caused
by fibroids, the goal of this procedure
is to shrink any fibroids in the uterus
by blocking the uterine arteries and
cutting off their blood supply.
75. • Focused ultrasound ablation.
Similar to uterine artery embolization,
focused ultrasound ablation treats
bleeding caused by fibroids by
shrinking the fibroids. This procedure
uses ultrasound waves to destroy the
fibroid tissue. There are no incisions
required for this procedure.
76. • Myomectomy. This procedure
involves surgical removal of uterine
fibroids. Depending on the size,
number and location of the fibroids,
surgeon may choose to perform the
myomectomy using open abdominal
surgery, through several
incisions (laparoscopically),
through the vagina and
small
or
cervix
(hysteroscopically).
77. • Endometrial ablation. Using a variety
of techniques, doctor permanently
destroys the lining of your uterus
(endometrium). After endometrial
ablation, most women have much lighter
periods.
78. • Endometrial resection. This surgical
procedure uses an electrosurgical
wire loop to remove the lining of the
uterus. Both endometrial ablation and
endometrial resection benefit women
who have very heavy menstrual
bleeding. Pregnancy isn't
recommended after this procedure.
79. • Hysterectomy. Hysterectomy —
surgery to remove your uterus and
cervix — is a permanent procedure
that causes sterility and ends
menstrual periods. Hysterectomy is
performed under anesthesia and
requires hospitalization. Additional
removal of the ovaries (bilateral
oophorectomy) may cause premature
menopause.