Running Head Operationalizing VariableRunning head Methods P.docx
M7_A3_Schultz_E
1. Running head: MODULE 7, ASSIGNMENT 3
Module 7, Assignment 3: Effectiveness of Physical Activity in Juvenile Justice
Eric T. Schultz
Argosy University
2. Running head: MODULE 7, ASSIGNMENT 3
Table of Contents
List of Tables ii
List of Forms iii
Abstract iv
Introduction 1
Statement of the Problem 2
Purpose and Rationale 7
Research Question and Hypothesis 8
Definition of Terms 8
Background/Summary 9
Literature Review 9
Methodology 12
Participants/Sample 12
Instrument and Instrumentation 14
Procedures 15
Data Analysis 17
Discussion 18
References 19
Appendices 28
A. Research Protocol 28
i
3. List of Tables
Table 1: 12 Week Physical Activity Plan Example 26
Table 2: Workout of the Day 27
ii
4. List of Forms
Data Collection Form 24
Juvenile Justice Consent Form 25
iii
5. Abstract
Violence, anger, and stress are elements identified to cause major public health issues
(Gardner et al., 2014). A social issue identified by Mullen (2000) is that there are too many
incidences of the use of physical restraints in juvenile correctional facilities. They also stated that
a newspaper conducted a survey and found 150 deaths due to physical restraints per year. If we
consider the information found in the literature used in this study proposal, we can conclude that
a current problem is that our juvenile justice system is lacking appropriate treatment programs,
which do not involve physical violence towards the youth offenders. There should be
interventions and treatments established, which do not involve physical violence.
Stathopoulou, Powers, Berry, Smits, and Otto (2006) reported higher levels of physical
activity were associated with improved mental health. The purpose of this study is to evaluate
the effectiveness of a physical activity program intervention in a juvenile justice facility. The
effectiveness of the physical activity program will be measured by the juvenile offender facility’s
pre/post-intervention physical restraint rates and the use of the Clinical Anger Scale (CAS)
(Snell et al., 1995) as an assessment tool administered to the youth in order to measure anger.
Sibley (2012) showed that implementing a sport CrossFit model can influence new
behaviors in youth. CrossFit is an exercise program that includes functional everyday
movements, designed to increase physical performance (Cordoza, 2012).
The proposed research question is: in a juvenile correctional facility, would a voluntary,
structured, and rigorous physical activity program, which consists of daily exercises and a sport
model for recreation, lower physical restraint rates and anger tendencies in juvenile offenders?
iv
6. Introduction
Violence, anger, and stress are elements identified to cause major public health issues
(Gardner et al., 2014). The authors investigated and found a significant relationship between
childhood maltreatment and the anger/violence relationship. In addition, they found that violent
behavior is a societal health concern because it causes a behavioral, economic and institution
strain. The article identified its participants by traits, which indicated that they have anger
tendencies; they found common behavioral and environmental traits in their childhood that
suggest that maltreatment was the major cause of their high levels of anxiety.
Gardner, Moore and Dettore, (2014) found that anger is a coping mechanism to regulate
the physical emotional responses of anxiety. In addition, they suggest that as an individual feels
angry, “The Anger Avoidance Model (Gardner et al., p. 783)” (AAM), explains that if the anger
experienced is not processed, and if the individual has not effectively developed a coping
strategy, then the individual is at high risk for violence and anger tendencies. Gardner and
Moore, (2008) state that anger is a natural biological response in humans; when a person
responds to anger in a physically violent way (hitting and punching), it will actually perpetuate
physical violence.
The AAM model of clinical anger attempts to illustrate how anxiety causes mood
disorders and how both anxiety and mood can cause feeling angry, which leads to high arousal
levels which can impair personal emotional regulation. The model of clinical anger, (Gardner &
Moore, 2008), suggests that personal specific life events will trigger their behavior. The aversive
history of personal individual and biological vulnerability is the key to understanding and
building an effective coping strategy in dealing with anxiety.
1
7. Statement of the problem
A social issue, identified by Mullen (2000), is that there are too many incidences of the
use of physical restraints in juvenile correctional facilities. In 1998, there was an expose article
published in a newspaper in Hartford Connecticut that reported the death of two adolescents as a
result of the use of physical restraints (Mullen, 2000). The newspaper conducted a survey and
found 150 deaths due to physical restraints per year. In addition, The Office of Juvenile Justice
and Delinquency Prevention (OJJDP), collected data using the Juvenile Residential Facility
Census (Hockenberry et al., 2013). In 2010, there were 66,322 juvenile offenders placed in
2,011 residential facilities. Ninety-five percent are in detention centers. It was also reported that
20% of facilities were over capacity of their standard beds and they relied on make shift beds.
The facility census also reported that 25% of facility used mechanical restraints and 20% were
isolated from the rest of the population. Twenty percent of detention centers reported the use of
restraints such as handcuffs, leg cuffs, waistbands, leather straps, restraint chairs and strait
jackets (Hockenberry et al., 2013).
The OJJDP, reported that most juvenile offenders have a diagnosable mental disorder
(Hockenberry et al., 2013). A National Commission on Correctional Health Care reported that
many of these youth had a history of violence. The violence was predominantly fights, which
often involved weapons and injury (Bell & Jenkins, 1995). Approximately 25% of these youth
had been seriously injured and needed health care. Gallagher and Dobrin (2006), reported that
juveniles had a high risk of suicide or death by illness in juvenile justice residential facilities.
Their study indicated that 15.8% of deaths involved physical restraints. The adjusted risk of
suicide for this population is three times greater than for the general population of youth outside
2
8. the facility. In addition, high suicide rates indicate that there are mental health issues (Gallagher
& Dobrin, 2006).
If we consider the information found in the literature in this study proposal, we can
conclude that a current problem is that our juvenile justice system is lacking appropriate
treatment programs, which do not involve physical violence towards the youth offenders. We
know that most of these youth offenders have a history of mal-treatment, which may cause anger
tendencies and may likely lead to violent behaviors. Our society does not seem to have a proven
model to treat violent and aggressive juvenile offenders.
Purpose and Rationale
The rationale for this study is that there is a lack of research about effective interventions
or methods to treat the juvenile offender’s anxiety and anger tendencies in order to reduce
juvenile justice physical restraint rates. In addition, it is important to make the connection that
juveniles who are placed in group facilities will have an increase in anxiety, which may lead to
the aggressive or violent behaviors (Craig & Hallton, 2009). Treating the anxiety with a physical
activity intervention can positively affect mood and ultimately nullify aggressive or violent
juvenile criminal behaviors (Lubans et al., 2012; Strohle, 2009; Gardner et al., 2014).
Stathopoulou, Powers, Berry, Smits, & Otto (2006) reported that higher levels of
physical activity were associated with improved mental health. In fact, they found that aerobic
exercise consistently promoted mental well-being. They suggested, as a result of their study, that
exercise produced better coping skills, self-efficacy, and the interruption of negative thoughts.
Faulkner and Biddle (2001) reported that exercise was useful with individuals who were angry
and violent. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of a physical activity
3
9. program intervention in a juvenile justice facility. The effectiveness of the physical activity
program will be measured by the juvenile offender facility’s pre/post-intervention physical
restraint rates and the use of the Clinical Anger Scale (CAS) (Snell et al., 1995) as an assessment
tool administered to the youth in order to measure anger.
Researchquestion and hypothesis
The proposed research question is: in a juvenile correctional facility, would a
voluntary, structured, and rigorous physical activity program, which consists of daily exercises
and a sport model for recreation, lower physical restraint rates and anger tendencies in juvenile
offenders? The hypothesis is that the use of physical restraints will decrease and anger tendencies
will decrease in most participants following the physical program. The null hypothesis is, there
will be no change in the use of physical restraints. The alternative hypothesis is the use of
physical restraints will increase following the physical intervention.
Definition of Terms
Anxiety- intense personal feelings of discomfort and typically includes fears, and
behaviors that attempt to avoid the discomfort (Gardner & Moore, 2008).
Physical Restraint - any manual method or physical or mechanical device,
material, or equipment attached or adjacent to the patient’s body that he or she
cannot easily remove that restricts freedom of movement or normal access to
one’s body (Nunno et al., 2006).
Juvenile offenders - 12-17 year-old boys or girls who have been criminally
charged and placed in a classified juvenile justice detention facility (Guarino-
Ghezzi & Byrne, 1989).
4
10. Physical Activity- A structured daily exercise program with a competitive sport
model.
Workout of the Day (WOD) - are sets of daily exercises of the day.
Background/Summary
In reviewing the introduction, it is clear that juvenile offenders rarely have an effective
way to deal or cope with the many complex elements of anxiety, anger, and violent behaviors. In
fact, we can see that by placing these youth in an already unfamiliar and hostile environment can
leave the youth at even more risk for negative outcomes. In addition, social anxiety adds to the
already complex behavioral issues in a juvenile facility (Zalk et al., 2011). In a report by Bell
and Jenkins (1995), the number of juvenile offenders doubled from 1987-1993, and 85% of the
increase is from violent crimes.
With the increase in the number of juvenile offenders, it’s clear that without an effective
coping strategy, these youth are increasingly at risk for more violent behaviors. Stathopoulou,
Powers, Berry, Smits, & Otto, (2006) found that by increasing physical activity one could
effectively control mood and anger. In addition, high intensity exercises can lead to personal
well-being and a higher quality of life. According to Lubans, Plonikoff & Lubans (2012),
physical activity programs impact and improve the emotional well-being in at-risk youth in a
residential juvenile detention facility.
Literature Review
The Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention (OJJDP) collected data using the
Juvenile Residential Facility Census (Hockenberry, et al., 2013). In 2010, there were 66,322
5
11. juvenile offenders placed in 2,011 residential facilities. Ninety-five percent were in detention
centers. It was also reported that 20% of facilities where over capacity of their standard beds,
and they relied on make shift beds. The facility census also reported that 25% of facility used
mechanical restraints and 20% were isolated from the rest of the population. Twenty percent of
detention centers reported the use of restraints such as handcuffs, leg cuffs, waistbands, leather
straps, restraint chairs and strait jackets (Hockenberry et al., 2013).
According to OJJDP (2013), the most serious offence of the juveniles residing in
detention centers were crimes against the person (37%). In addition, they estimated 40%-70%
of the youth referred to the juvenile justice system were probably were diagnosed with co-
morbid mental health disorders. Others reported that the percentage even higher at 91%
(Osterlind, et al., 2007).
A National Commission on Correctional Health Care reported that many of these
youth had a history of violence. The violence was predominantly fights, which often involved
weapons and injury (Bell & Jenkins, 1995). Approximately 25% of these youth had been
seriously injured and needed health care. Gallagher and Dobrin (2006), reported that juveniles
had a high risk of suicide or death by illness in juvenile justice residential facilities. Their study
indicated that 15.8% of deaths involved physical restraints. The adjusted risk of suicide for this
population is three times greater than for the general population of youth outside the facility. In
addition, high suicide rates indicate that there are mental health issues (Gallagher & Dobrin,
2006).
Physical restraint is a behavioral management technique to control unwanted behaviors in
institutionalized children and adolescents. On the other hand, some proponents believe and are
6
12. convinced that the use of restraints can result in therapeutic benefits (Nunno et al., 2006).
Smith and Bowman (2009) conducted a study in which they reported that the experience of
physical restraint resulted in emotional trauma. While they recognized that the use of physical
restraint was sometimes necessary there were resultant adverse effects. Others have been
concerned that this activity is aggressive and punitive, which is not useful therapeutically (Nunno
et al., 2006).
According to Van Zalk, Van Zalk, and Kerr (2011), when adolescents are placed in
unfamiliar situations, social anxiety, depression and self-esteem becomes prevalent. Therefore,
it is reasonable to expect an increase of anxiety and depression and a decrease in self-esteem;
when this occurs, the prevalence of mental illness increases. Kort-Butler (2012), reports that
patterns in self-esteem and extracurricular activities are dynamic. Adolescents who invest in
these types of activities increase their engagement and commitment; they partially identify
themselves with a specific activity. In addition, in order to control their behavior they should be
able to participate in healthy, therapeutic activities, which are age and developmentally (Kort-
Butler, 2012).
Craig and Halton (2009) make the connection that anxiety can lead to aggressive or
violent behaviors, and by treating the anxiety with a physical activity intervention, it can
positively affect mood, and, ultimately, nullify aggressive or violent juvenile criminal behaviors
(Lubans et al., 2012; Strohle, 2009). Stathopoulou, Powers, Berry, Smits, and Otto (2006)
reported higher levels of physical activity were associated with improved mental health. In fact
they found that aerobic exercise consistently promoted mental well-being. They suggested, as a
result of their study, that exercise produced better coping skills, self-efficacy, and the
interruption of negative thoughts. 7
13. Lubans, Plotnikoff and Lubans, (2012), did a review of physical activities that
included exercise, adventure programs such as rock climbing, ropes courses, horseback riding,
sailing and canoeing. There were positive outcomes with the use of these various programs,
which showed improvements in self-esteem, resilience, self-awareness, and critical thinking.
Studies, report that exercise is clinically effective in treating major depression and panic
disorders (Strohle, (2009); Faulkner & Biddle, (2001); Callaghan, (2004).
In fact, studies have reported that the prevalence of mental illness increased when there
is no physical activity. Gardner, Moore and Dettore (2014) discovered a relationship between
the emotional regulation of anger and violent behaviors. They found similarities through their
personal behavioral history in which they can predict angry tendencies in individuals.
Gardner and Moore, (2008), report that anger is natural to human’s biological profile and
cannot be avoided; however, they believe that anger can be positively diverted into a coping
strategy by using physical activity. Gardner and Moore (2006) suggest that anxiety, anger and
violent behaviors are the most common reasons for failures in physical performance. Sibley
(2012) has shown that implementing a sport CrossFit model can influence new behaviors in
youth. According to Mackenzie and Cordoza (2012), Greg Glassman is known to be the founder
of CrossFit in 1999.
CrossFit is an exercise program, which includes functional everyday movements,
designed to increase physical performance Cordoza, (2012). In addition, the CrossFit Model is
made up of high intense, “workout of the day” or WOD. According to Sibley (2012), a sport
CrossFit education model has been used comprehensively to teach sport at high schools and
middle schools throughout the country. 8
14. Methodology
Participants/Sample
In a study by Guarino-Ghezzi and Byrne (1989), there was the development of a model
that resulted in a structured classification system. They found that by classifying the juvenile
offenders they could more effectively treat the juveniles. They identified rearrests,
reconvictions, and crimes committed; they considered a treatment intervention to decide the
classification. For example, classifications are recognized in levels of groups, group 1 consists
of juveniles classified with levels 1-3, and they are grouped based on treatment needs and
behavioral disposition. This group is considered low risk classification. The low risk group has
been found guilty of committing crimes such as petty theft, skipping school and other
misdemeanor level crimes. In addition, the juveniles in this classification have not shown
aggressive behaviors.
Levels 4-7 juvenile offender classifications are seen as moderate risk for behavioral
problems, and their treatment is differentiated by their crime and behavior history. Juveniles in
this classification have shown moderate levels of violent behaviors. The crimes in this class are
sexual assaults, battery, and other violent acts such as robbery and gang activity. This is a
moderate risk classification.
Levels 8-10 are for the more violent behaviors, juveniles in this class group are seen as
high risk for further criminal behaviors that will most likely follow them into adult hood. The
juveniles in this class have committed several crimes that have severely injured themselves or
9
15. have resulted in a death. In the state of Massachusetts, youth offenders are classified into the
appropriate facility by levels. It is important to note that this study provided a structured model
for classification of juveniles for other states to follow (Guarino-Ghezzi & Byrne, 1989).
In a policy review done by Hinton, Sims, Adams, and West (2007), they found that from
1990-2007 there were juvenile detention centers located across America with facilities that hold
anywhere from 50-250 juveniles each. The Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency
Prevention (OJJDP) collected data using the Juvenile Residential Facility Census (Hockenberry,
Sickmund & Sladky, 2013). In 2010, there were 66,322 juvenile offenders placed in 2,011
residential facilities. Ninety-five percent are in detention centers. The sample of participants
will come from an established classification system in order to best identify types or expectation
of behaviors.
The population for this study is 12-17 year old boys who have been criminally charged.
The participants for the sample are youth from this age group residing in a juvenile detention
facility in Las Cruces, New Mexico. The name of the facility is J. Paul Taylor Juvenile Justice
Detention Facility. The facility holds up to 200 juvenile offenders and are classified as moderate
risk. According to the http://cyfd.org/about-cyfd/publications-reports; the detention center is
made up of mostly Hispanics, Native American and White ethnicity.
The study sample is a convenience sample and the facility is considered moderate for
risks in aggressive behaviors. The facility will hold up to 200 juveniles, and only one facility
will be used. The facility has 4 dorm buildings that hold 50 rooms each. The dorms are named,
Agave, Mesquite, Saguaro and Yucca.
10
16. Instrument and Instrumentation
The juveniles in this study sample will have a choice to participate in the study. There
will be two groups. Group 1 will include the juveniles that give consent to participate in the
physical activity intervention. Group 2 will be the youth that agree to participate but are the
control group and will not be included in the physical activity intervention. The juveniles that
decided not to give consent or participate in the physical activity intervention in the facility will
not be included in the study. (Please see the attached form, page 29.) An attempt should be
made to keep the participating groups in respective dorms and not to mix participating and non-
participating youth. Example: Of the 200 youth facility, Agave Dorm will house the non-
participants, the other three dorms will house the control and experimental groups.
The research team will administer the Clinical Anger Scale (CAS) (Snell et al., 1995).
This scale is an objective self-report instrument, which measures the psychological
physiological, affective, cognitive, motoric and behavior symptoms that constitute the syndrome
of clinical anger. The internal consistency of the scale resulted in Cronhbach alpha of .94. This
scale is found to be unifactorial, adequately reliable and uncontaminated by social, desirable, and
lying tendencies. This tool will be administered before and after the intervention.
The researcher will also format an instrument to count the number of physical restraint
incidences in each group. The participant’s case files are available for the researcher to count
their past physical restraints and/or violent behaviors rates/incidences. The validity of the sample
is valid because the population of the sample who is participating is consistent with the sample
who is not participating in the intervention.
11
17. Procedures
The youth participating in the study will be utilizing CrossFit physical training principles.
CrossFit is a variety of high-intense, functional movements involving a combination of exercises,
which require speed, strength and endurance. CrossFit for kids uses the same principles as the
adult program, but they are scaled down for safety (Sibley, 2012). Workouts will be in 30
minute durations called workout of the day (WOD).
The youth who will participate in the study will follow WOD three times a day. The 1st
time will be before breakfast, 2nd time will be after lunch, and the 3rd time will be after dinner,
but before showers. Example: WOD Monday-Friday 1st session 6:30am-7:00am, 2nd session
12:30pm-1:00pm and 3rd at 7:00pm-7:30pm. This intervention will last for 12 weeks.
The WOD will utilize specific equipment that include a variety of weighted sandbags,
medicine balls, barbells, kettle bells, weighted sleds, tires, ropes, and anything else that can be
found as part of the CrossFit system. During the 12 week intervention the WOD should increases
in difficulty each week gradually. The WOD can also be formulated with a supplemental
instructional book: “Power Speed Endurance” by Brian Mackenzie and Glen Cordoza, (2012).
The research staff will coordinate with the facility staff to train them further on incorporating
exercises from the book into the exercise program. Please see the attached form as an example
of a 12 week intervention program.
According to Mackenzie and Cordoza (2012), Greg Glassman is known to be the founder
of CrossFit in 1999. This book demonstrates proper form and technique for every functional
physical movement defined by the CrossFit principles. In addition, the book has colored pictures
to support the text, which describes every workout in the CrossFit data bank. According to
12
18. Sibley (2012), a sport education model has been used comprehensively to teach sports at
high schools and middle schools throughout the country.
Sibley (2012) has shown that implementing a sport CrossFit model can influence new
behaviors in youth. In this study, on Saturdays, the CrossFit exercises which have been used for
the WOD during the week will be used in a sport education model. Saturday’s events will
measure time and distance relative to the WOD; this creates a sport like event. The staff will
post all data regarding, participants’ time and distance in the common areas. During the week,
the workouts are not measured for time and distance.
The events on Saturday will run 9am-12pm. Break for lunch and return to finish any
events not finished. The WOD for the sporting events should be consistent for all the
participants. Examples: The 1st WOD might consist of 20 repetitions of full body squats, 20
mountain climbers, 50 jumping jacks, and participants will run one mile. The youth should
repeat until the 30 minutes is up. The 2nd WOD might consist of: running two miles and
flipping tires until the end of the 30 minutes. Then the 3rd WOD might consist of 50 pushups,
20 overhead presses with a 15 pound (lb.) medicine ball, side crawls for 50 yards. Please note
that training is available for implementing these WOD. The book “Power Speed Endurance” by
Brian Mackenzie and Glen Cordoza, (2012), will be available to customize WOD for the youth
on site. At the end of the 12 weeks, the physical incidence reports, which include physical
restraints, will be counted. The previous 12 weeks of incidence reports which include physical
restraints will also be counted.
13
19. Data Analysis
In order to control extraneous circumstances or limitations for this study, the researcher
will follow the facility’s definition of physical restraints and count them accordingly. If the
researcher follows his or her own personal definition of physical restraint, there could be a
limitation of the data. It is also important to note that the physical restraint rates should be
calculated by percentage because participation from the sample may not parallel the previous
data. Therefore, data analysis tools that reveal physical restraint percentage rates of the given
population should be used, such as a t-test analysis to compare the means with the pre and post
numbers (Gliner et al., 2009).
The physical restraint rates from Group 1 will be divided by the number of participants
and will give you a percentage rate. The physical restraint rates from Group 2 will be divided
by the number of participants. The percentage rate from Group 1 will be compared to percentage
rate from Group 2.
Discussion
It is clear from the literature that the majority of adolescents in residential detention
centers have experienced violence, been victims of violence, and are at some risk of death and
serious injury. There is evidence that mental illness is frequently diagnosed in this population,
which perpetuates the mental instability of the juvenile, which increases the risk of continued
delinquency, health issues, and possible death. Therefore, the use of physical restraints should
be minimized and, possibly, eliminated. Since it is known that mental disorders are common in
the juvenile justice population, other interventions should be developed to control unwanted
behavior. 14
20. The use of physical restraints in a juvenile correctional residential detention facility
involves controversial and complex issues. The literature review attempted to demonstrate the
problems associated with the use of physical restraints. While there has been evidence of death
and emotional trauma linked to the use of physical restraints, there is no method or therapeutic
intervention/activity that has been adequately studied to replace the use of physical restraints and
how to best to modify unwanted behavior.
As an exercise psychologist, it is important to research possible methods to assist our
society in finding viable and effective metal health practices, which promote lifelong well-being.
Research shows regular exercise promotes wellness.
Limitations of this particular study are: the study can be subjective in its interpretation
and/or perceptions because of the unknown cause and effect of the past and current behaviors of
the juvenile offenders. In addition, I believe, careful consideration of how to design this study
should be evaluated. The control group in this case could actually intensify the results; the youth
who are not participating in the study could possibly become angry and hostile, which could
create added tension in the dorms. Furthermore, the sudden removal of juvenile offenders from
the facility can contribute to changes in the results, and possibly effect of one or more of the
variables in an unforeseen situation.
15
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27. Table 2
Workouts of the Day
1. WOD #1 - will consist of a 1 mile run, combined with stacking 50-20lb sand bags in a
pyramid formation. To perform this exercise, the youth will choose the order in which to
complete the task. The sand bag course should be 50 yards long, the youth will carry the
sand bags across 50 yards and build a pyramid. The youth can carry more than one bag
at a time.
2. WOD #2 - will consist of a 1 mile run, combined with pulling a 50lb sled 100 yards and
returning with it by pushing it back.
3. WOD #3 - will be 3 Sets of 20 pull-ups, 50 push-ups, and 50 squats. There should be a 2
minute rest between sets.
4. WOD #4 - will be the tire flip for 100 yards combined with a 1 mile run, and 20- 8 count
body builders.
5. WOD#5- will be a fireman’s carry, which will be 50lb weighted objects in each hand.
The youth’s distance will be measured after 30 min.
6. WOD#6 - 5k run
7. WOD#7 - will be 100 jumping jacks, 50 leg lifts, 50 crunches, and 50 mountain climbers.
There should be a 2 minute rest between sets.
8. WOD#8 – 2 mile run, side crawls for 50 yards on each side.
9. WOD#9 - seated sled pull for 100 yards, 500 yard 20lb sand bag carry/run.
10. WOD#10 - will be 3 Sets of 10 duck walks for 50 yards, bear crawls for 50 yards, 100
yard sprint.
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28. 11. WOD#11 - will be 3 Sets of 200 yard sprints, 20-8 count bodybuilders. There should be a
4 minute rest between sets.
12. WOD#12 - will be 3 Sets of Vertical rope climb-30ft and 30 squat hops.
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29. Data Collection Form
ID#____________
Age____________
Reason for admission
______________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
Length of stay____
Physical activity history
_________________________________________________________________
Physical restraint occurrences previous 12
weeks________________________________________
Physical restraint occurrences during the 12 week
intervention_____________________________
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30. Juvenile Justice Consent Form
The purpose of the research is to provide you with a proven results physical activity
exercise program. You will engage in exercise activities that include a rigorous physical
training program which could result in the increase of personal physical ability. In
addition this program should help you control behavior in a positive way.
I, __________________________ would like to participate in the physical activity
exercise program mentioned above that is a part of this juvenile justice program. I also
understand that by participating I could be subject to early release. A negative possibility
might be physical injury including death. I also understand that all information and data
will be kept confidential by the research staff.
Minor Child_____________________ Date___________
Facility Manager_________________
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31. Appendix A
(IRB)Research Protocol
The purpose of my research is to enhance and discover new knowledge in the field of
sport-exercise psychology. In addition, I will increase my personal knowledge as a professional
consumer of research. The purpose for this research is to design and implement a physical
activity exercise program, specifically for the juvenile justice population, in order to reduce
aggressive or violent behaviors in the facility. In addition, the results should reveal behavior
change, in hopes that adult criminal behaviors can be nullified by an effective intervention
during the early stages of adolescent years.
To find out if a physical activity exercise program will reduce aggressive or violent
behaviors in a juvenile justice setting, the research question is; would the implementation of a
voluntary, structured, and rigorous physical activity program, which consisted of exercise that
are task specific in a juvenile correctional facility lower the incidences of physical restraint rates?
The rationale for this study is that there is a lack of research on how to reduce juvenile justice
physical restraint rates.
In addition, it is important to make the connection that anxiety can lead to aggressive or
violent behaviors (Craig & Hallton, 2009), and by treating the anxiety with a physical activity
intervention, it can positively affect mood and ultimately nullify aggressive or violent juvenile
criminal behaviors (Lubans et al., 2012; Strohle, 2009).
According to Gliner, Morgan and Leech (2009), the research design is a between groups
design because this design compares physical restraint rates during the intervention and the rates
26
32. without the intervention. The sample consists of 200 youth in a juvenile justice facility in Las
Cruces, New Mexico. The youth sample is juvenile justice offenders serving a sentence of 9
months in a behavior management facility. The facility is filled to capacity 100% of the time.
When one youth departs, another is waiting to take the open bed that same day.
The physical activity exercise program, which is the independent variable, will be
incorporated into the youth’s daily schedule. The physical activity exercise program will be for
12 weeks. Upon completion, the youth will not have the physical activity exercise program for
the following 12 weeks. The alternating of the intervention/nonintervention (12 week periods)
will last for a total of nine months. The physical restraint rates is the dependent variable. This
variable will be measured by the number of physical restraint incidences during each 12 week
period.
The incentives for participation is a possible early release for good behavior. Also, an
incentive for participating is the fact that participating could lead to increased performance. The
youth’s daily activities are highly structured. Obstacles such as high walls, mud, swings, big
puzzles, steep climbs, heavy lifting, rope ladders, and pole perches require that the participants
use fast and slow deliberate movements. On Saturdays the participant will use a competitive
sport model for recreation. These teams will participate in challenging activities that will require
individual physical ability to perform.
During the week the youth will exercise for 30 minutes, three times a day. The exercises
will be specific to the physical tasks. For example, a posted schedule will tell the youth what
events are being held the following Saturday. If the event is the “Sand Bag Stack” the youth will
practice exercises associated with the activity. The staff will prepare them in order to be familiar
with the expected activities. 27
33. The risks to the participants could include minor to major physical injury. In a juvenile
corrections facility, consent is given from the state governing the youth. The staff are held at the
highest standards of institutional confidentiality. To also ensure confidentially, the research
team will not share information with the normal facility staff.
28
