This document summarizes several types of wireless networks. It discusses radio frequencies and frequency bands used in wireless communication. It then describes key aspects of cellular networks including UMTS, LTE, and their architectures. Wireless LANs are also covered, focusing on Wi-Fi standards, components like access points and controllers, and technologies such as MIMO. The document provides an overview of the fundamentals of various wireless networking technologies.

1. Wireless Networks
Shqiperim Krasniqi
Lirim Rexhepi
Besfort Shtaloja

2. "To steal ideas from one person is plagiarism. To steal from many is
research." Sh.K.

3. INTRODUCTION
• What are Radio Frequencies
– Wavelength
– Frequency
– Amplitude
– Phase
• Frequency Bands
The ISM (Industrial, Scientific and Medical) radio bands.
• “900MHz” ISM band 902MHz - 928MHz (Americas only)
• “2.4GHz” ISM band 2400MHz - 2483.5MHz
• ”5GHz” ISM band 5150MHz - 5815MHz

4. Wired vs. Wireless
• Wired vs. Wireless Networking
– Network cables and radio frequencies
– Costs
– Mobility
– Security

5.  CELLULAR SYSTEM
 WIRELESS LANs
 SATELLITE SYSTEM
 PAGING SYSTEM
 PANs(BLUETOOTH)

6. Cellular Telephony
• Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS – 3G)
– The 3GPP has five main UMTS standardization areas:
• Radio-access network
• Core network

7. RNC
MGW
HLR VLR
ISDN
PSTN
UTRAN
Core
Network
Mobile
station
NodeB
NodeB
NodeB
IuB IuBIuB
GGSN
IuCS
SGSN
Internet
IuPS

8. Long Term Evolution (LTE-4G)
• Specified by the 3GPP
• Completely integrated into the existing cellular infrastructure for 2G
and 3G
- seamless handoff
- complete connectivity between previous standards and LTE
• Packed-switching
- Improved capacity and coverage
- High data rates
- Low access latency
• IP-only network
• Data rates up to 150 Mbps (theoretical)
- VoIP
- Streaming multimedia
- Video-conferencing

9. LTE Architecture
• The LTE system is comprised of two networks:
- E-UTRAN (Evolved UTRAN)
- EPC (Evolved Packet Core)

10. EPC (Evolved Packet Core)
• All-IP and fully packet-switched
• Voice service is handled by IMS network
• Consists of:
- MME (Mobility Management Entity)
- SGW (Serving Gateway)
- PDN GW (Packet Data Network Gateway)
- HSS (Home Subscriber Server)

11. E-UTRAN (Evolved UTRAN)
• Consists of E-UTRAN Base Stations, called eNodeBs
• No centralized controller
• Flat architecture
• Responsible for all radio-related functions:
- Radio Resource Management (RRM)
- Header Compression
- Security
- Connectivity to the EPC

12. Wireless LANs
• Wi-Fi is the term used by the IEEE
802.11 standards to define the
Wireless LANs (WLANs).
• Wi-Fi is a more personal
environment and is intended for
domestic usage and small offices.
To do that, it uses a range of
frequency bands that are
“unlicensed”, that of 2.4GHz and
5GHz.

13. Standardization Organizations
• Three organizations influence WLAN standards
– ITU-R (International Telecommunication Union - Radiocommunication)
– IEEE - (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers)
– The Wi-Fi Alliance
• IEEE 802.11 Standards
– 802.11 b/g
• 11Mb/s / 54Mb/s and runs in the 2.4GHz frequency band.
– 802.11 a
• 54 Mb/s and runs in the 5 GHz frequency band.
– 802.11 n
• 300 Mb/s runs in both 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz bands.
– 802.11 ac
• 290 Mb/s up to 6.9 Gb/s. Runs in 5 GHz only.

14. The Wireless LAN Components
• Access Points
– Radio Resource Management (RRM)
• Dynamic Channel Assignment
• Transmit Power Control
• Coverage Hole Detection and Correction
– Clientlink
– CleanAir
– BandSelect

15. The Wireless LAN Components
• Wireless LAN Controllers
– Roaming
• Antenna
– MIMO technology

16. THANK YOU!