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Wireless Cellular technology 1G to 5G systems

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1st and 2nd Generation Cellular Systems Overview U101 UMTS Network Systems Overview 1 1st and 2nd Generation Cellular Systems Overview
Contents and Session Aims 1st and 2nd Generation Cellular Systems Overview • This is a background session to set the scene for UMTS, essentially a cellular history lesson • Firstly we will examine what we mean by cellular communications • We will look at different generations of cellular and briefly at major standards • This will allow us to see why 3G has moved forward in the way that it has •What is Cellular? •Cellular Generations •1st Generation •2nd Generation •2.5G U101 UMTS Network Systems Overview 2
What is Cellular? • There are three major types of terrestrial mobile communications technologies • Cellular  Users are provided wide area mobility from multiple base stations with handover permitted • Cordless Communication  Users are provided limited mobility from a dedicated base station • Paging  Brief numeric, alphanumeric or voice messages are sent to the subscriber typically using simulcasting 1st and 2nd Generation Cellular Systems Overview PSTN MSC Paging Control Centre Cellular U101 UMTS Network Systems Overview 3 Cordless Paging
Cellular Generations • People talk about mobile technology in terms of generationrsate U101 UMTS Network Systems Overview 4  1st Generation or 1G  2nd Generation or 2G  2.5G  3rd Generation or 3G But what do these mean? • 1st and 2nd Generation Cellular Systems Overview time Data Progress of data rates with time and generation
1st Generation • 1976+, though really the technology of the 1980’s • Analogue modulation • Frequency Division Multiple Access • Voice traffic only • No inter-network roaming possible • Insecure air interface 1st and 2nd Generation Cellular Systems Overview The 1st Generation of Cellular Technology makes use of analog modulation techniques such as FM U101 UMTS Network Systems Overview 5
1st Generation Standards U101 UMTS Network Systems Overview 6 • AMPS (Analogue Mobile Telephony System)  North American Standard in cellular band (800MHz) • TACS (Total Access Communications System)  UK originated Standard based on AMPS in 900MHz band • NMT (Nordic Mobile Telephony System)  Scandinavian Standard in 450MHz and 900MHz bands • C-450  German Standard in 450MHz band • JTACS (Japanese Total Access Communications System)  Japanese Standard in 900MHz band 1st and 2nd Generation Cellular Systems Overview
1st Generation Planning • Macrocellular  High sites for coverage driven planning  Antennas above roof height • Frequency planning required • Large cell size  Order 30km • Hard handover  Only ever connected to a single cell 1st and 2nd Generation Cellular Systems Overview U101 UMTS Network Systems Overview 7 Cellular Networks are commonly represented as hexagon grids. The above diagram shows how different frequencies are used in different cells in a cellular network (different frequencies represented by different colours). For networks with more cells than frequencies these must be planned
2nd Generation U101 UMTS Network Systems Overview 8 • 1990’s • Digital modulation • Variety of Multiple Access strategies • Voice and low rate circuit switched data • Same technology roaming • Secure air interface 1st and 2nd Generation Cellular Systems Overview 000110100110 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0010010111100 1111000101100000100100 The 2nd Generation of the Cellular Technology is first to use digital modulation
1st and 2nd Generation Cellular Systems Overview GSM • First networks in 1992 • European developed standard, but with worldwide subscriber base • Different frequency bands  GSM450, GSM900, GSM1800, GSM1900 • Largest 2nd Generation subscriber base • Frequency/Time Division Multiple Access • Open/Standardised Interfaces GSM phones from 1999/2000 U101 UMTS Network Systems Overview 9
GSM Planning • Macrocells and microcells  Capacity driven planning • Frequency planning required • Optional parameters requiring planning  Hierarchical Cell Structures  Frequency Hopping  Discontinuous Transmission  Power Control • Simple subscriber/traffic analysis  Capacity limited by number of TRX’s • Hard Handover 1st and 2nd Generation Cellular Systems Overview GSM networks use microcells to provide additional capacity. As with 1st generation networks frequency planning is required U101 UMTS Network Systems Overview 10
D-AMPS/PDC • TDMA (D-AMPS)  North American TDMA/FDMA based standard based upon AMPS  Predominantly used in North and South America  ANSI-41 Core Network  Planning Similar to GSM • PDC  Japanese TDMA/FDMA based standard  Predominantly used in Asia  Planning Similar to GSM 1st and 2nd Generation Cellular Systems Overview TDMA and PDC phones from 1999/2000 U101 UMTS Network Systems Overview 11
cdmaOne • First networks in 1996 • Derived from Qualcomm IS-95 air interface • Largely American subscriber base with some Asian networks • Code Division Multiple Access  This is in many ways the closest 2nd generation standard to many of the 3rd generation standards • ANSI-41 core network • Chip rate of 1.2288Mcps 1st and 2nd Generation Cellular Systems Overview cdmaOne 1999/2000 phones from U101 UMTS Network Systems Overview 12
cdmaOne Planning • Macrocells and microcells • Single Frequency  multiple frequencies for hotspots • Soft Handover (multiple connections between mobile and network) • Code Planning • Capacity Interference Limited 1 Connection 2 Connections 3 Connections U101 UMTS Network Systems Overview 13 1st and 2nd Generation Cellular Systems Overview Unlike GSM there is no frequency planning required for cdmaOne However soft handover means that there are zones where there are two/three connections to the network
Worldwide Mobile Communications in the 1990s 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 0 1 9 9 1 1 9 9 3 1 9 9 5 1 9 9 7 1 9 9 9 2 0 0 1 Second Generation - D-AMPS Second Generation - PDC Second Generation - GSM Second Generation - cdmaOne First Generation - Analogue U101 UMTS Network Systems Overview 14 Million Subscribers Year Source:Wideband CDMA for 3rd Generation Mobile Communications, Artech House, 1998 1st and 2nd Generation Cellular Systems Overview
Worldwide Mobile Subscribers 0 500 1000 1500 2000 1995 2000 Year 2005 2010 Source:Third Generation Mobile Communications, Artech House, 2000 European Union Countries North America Asia Pacific Rest of World U101 UMTS Network Systems Overview 15 Million Subscribers 1st and 2nd Generation Cellular Systems Overview
2.5G • Now... • Digital modulation • Voice and intermediate rate circuit/packet switched data • Same technology roaming • Secure air interface • Based upon existing dominant standards such as GSM or cdmaOne 1st and 2nd Generation Cellular Systems Overview 2.5G technologies are based upon existing 2G technologies but are focussed at increasing the maximum data rates that the technologies can deliver U101 UMTS Network Systems Overview 16
HSCSD • High Speed Circuit Switched Data • Enhancement to the GSM standard • Utilises:  Multiple channel coding schemes (4.8kbps, 9.6kbps, 14.4kbps per timeslot)  Multiple timeslots • Circuit Switched Data rates to 57.6kbps (4 slots with 14.4kbps channel coding per slot) Nokia Cardphone U101 UMTS Network Systems Overview 17 1st and 2nd Generation Cellular Systems Overview
GPRS • General Packet Radio Service • Enhancement to the GSM standard • Utlilises  Multiple Channel Coding Schemes (9.05kbps, 13.4kbps, 15.6kbps, 21.4kbps)  Multiple Timeslots  Packet Switching Ericsson R520 • Packet Switched Data typically to rates of 115kbps  Theoretically 171.2kbps for 8 timeslots (available 1Q 2001) Sagem MC850 Alcatel One Touch 700 (available October 2000) U101 UMTS Network Systems Overview 18 1st and 2nd Generation Cellular Systems Overview
IS-95B • Enhancement to cdmaOne standard • Utilises  High rate coding scheme  Combined code channels  packet switching • Packet Switched Data to rates of 114kbps 1st and 2nd Generation Cellular Systems Overview Qualcomm PDQ Smartphone U101 UMTS Network Systems Overview 19
2G and 2.5G Standards Compared U101 UMTS Network Systems Overview 20 1st and 2nd Generation Cellular Systems Overview GSM TDMA cdmaOne PDC Multiple Access TDMA TDMA CDMA TDMA Modulation GMSK π/4-DQPSK QPSK π/4-DQPSK Carrier Spacing 200kHz 30kHz 1.25MHz 25kHz Frame Length 4.615ms 40ms 20ms 20ms Slots per Frame 8 6 1 3/6 Frequency Band 450/ 900/ 1800/ 1900 800/ 1900 800/ 1900 850/ 1500 Max Data Rate HSCSD: 115kbps GPRS: 115 – 172kbps IS-136+: 43.2kbps IS-95A: 14.4kbps IS-95B: 115.2kbps 28.8kbps Frequency Hopping Yes No N/A No Handover Hard Hard Soft Hard
Questions U101 UMTS Network Systems Overview 21 • What defines a 1st generation technology and a 2nd generation technology? • What is are the main differences between GSM and cdmaOne? • How do 2.5G standards relate to 2G standards? 1st and 2nd Generation Cellular Systems Overview
Session Summary U101 UMTS Network Systems Overview 22 • We’ve now set the scene - we can start talking about where people want to go from here now… • The generations of cellular technology may be summarised:  1G is analog voice  2G is digital voice  2.5G is digital intermediate rate data • You also know it’s the coffee break now…and to come back at 10:45! 1st and 2nd Generation Cellular Systems Overview
IMT-2000 Future Spectrum ITU (WRC-2000) Europe Japan Korea USA 2200 3000 600 1000 1400 1800 2400 806 960 New IMT- 2000 1710 1880 2500 2690 New IMT- 2000 890 960 1710 GSM 1800 GSM 900 New IMT-2000 Cellular PCS U101 UMTS Network Systems Overview 23 3rd Generation Drivers and Standards
IMT-2000 Candidate Technology Evaluation U101 UMTS Network Systems Overview 24 • The ITU issued a request for proposals for the Radio Transmission Technology (RTT) for IMT-2000 to be submitted in June 1998 • Following this a self evaluation of the RTT submitted was required by September 1998 • Candidate technologies were then evaluated according to their compliance with the goals for IMT-2000 3rd Generation Drivers and Standards
IMT-2000 Candidate Harmonisation U101 UMTS Network Systems Overview 25 • A number of technologies were submitted many of which had distinct similarities • Of course operators were generally keen on a single standard to allow global roaming and economies of scale  Operators Harmonisation Group (OHG) • This led to two partnership projects being set up:  3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) � Dealing with UMTS FDD/TDD and related candidate technologies a  3rd Generation Partnership Project 2 (3GPP2) � Dealing with cdma2000 and related candidate technologies 3rd Generation Drivers and Standards
3G Standardization Environment 3rd Generation Drivers and Standards U101 UMTS Network Systems Overview 26 Key Players and their relationships in the IMT- 2000 standardisation environment
• Five candidate technologies were eventually selected:  IMT-DS (Direct Spread) �UMTS FDD  IMT-MC (Multi Carrier) �cdma2000  IMT-TC (Time Code) �UMTS TDD  IMT-SC (Single Carrier) �EDGE/UWC-136  IMT-FT (Frequency Time) �DECT IMT-2000 Selected Air Interface Standards 3rd Generation Drivers and Standards U101 UMTS Network Systems Overview 27
• Three candidate technologies will be used:  GSM MAP Evolved  ANSI-41 Evolved  IP Based �Driven forward by 3GIP IMT-2000 Selected Core Network Standards 3rd Generation Drivers and Standards U101 UMTS Network Systems Overview 28
IMT-2000 Standards 3rd Generation Drivers and Standards U101 UMTS Network Systems Overview 29 The IMT- 2000 family of standards
• North America and US influenced countries  Dominated by 2G TDMA/cdmaOne  USA has slower growth because recipient party pays  Mess of digital systems at 800 and 1900 MHz  US manufacturers have pushed forward growing cdmaOne standard  PCS spectrum overlaps IMT-2000 band  Major Drivers � Spectrum sharing and compatibility with 2G standard � National/International roaming EDGE (TDMA operators) cdma2000 (cdmaOne operators) U101 UMTS Network Systems Overview 30 North America Drivers 3rd Generation Drivers and Standards
• Europe and European Influenced Countries  GSM provided 2nd generation roaming across Europe  Plenty of Capacity at 1800MHz  IMT2000 band compatible with current spectrum usage leads to no spectrum sharing issues  EU enforced standardisation means UMTS for ‘at least 1 operator’ per country  Major Drivers � Higher Data Rates � Continued global dominance of European based standard UMTS U101 UMTS Network Systems Overview 31 European Drivers 3rd Generation Drivers and Standards
Japan/Korean Drivers • Japan and Korea  PHS and PDC left Japanese manufacturers isolated  IMT2000 band compatible with current spectrum usage leads to no spectrum sharing issues  Political US relationships...  Major Drivers � Capacity for Voice � Global market for cellular infrastructure UMTS U101 UMTS Network Systems Overview 32 3rd Generation Drivers and Standards
Cordless Drivers U101 UMTS Network Systems Overview 33 • You can’t get 2Mbps out of the cellular standards • Hence a requirement for cordless style standards  UMTS TDD Mode  DECT 3rd Generation Drivers and Standards
Industry Bodies - Radio Regulatory U101 UMTS Network Systems Overview 34 • ITU (International)  http://www.itu.int/ ERO (EU)  European Radio Office  http://www.ero.dk/ • RA (UK)  Radiocommunications Agency  http://www.radio.gov.uk/ FCC (USA)  Federal Communications Commission  http://www.fcc.gov/ • • 3rd Generation Drivers and Standards
Industry Bodies - Trade Associations U101 UMTS Network Systems Overview 35 • UMTS Forum  http://www.umts-forum.org/ GSM Association  http://www.gsmworld.com/index1.html • CDMA Development Group  http://www.cdg.org/ • GSM Suppliers Association  http://www.gsacom.com/home.html • Universal Wireless Communications Consortium  http://www.uwcc.org/ • 3rd Generation Drivers and Standards
Industry Bodies - Standards Groups • 3GPP  UMTS FDD and TDD  Standards Development  http://www.3gpp.org/ • 3GPP2  cdma2000  Standards Development  http://www.3gpp2.org/ • 3GIP  IP Core Network  http://www.3gip.org/ 3rd Generation Drivers and Standards U101 UMTS Network Systems Overview 36
Partnership Projects and Standards Organisations 3rd Generation Drivers and Standards U101 UMTS Network Systems Overview 37 Relationships between standards organisations the
3GPP Member Organisations • ETSI (EU)  http://www.etsi.org/ • ARIB (Japan)  http://www.arib.or.jp/arib/english/ • T1 (USA)  http://www.t1.org/ • TTC (Japan)  http://www.ttc.or.jp/e/ • TTA (Korea)  http://www.tta.or.kr/ • CWTS (China)  http://www.cwts.org/cwts/index_eng.html 3rd Generation Drivers and Standards U101 UMTS Network Systems Overview 38
3GPP2 Member Organisations • TIA (USA)  http://www.tiaonline.org/ TTA (Korea)  http://www .tta.or.kr/ • TTC (Japan)  http://www .ttc.or.jp/e/ • ARIB (Japan)  http://www. arib .or.jp/arib/en glish/ • CWTS (China)  http://www.c wts.org/cwt s/index_ eng.html • 3rd Generation Drivers and Standards U101 UMTS Network Systems Overview 39
The Road to 3G 3rd Generation Drivers and Standards Possible Evolution Paths to 3G HSCSD U101 UMTS Network Systems Overview 40
3rd Generation Cellular • 2002+ • Digital modulation • Voice and high rate data • Multi technology roaming • Secure air interface • Standards  UMTS FDD (CDMA based)  UMTS TDD (CDMA based)  cdma2000 (CDMA based)  EDGE (TDMA based) 3rd Generation Drivers and Standards U101 UMTS Network Systems Overview 41
UMTS FDD U101 UMTS Network Systems Overview 42 • Universal Mobile Telecommunications System Frequency Division Duplexing Mode • Built onto enhanced GSM core network • Utilises:  QPSK modulation  Multiple channel coding and bearer rates  Variable spreading factors and multi-code transmission  CDMA  FDD  Asynchronous operation • Data up to rates of 2Mbps (typically less) 3rd Generation Drivers and Standards
UMTS Compared to GSM U101 UMTS Network Systems Overview 43 3rd Generation Drivers and Standards UMTS GSM Carrier Spacing 5MHz 200kHz Frequency Reuse Factor 1 1-18 Power Control Frequency 1500Hz 2Hz or lower Quality Control Radio Resource Management algorithms Frequency Planning and Network Optimisation Frequency Diversity 5MHz bandwidth gives multipath diversity with rake reciever Frequency Hopping Packet Data Load Based Packet Scheduling Time Slot based Scheduling with GPRS Transmit Diversity Supported to improve downlink capacity Not supported by standard but may be applied
UMTS Compared to IS95 U101 UMTS Network Systems Overview 44 3rd Generation Drivers and Standards UMTS IS-95 Carrier Spacing 5MHz 1.25MHz Chip Rate 3.84Mcps 1.2288Mcps Power Control Frequency 1500Hz Uplink 800Hz, Downlink slow Base Station Synchronisation No Yes via GPS Frequency Inter Frequency Handovers Yes, slotted mode measurements Possible but measurements not specified Packet Data Load Based Packet Scheduling Packets as short CS calls Radio Resource Management Efficient algorithms to provide QoS Not required for speech only Transmit Diversity Supported to improve downlink capacity Not supported by standard
UMTS TDD U101 UMTS Network Systems Overview 45 • Universal Mobile Telecommunications System Frequency Division Duplexing Mode • Built onto enhanced GSM core network • Utilises:  QPSK modulation  Multiple channel coding and bearer rates  CDMA  TDD  Asynchronous operation • Data up to rates of 2Mbps (typically less) 3rd Generation Drivers and Standards
cdma2000 U101 UMTS Network Systems Overview 46 • Built onto ANSI-41 core network • Utilises:  QPSK modulation  Multiple channel coding and bearer rates  CDMA  FDD  Multiple carriers on the downlink to allow compatibility with cdmaOne  Synchronous operation • Data up to rates of 2Mbps (typically less) 3rd Generation Drivers and Standards
EDGE U101 UMTS Network Systems Overview 47 • Enhanced Data for GSM Evolution  Sometimes called E-GPRS (Enhanced GPRS) • Enhancement to the GSM and TDMA standards • Utlilises:  8PSK Modulation  Possible 1.6MHz carrier under IS-136  8 Channel Coding Schemes  Multiple Timeslots  TDMA • Data up to rates of 384kbps (typically less) 3rd Generation Drivers and Standards
U101 UMTS Network Systems Overview 48 3rd Generation Standards Compared 3rd Generation Drivers and Standards UMTS FDD UMTS TDD cdma2000 EDGE Multiple Access CDMA CDMA CDMA TDMA Modulation QPSK QPSK QPSK 8-PSK Carrier Spacing 5MHz (200kHz raster) 5MHz (200kHz raster) 3.75MHz UL/1.25MHz DL 200kHz/1.6MHz Frame Length 10ms 10ms 20ms 4.615ms Slots per Frame 15 15 16 8/16/64 Multiple Rates Multi-code, Variable Spreading Factor Multi-code, multi- slot Supplemental Channels, Multiple spreading Factors Multiple channel code, multi-slot Chip Rate 3.84Mcps 3.84Mcps 3.6868Mcps Max Data Rate 2Mbps 2Mbps 2Mbps 521/4750kbps Synchronous No No Yes Yes Handover Soft Hard Soft Hard
4th Generation... • Probably 2005-2007 • Broadband data rates in excess of 1Mbps • Probably 10MHz+ carriers • ... U101 UMTS Network Systems Overview 49 3rd Generation Drivers and Standards
Questions U101 UMTS Network Systems Overview 50 • What is IMT-2000 and why is it related to UMTS? • Why do the American operators want cdma2000 and EDGE? • What is the major difference between UMTS and cdma2000? 3rd Generation Drivers and Standards
Session Summary U101 UMTS Network Systems Overview 51 • In this session we have discussed:  The key goals of IMT-2000  The drivers for 3rd generation from the regions  The key industry bodies and their relationships  The four cellular air interfaces for IMT-2000 are: � UMTS FDD � UMTS TDD � cdma2000 � EDGE 3rd Generation Drivers and Standards

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Wireless Cellular technology 1G to 5G systems

  • 1.
    1st and 2ndGeneration Cellular Systems Overview U101 UMTS Network Systems Overview 1 1st and 2nd Generation Cellular Systems Overview
  • 2.
    Contents and SessionAims 1st and 2nd Generation Cellular Systems Overview • This is a background session to set the scene for UMTS, essentially a cellular history lesson • Firstly we will examine what we mean by cellular communications • We will look at different generations of cellular and briefly at major standards • This will allow us to see why 3G has moved forward in the way that it has •What is Cellular? •Cellular Generations •1st Generation •2nd Generation •2.5G U101 UMTS Network Systems Overview 2
  • 3.
    What is Cellular? •There are three major types of terrestrial mobile communications technologies • Cellular  Users are provided wide area mobility from multiple base stations with handover permitted • Cordless Communication  Users are provided limited mobility from a dedicated base station • Paging  Brief numeric, alphanumeric or voice messages are sent to the subscriber typically using simulcasting 1st and 2nd Generation Cellular Systems Overview PSTN MSC Paging Control Centre Cellular U101 UMTS Network Systems Overview 3 Cordless Paging
  • 4.
    Cellular Generations • Peopletalk about mobile technology in terms of generationrsate U101 UMTS Network Systems Overview 4  1st Generation or 1G  2nd Generation or 2G  2.5G  3rd Generation or 3G But what do these mean? • 1st and 2nd Generation Cellular Systems Overview time Data Progress of data rates with time and generation
  • 5.
    1st Generation • 1976+,though really the technology of the 1980’s • Analogue modulation • Frequency Division Multiple Access • Voice traffic only • No inter-network roaming possible • Insecure air interface 1st and 2nd Generation Cellular Systems Overview The 1st Generation of Cellular Technology makes use of analog modulation techniques such as FM U101 UMTS Network Systems Overview 5
  • 6.
    1st Generation Standards U101UMTS Network Systems Overview 6 • AMPS (Analogue Mobile Telephony System)  North American Standard in cellular band (800MHz) • TACS (Total Access Communications System)  UK originated Standard based on AMPS in 900MHz band • NMT (Nordic Mobile Telephony System)  Scandinavian Standard in 450MHz and 900MHz bands • C-450  German Standard in 450MHz band • JTACS (Japanese Total Access Communications System)  Japanese Standard in 900MHz band 1st and 2nd Generation Cellular Systems Overview
  • 7.
    1st Generation Planning •Macrocellular  High sites for coverage driven planning  Antennas above roof height • Frequency planning required • Large cell size  Order 30km • Hard handover  Only ever connected to a single cell 1st and 2nd Generation Cellular Systems Overview U101 UMTS Network Systems Overview 7 Cellular Networks are commonly represented as hexagon grids. The above diagram shows how different frequencies are used in different cells in a cellular network (different frequencies represented by different colours). For networks with more cells than frequencies these must be planned
  • 8.
    2nd Generation U101 UMTSNetwork Systems Overview 8 • 1990’s • Digital modulation • Variety of Multiple Access strategies • Voice and low rate circuit switched data • Same technology roaming • Secure air interface 1st and 2nd Generation Cellular Systems Overview 000110100110 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0010010111100 1111000101100000100100 The 2nd Generation of the Cellular Technology is first to use digital modulation
  • 9.
    1st and 2ndGeneration Cellular Systems Overview GSM • First networks in 1992 • European developed standard, but with worldwide subscriber base • Different frequency bands  GSM450, GSM900, GSM1800, GSM1900 • Largest 2nd Generation subscriber base • Frequency/Time Division Multiple Access • Open/Standardised Interfaces GSM phones from 1999/2000 U101 UMTS Network Systems Overview 9
  • 10.
    GSM Planning • Macrocellsand microcells  Capacity driven planning • Frequency planning required • Optional parameters requiring planning  Hierarchical Cell Structures  Frequency Hopping  Discontinuous Transmission  Power Control • Simple subscriber/traffic analysis  Capacity limited by number of TRX’s • Hard Handover 1st and 2nd Generation Cellular Systems Overview GSM networks use microcells to provide additional capacity. As with 1st generation networks frequency planning is required U101 UMTS Network Systems Overview 10
  • 11.
    D-AMPS/PDC • TDMA (D-AMPS)  NorthAmerican TDMA/FDMA based standard based upon AMPS  Predominantly used in North and South America  ANSI-41 Core Network  Planning Similar to GSM • PDC  Japanese TDMA/FDMA based standard  Predominantly used in Asia  Planning Similar to GSM 1st and 2nd Generation Cellular Systems Overview TDMA and PDC phones from 1999/2000 U101 UMTS Network Systems Overview 11
  • 12.
    cdmaOne • First networksin 1996 • Derived from Qualcomm IS-95 air interface • Largely American subscriber base with some Asian networks • Code Division Multiple Access  This is in many ways the closest 2nd generation standard to many of the 3rd generation standards • ANSI-41 core network • Chip rate of 1.2288Mcps 1st and 2nd Generation Cellular Systems Overview cdmaOne 1999/2000 phones from U101 UMTS Network Systems Overview 12
  • 13.
    cdmaOne Planning • Macrocellsand microcells • Single Frequency  multiple frequencies for hotspots • Soft Handover (multiple connections between mobile and network) • Code Planning • Capacity Interference Limited 1 Connection 2 Connections 3 Connections U101 UMTS Network Systems Overview 13 1st and 2nd Generation Cellular Systems Overview Unlike GSM there is no frequency planning required for cdmaOne However soft handover means that there are zones where there are two/three connections to the network
  • 14.
    Worldwide Mobile Communicationsin the 1990s 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 0 1 9 9 1 1 9 9 3 1 9 9 5 1 9 9 7 1 9 9 9 2 0 0 1 Second Generation - D-AMPS Second Generation - PDC Second Generation - GSM Second Generation - cdmaOne First Generation - Analogue U101 UMTS Network Systems Overview 14 Million Subscribers Year Source:Wideband CDMA for 3rd Generation Mobile Communications, Artech House, 1998 1st and 2nd Generation Cellular Systems Overview
  • 15.
    Worldwide Mobile Subscribers 0 500 1000 1500 2000 19952000 Year 2005 2010 Source:Third Generation Mobile Communications, Artech House, 2000 European Union Countries North America Asia Pacific Rest of World U101 UMTS Network Systems Overview 15 Million Subscribers 1st and 2nd Generation Cellular Systems Overview
  • 16.
    2.5G • Now... • Digitalmodulation • Voice and intermediate rate circuit/packet switched data • Same technology roaming • Secure air interface • Based upon existing dominant standards such as GSM or cdmaOne 1st and 2nd Generation Cellular Systems Overview 2.5G technologies are based upon existing 2G technologies but are focussed at increasing the maximum data rates that the technologies can deliver U101 UMTS Network Systems Overview 16
  • 17.
    HSCSD • High SpeedCircuit Switched Data • Enhancement to the GSM standard • Utilises:  Multiple channel coding schemes (4.8kbps, 9.6kbps, 14.4kbps per timeslot)  Multiple timeslots • Circuit Switched Data rates to 57.6kbps (4 slots with 14.4kbps channel coding per slot) Nokia Cardphone U101 UMTS Network Systems Overview 17 1st and 2nd Generation Cellular Systems Overview
  • 18.
    GPRS • General PacketRadio Service • Enhancement to the GSM standard • Utlilises  Multiple Channel Coding Schemes (9.05kbps, 13.4kbps, 15.6kbps, 21.4kbps)  Multiple Timeslots  Packet Switching Ericsson R520 • Packet Switched Data typically to rates of 115kbps  Theoretically 171.2kbps for 8 timeslots (available 1Q 2001) Sagem MC850 Alcatel One Touch 700 (available October 2000) U101 UMTS Network Systems Overview 18 1st and 2nd Generation Cellular Systems Overview
  • 19.
    IS-95B • Enhancement tocdmaOne standard • Utilises  High rate coding scheme  Combined code channels  packet switching • Packet Switched Data to rates of 114kbps 1st and 2nd Generation Cellular Systems Overview Qualcomm PDQ Smartphone U101 UMTS Network Systems Overview 19
  • 20.
    2G and 2.5GStandards Compared U101 UMTS Network Systems Overview 20 1st and 2nd Generation Cellular Systems Overview GSM TDMA cdmaOne PDC Multiple Access TDMA TDMA CDMA TDMA Modulation GMSK π/4-DQPSK QPSK π/4-DQPSK Carrier Spacing 200kHz 30kHz 1.25MHz 25kHz Frame Length 4.615ms 40ms 20ms 20ms Slots per Frame 8 6 1 3/6 Frequency Band 450/ 900/ 1800/ 1900 800/ 1900 800/ 1900 850/ 1500 Max Data Rate HSCSD: 115kbps GPRS: 115 – 172kbps IS-136+: 43.2kbps IS-95A: 14.4kbps IS-95B: 115.2kbps 28.8kbps Frequency Hopping Yes No N/A No Handover Hard Hard Soft Hard
  • 21.
    Questions U101 UMTS NetworkSystems Overview 21 • What defines a 1st generation technology and a 2nd generation technology? • What is are the main differences between GSM and cdmaOne? • How do 2.5G standards relate to 2G standards? 1st and 2nd Generation Cellular Systems Overview
  • 22.
    Session Summary U101 UMTSNetwork Systems Overview 22 • We’ve now set the scene - we can start talking about where people want to go from here now… • The generations of cellular technology may be summarised:  1G is analog voice  2G is digital voice  2.5G is digital intermediate rate data • You also know it’s the coffee break now…and to come back at 10:45! 1st and 2nd Generation Cellular Systems Overview
  • 23.
    IMT-2000 Future Spectrum ITU (WRC-2000) Europe Japan Korea USA 22003000 600 1000 1400 1800 2400 806 960 New IMT- 2000 1710 1880 2500 2690 New IMT- 2000 890 960 1710 GSM 1800 GSM 900 New IMT-2000 Cellular PCS U101 UMTS Network Systems Overview 23 3rd Generation Drivers and Standards
  • 24.
    IMT-2000 Candidate TechnologyEvaluation U101 UMTS Network Systems Overview 24 • The ITU issued a request for proposals for the Radio Transmission Technology (RTT) for IMT-2000 to be submitted in June 1998 • Following this a self evaluation of the RTT submitted was required by September 1998 • Candidate technologies were then evaluated according to their compliance with the goals for IMT-2000 3rd Generation Drivers and Standards
  • 25.
    IMT-2000 Candidate Harmonisation U101UMTS Network Systems Overview 25 • A number of technologies were submitted many of which had distinct similarities • Of course operators were generally keen on a single standard to allow global roaming and economies of scale  Operators Harmonisation Group (OHG) • This led to two partnership projects being set up:  3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) � Dealing with UMTS FDD/TDD and related candidate technologies a  3rd Generation Partnership Project 2 (3GPP2) � Dealing with cdma2000 and related candidate technologies 3rd Generation Drivers and Standards
  • 26.
    3G Standardization Environment 3rdGeneration Drivers and Standards U101 UMTS Network Systems Overview 26 Key Players and their relationships in the IMT- 2000 standardisation environment
  • 27.
    • Five candidatetechnologies were eventually selected:  IMT-DS (Direct Spread) �UMTS FDD  IMT-MC (Multi Carrier) �cdma2000  IMT-TC (Time Code) �UMTS TDD  IMT-SC (Single Carrier) �EDGE/UWC-136  IMT-FT (Frequency Time) �DECT IMT-2000 Selected Air Interface Standards 3rd Generation Drivers and Standards U101 UMTS Network Systems Overview 27
  • 28.
    • Three candidatetechnologies will be used:  GSM MAP Evolved  ANSI-41 Evolved  IP Based �Driven forward by 3GIP IMT-2000 Selected Core Network Standards 3rd Generation Drivers and Standards U101 UMTS Network Systems Overview 28
  • 29.
    IMT-2000 Standards 3rd GenerationDrivers and Standards U101 UMTS Network Systems Overview 29 The IMT- 2000 family of standards
  • 30.
    • North Americaand US influenced countries  Dominated by 2G TDMA/cdmaOne  USA has slower growth because recipient party pays  Mess of digital systems at 800 and 1900 MHz  US manufacturers have pushed forward growing cdmaOne standard  PCS spectrum overlaps IMT-2000 band  Major Drivers � Spectrum sharing and compatibility with 2G standard � National/International roaming EDGE (TDMA operators) cdma2000 (cdmaOne operators) U101 UMTS Network Systems Overview 30 North America Drivers 3rd Generation Drivers and Standards
  • 31.
    • Europe andEuropean Influenced Countries  GSM provided 2nd generation roaming across Europe  Plenty of Capacity at 1800MHz  IMT2000 band compatible with current spectrum usage leads to no spectrum sharing issues  EU enforced standardisation means UMTS for ‘at least 1 operator’ per country  Major Drivers � Higher Data Rates � Continued global dominance of European based standard UMTS U101 UMTS Network Systems Overview 31 European Drivers 3rd Generation Drivers and Standards
  • 32.
    Japan/Korean Drivers • Japanand Korea  PHS and PDC left Japanese manufacturers isolated  IMT2000 band compatible with current spectrum usage leads to no spectrum sharing issues  Political US relationships...  Major Drivers � Capacity for Voice � Global market for cellular infrastructure UMTS U101 UMTS Network Systems Overview 32 3rd Generation Drivers and Standards
  • 33.
    Cordless Drivers U101 UMTSNetwork Systems Overview 33 • You can’t get 2Mbps out of the cellular standards • Hence a requirement for cordless style standards  UMTS TDD Mode  DECT 3rd Generation Drivers and Standards
  • 34.
    Industry Bodies -Radio Regulatory U101 UMTS Network Systems Overview 34 • ITU (International)  http://www.itu.int/ ERO (EU)  European Radio Office  http://www.ero.dk/ • RA (UK)  Radiocommunications Agency  http://www.radio.gov.uk/ FCC (USA)  Federal Communications Commission  http://www.fcc.gov/ • • 3rd Generation Drivers and Standards
  • 35.
    Industry Bodies -Trade Associations U101 UMTS Network Systems Overview 35 • UMTS Forum  http://www.umts-forum.org/ GSM Association  http://www.gsmworld.com/index1.html • CDMA Development Group  http://www.cdg.org/ • GSM Suppliers Association  http://www.gsacom.com/home.html • Universal Wireless Communications Consortium  http://www.uwcc.org/ • 3rd Generation Drivers and Standards
  • 36.
    Industry Bodies -Standards Groups • 3GPP  UMTS FDD and TDD  Standards Development  http://www.3gpp.org/ • 3GPP2  cdma2000  Standards Development  http://www.3gpp2.org/ • 3GIP  IP Core Network  http://www.3gip.org/ 3rd Generation Drivers and Standards U101 UMTS Network Systems Overview 36
  • 37.
    Partnership Projects andStandards Organisations 3rd Generation Drivers and Standards U101 UMTS Network Systems Overview 37 Relationships between standards organisations the
  • 38.
    3GPP Member Organisations •ETSI (EU)  http://www.etsi.org/ • ARIB (Japan)  http://www.arib.or.jp/arib/english/ • T1 (USA)  http://www.t1.org/ • TTC (Japan)  http://www.ttc.or.jp/e/ • TTA (Korea)  http://www.tta.or.kr/ • CWTS (China)  http://www.cwts.org/cwts/index_eng.html 3rd Generation Drivers and Standards U101 UMTS Network Systems Overview 38
  • 39.
    3GPP2 Member Organisations •TIA (USA)  http://www.tiaonline.org/ TTA (Korea)  http://www .tta.or.kr/ • TTC (Japan)  http://www .ttc.or.jp/e/ • ARIB (Japan)  http://www. arib .or.jp/arib/en glish/ • CWTS (China)  http://www.c wts.org/cwt s/index_ eng.html • 3rd Generation Drivers and Standards U101 UMTS Network Systems Overview 39
  • 40.
    The Road to3G 3rd Generation Drivers and Standards Possible Evolution Paths to 3G HSCSD U101 UMTS Network Systems Overview 40
  • 41.
    3rd Generation Cellular •2002+ • Digital modulation • Voice and high rate data • Multi technology roaming • Secure air interface • Standards  UMTS FDD (CDMA based)  UMTS TDD (CDMA based)  cdma2000 (CDMA based)  EDGE (TDMA based) 3rd Generation Drivers and Standards U101 UMTS Network Systems Overview 41
  • 42.
    UMTS FDD U101 UMTSNetwork Systems Overview 42 • Universal Mobile Telecommunications System Frequency Division Duplexing Mode • Built onto enhanced GSM core network • Utilises:  QPSK modulation  Multiple channel coding and bearer rates  Variable spreading factors and multi-code transmission  CDMA  FDD  Asynchronous operation • Data up to rates of 2Mbps (typically less) 3rd Generation Drivers and Standards
  • 43.
    UMTS Compared toGSM U101 UMTS Network Systems Overview 43 3rd Generation Drivers and Standards UMTS GSM Carrier Spacing 5MHz 200kHz Frequency Reuse Factor 1 1-18 Power Control Frequency 1500Hz 2Hz or lower Quality Control Radio Resource Management algorithms Frequency Planning and Network Optimisation Frequency Diversity 5MHz bandwidth gives multipath diversity with rake reciever Frequency Hopping Packet Data Load Based Packet Scheduling Time Slot based Scheduling with GPRS Transmit Diversity Supported to improve downlink capacity Not supported by standard but may be applied
  • 44.
    UMTS Compared toIS95 U101 UMTS Network Systems Overview 44 3rd Generation Drivers and Standards UMTS IS-95 Carrier Spacing 5MHz 1.25MHz Chip Rate 3.84Mcps 1.2288Mcps Power Control Frequency 1500Hz Uplink 800Hz, Downlink slow Base Station Synchronisation No Yes via GPS Frequency Inter Frequency Handovers Yes, slotted mode measurements Possible but measurements not specified Packet Data Load Based Packet Scheduling Packets as short CS calls Radio Resource Management Efficient algorithms to provide QoS Not required for speech only Transmit Diversity Supported to improve downlink capacity Not supported by standard
  • 45.
    UMTS TDD U101 UMTSNetwork Systems Overview 45 • Universal Mobile Telecommunications System Frequency Division Duplexing Mode • Built onto enhanced GSM core network • Utilises:  QPSK modulation  Multiple channel coding and bearer rates  CDMA  TDD  Asynchronous operation • Data up to rates of 2Mbps (typically less) 3rd Generation Drivers and Standards
  • 46.
    cdma2000 U101 UMTS NetworkSystems Overview 46 • Built onto ANSI-41 core network • Utilises:  QPSK modulation  Multiple channel coding and bearer rates  CDMA  FDD  Multiple carriers on the downlink to allow compatibility with cdmaOne  Synchronous operation • Data up to rates of 2Mbps (typically less) 3rd Generation Drivers and Standards
  • 47.
    EDGE U101 UMTS NetworkSystems Overview 47 • Enhanced Data for GSM Evolution  Sometimes called E-GPRS (Enhanced GPRS) • Enhancement to the GSM and TDMA standards • Utlilises:  8PSK Modulation  Possible 1.6MHz carrier under IS-136  8 Channel Coding Schemes  Multiple Timeslots  TDMA • Data up to rates of 384kbps (typically less) 3rd Generation Drivers and Standards
  • 48.
    U101 UMTS NetworkSystems Overview 48 3rd Generation Standards Compared 3rd Generation Drivers and Standards UMTS FDD UMTS TDD cdma2000 EDGE Multiple Access CDMA CDMA CDMA TDMA Modulation QPSK QPSK QPSK 8-PSK Carrier Spacing 5MHz (200kHz raster) 5MHz (200kHz raster) 3.75MHz UL/1.25MHz DL 200kHz/1.6MHz Frame Length 10ms 10ms 20ms 4.615ms Slots per Frame 15 15 16 8/16/64 Multiple Rates Multi-code, Variable Spreading Factor Multi-code, multi- slot Supplemental Channels, Multiple spreading Factors Multiple channel code, multi-slot Chip Rate 3.84Mcps 3.84Mcps 3.6868Mcps Max Data Rate 2Mbps 2Mbps 2Mbps 521/4750kbps Synchronous No No Yes Yes Handover Soft Hard Soft Hard
  • 49.
    4th Generation... • Probably2005-2007 • Broadband data rates in excess of 1Mbps • Probably 10MHz+ carriers • ... U101 UMTS Network Systems Overview 49 3rd Generation Drivers and Standards
  • 50.
    Questions U101 UMTS NetworkSystems Overview 50 • What is IMT-2000 and why is it related to UMTS? • Why do the American operators want cdma2000 and EDGE? • What is the major difference between UMTS and cdma2000? 3rd Generation Drivers and Standards
  • 51.
    Session Summary U101 UMTSNetwork Systems Overview 51 • In this session we have discussed:  The key goals of IMT-2000  The drivers for 3rd generation from the regions  The key industry bodies and their relationships  The four cellular air interfaces for IMT-2000 are: � UMTS FDD � UMTS TDD � cdma2000 � EDGE 3rd Generation Drivers and Standards