1. 3D time-lapse seismic surveys constitute powerful tools for monitoring the distribution of CO2 in the reservoir and for potential leakage. 2. Characterization of the local rock-fluid-stress system is essential to the design of an appropriate monitoring plan and interpretation of geophysical data. 3. Baseline measurements prior to injection should be considered a critical component of monitoring programs, whether focused on the reservoir, storage complex, or wider environment.

1. Lessons Learnt from
Monitoring at the Weyburn
and Aquistore Projects
Neil Wildgust, Chief Project Officer
May 16, 2012
International Workshop on Knowledge Sharing in MVA/MMV,
Mobile, Alabama

2. Petroleum Technology Research Centre
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3. IEAGHG Weyburn-Midale CO2 Monitoring
& Storage Project (WMP) 2000 to 2012
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5. WMP Best Practice Manual
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6. Integrated technology portfolio for geologic CO2 storage
Site
Chapter 2
Site Characterization
Characterization
Chapter 3 Chapters 4-5
Modeling
Modeling Monitoring
Monitoring
define initial
& bdry conds
predict measure
isolation isolation
performance performance
CO2 injection:
lab to field scale
provide fund’l data
Isolation performance
•" Demo site feasibility & test bed for MMC •" Calibrate predictive models
•" ID screening criteria
Capacity •" t-lapse data for iterative site
•" Design site char, injection,
Footprint char & modeling refinement
Chapter 6
•" & monitoring strategies
Containment History Match
History Match
•" Demo regulatory compliance
•" Quantify(CFC(CFC uncertainty)
Risk risk uncertainty) •" Crucial for public acceptance
compare results:
resolve discrepancies &
refine CMM capabilities
6

7. Staged Study Areas:
Regional
GeoScience
Framework Area of
Investigation:!
>30,000 wells in study
area!
-"11,121 drill stem tests!
-"6,292 wells with digital
core analyses!
-"9,207 formation water
chemistry samples!

8. 3D Time-Lapse Seismic: CO2 Distribution
Monitoring regional subsurface
distribution of CO2:
•"Verifying storage conformance Reservoir
•"A primary input for updating
reservoir models
•"Optimal resolving capability
•"Sensitive to low CO2 saturations
•"Data repeatability is fundamental

9. 3D Time-Lapse Seismic: Pressure vs. CO2 Saturation
Inversion of prestack seismic data:
•" Semi-quantitative CO2 saturation and P changes
•" Results are model-based
•"Characterization of reservoir rock physics is essential
•" Monitoring survey design is important as “long offset”
data are required

10. 3D Time-Lapse Seismic: Containment
500
700
Colorado
TWT (S)
900 1 < 1%
Vanguard
1100 2 Watrous Caprock
Reserv
oir 3
> 85%
1300
Interval travel-time changes:
•" Semi-quantitative apportionment of CO2 within various
layers of the storage complex
•" Results are model-based
•"Characterization of reservoir rock physics is essential
•" Data repeatability is essential

11. Seal Integrity: Fracture Mapping
Caprock Anisotropy Vectors
Anisotropy
vectors
Bunge,
2000
Reservoir
oriented
core sample
Anisotropy
Producers
fracture
Injectors analysis
Seismic anisotropy as a proxy for vertical fracturing:
•" Means of identifying potential fracture zones regionally
•" Scale of individual fractures and hydraulic conductivity is not resolved
•" “Fracture zones” may warrant subsequent attention

12. Passive Seismic Monitoring
Documentation of time, magnitude
and location of seismicity:
•"Public assurance
•"Integrity of the sealing units
•"Injection control

13. BPM chapter 4: Geochemical monitoring
4.1 Summary
4.2 Introduction
4.2.1 Context
4.2.2 Objectives
4.2.3 Components
4.3 Soil gas
4.4 Groundwater
4.5 Reservoir fluids
4.5.1 Produced brines & gases
4.5.2 Produced hydrocarbons
April 2003
4.6 Reservoir/caprock core
4.7 Recommendations
13

14. Soil gas monitoring: Overview
Research Providers
Site-3 !" Dave Jones et al. (BGS)
!" Dave Risk et al. (StFX)
Measurements
!" CO2, O2, N2 conc.
!" CH4, C2H6, C2H4 conc.
!" Rn, He conc.
!" CO2 flux
!" C isotopes
Methods
Site-2
!" Single-depth (BGS),
Site-1
depth-profile (StFX) CO2
!" CO2 flux (BGS)
!" Continuous CO2 (BGS),
CO2 flux (StFX)
!" !13CO2,, 14CO2
14

15. Soil Gas Monitoring Data

16. Wellbore Field Testing Program
Modified coring tool:
! Direct confirmation of cement

17. SaskPower Boundary Dam Project
Unit #3

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22. Monitoring Lessons Learnt
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