Why do the outer stars in our galaxy not slow down- as Keplers laws of.docx
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Why do the outer stars in our galaxy not slow down, as Kepler’s laws of motion would predict? Solution Kepler\'s Laws were derived for the planets orbiting the Sun in our solar system. And they work for any situation in which you have one discrete object with a mass far greater than any of the the objects that orbit it. But with galaxies you have a very different situation. The mass of a galaxy is not all concentrated at the center. It\'s spread out among all the constituents of the galaxy, across hundreds of thousands of light years. As explained here, even the supermassive black hole at the center of the Milky Way isn\'t massive enough to greatly affect the orbits of the stars in our galaxy (except for those very close to the center). In practice, and this is especially true for galaxies\' stars, the paths are not perfect ellipses. There is often some precession (a slow change in position) of the orbiting object\'s path, causing it to never repeat the exact same orbit about the central mass. .
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Please identify hardware device(s) (peripherals) and describe how a NO.docx
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Solution
The term network operating system is used to refer to two rather different concepts:
A specialised operating system for a network device such as a router, switch or firewall.
An operating system oriented to computer networking, to allow shared file and printer access among multiple computers in a network, to enable the sharing of data, users, groups, security, applications, and other networking functions.[1] Typically over a local area network (LAN), or private network. This sense is now largely historical, as common operating systems generally now have such features included.
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Peer to Peer
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equal; they all share the same abilities to use resources available on the network
The advantages include:
Ease of setup
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The disadvantages include:
No central location for storage
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Client Server
Network operating systems can be based on a client–server model (architecture) in which a server enables multiple clients to share resources.
Client-server network operating systems allow networks to centralize functions and applications in one or more dedicated file servers.
The server is the center of the system, allowing access to resources and instituting security. The network operating system provides
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The law of evidence also known as the rules of evidence , encompasses the rules and legal principles that govern the proof of facts in a legal proceeding. These rules determine what evidence must or must not be considered by the trier of fact (which might be a judge or a jury) in reaching its decision and, sometimes, the weight that may be given to that evidence. The law of evidence is also concerned with the quantum (amount), quality, and type of proof needed to prevail in litigation. The rules vary depending upon whether the venue is a criminal court, civil court, or family court, and they vary by jurisdiction.
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Please identify hardware device(s) (peripherals) and describe how a NO.docx
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The law of evidence also known as the rules of evidence , encompasses the rules and legal principles that govern the proof of facts in a legal proceeding. These rules determine what evidence must or must not be considered by the trier of fact (which might be a judge or a jury) in reaching its decision and, sometimes, the weight that may be given to that evidence. The law of evidence is also concerned with the quantum (amount), quality, and type of proof needed to prevail in litigation. The rules vary depending upon whether the venue is a criminal court, civil court, or family court, and they vary by jurisdiction.
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Please I need this answered with refrences . Thanks
In a database, to control security, lock controls are implemented and tested using the ACID test. Explain the following terms for each letter within the ACID method: Atomicity, Consistency, Isolation, Durability.
Solution
ACID properties are an important concept for databases. The acronym stands for Atomicity, Consistency, Isolation, and Durability. The ACID properties of a DBMS allow safe sharing of data.
A transaction in a database system must maintain A tomicity, C onsistency, I solation, and D urability commonly known as ACID properties in order to ensure accuracy, completeness, and data integrity.
Atomicity
his property states that a transaction must be treated as an atomic unit, that is, either all of its operations are executed or none. There must be no state in a database where a transaction is left partially completed. States should be defined either before the execution of the transaction or after the execution/abortion/failure of the transaction.
Features to consider for atomicity:
Consistency
Consistency is the ACID property that ensures that any changes to values in an instance are consistent with changes to other values in the same instance. A consistency constraint is a predicate on data which serves as a precondition, post-condition, and transformation condition on any transaction.
Isolation
In a database system where more than one transaction are being executed simultaneously and in parallel, the property of isolation states that all the transactions will be carried out and executed as if it is the only transaction in the system. No transaction will affect the existence of any other transaction.
As an example, if two people are updating the same catalog item, it\'s not acceptable for one person\'s changes to be \"clobbered\" when the second person saves a different set of changes. Both users should be able to work in isolation, working as though he or she is the only user. Each set of changes must be isolated from those of the other users.
Durability
The database should be durable enough to hold all its latest updates even if the system fails or restarts. If a transaction updates a chunk of data in a database and commits, then the database will hold the modified data. If a transaction commits but the system fails before the data could be written on to the disk, then that data will be updated once the system springs back into action.
Features to consider for durability:
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Sample banner:
By using this Information System (IS) (which includes any device attached to this IS), you consent to the following conditions:
The U.S. Government (USG) routinely intercepts and monitors communications on this IS for purposes including, but not limited to, penetration testing, Communications Security (COMSEC) monitoring, network operations and defense, personnel misconduct (PM), law enforcement (LE), and counterintelligence (CI) investigations.
At any time, the USG may inspect and seize data stored on this IS.
Communications using, or data stored on, this IS are not private, are subject to routine monitoring, interception, and search, and may be disclosed or used for any USG-authorized purpose.
This IS includes security measures (e.g., authentication and access controls) to protect USG interests--not for your personal benefit or privacy.
Notwithstanding the above, using this IS does not constitute consent to PM, LE or CI investigative searching or monitoring of the content of privileged communications, or work product, related to personal representation or services by attorneys, psychotherapists, or clergy, and their assistants. Such communications and work product are private and confidential. See User Agreement for details.
Solution
Answer:
if various government agencies and the other organization displaying warning and if the user accept the warning banner then i think yes, the government is authorized to monitor the network communications. Government has all the rights, because government has already displayed you the warning, and if after seeing warning message if you are accepting it, then you are giving approval.
Regarding searching data or even seizing data on information system, government should obtain the legal warrant, without that government should not be allowed to seized or even search data on any information systems.
Without taking the user\'s permission or user\'s approval, no one should be authorized to access user\'s data such as email, address, browsing activities.
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Please explain Advanced Persistent Threat!
Solution
Answer-
An advanced persistent threat (APT) is a network attack in which an unauthorized person gains access to a network and stays there undetected for a long period of time. The intention of an APT attack is to steal data rather than to cause damage to the network or organization.
An advanced persistent threat is a set of stealthy and continuous computer hacking processes, often orchestrated by human(s) targeting a specific entity. An APT usually targets organizations and/or nations for business or political motives. APT processes require a high degree of covertness over a long period of time. The \"advanced\" process signifies sophisticated techniques using malware to exploit vulnerabilities in systems. The \"persistent\" process suggests that an external command and control system is continuously monitoring and extracting data from a specific target. The \"threat\" process indicates human involvement in orchestrating the attack.
APT usually refers to a group, such as a government, with both the capability and the intent to target, persistently and effectively, a specific entity. The term is commonly used to refer to cyber threats, in particular that of Internet-enabled espionage using a variety of intelligence gathering techniques to access sensitive information, but applies equally to other threats such as that of traditional espionage or attacks. Other recognized attack vectors include infected media, supply chain compromise, and social engineering. The purpose of these attacks is to place custom malicious code on one or multiple computers for specific tasks and to remain undetected for the longest possible period. Knowing the attacker artefacts, such as file names, can help a professional make a network-wide search to gather all affected systems. Individuals, such as an individual hacker, are not usually referred to as an APT, as they rarely have the resources to be both advanced and persistent even if they are intent on gaining access to, or attacking, a specific target.
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Please explain...
a) why SO2 (g) and H2O (l) formed instead of H2 (g). I thought a metal and an acid would produce a salt and H2 (g)
b) how one could predict these products.
c) why CO2 (g) is formed instead of H2CO3 (aq).
d) why MnO2 (s) does not participate in the reaction and how one could predict when something will be a catalyst.
Are there any general rules to follow to get the right products without just memorizing every possible reaction? If I just have to memorize, could you please give me a website with information on common products to these types of reactions?
[12] Write net equations for each of the reactions below. Use appropriate ionic and molecular formulas and omit formulas for all ions or molecules that do not take part in a reaction. Write structural formulas for all organic substances. You need not balance the equaon is heated strongly with a. A strip of copper metal is heated strongly with concentrated sulfuric acid. b. Solid dinitrogen pentoxide is added to water. c. Lead(II carbonate is added to hydrobromic acid. d. Freshly precipitated manganese(IV) oxide is added to a solution of hydrogen peroxide.
Solution
a). In the given reaction copper does not react with sulphuric acid (H2SO4), because it can not displace hydrogen form acid as it\'s reduction potential is higher than hydrogen, but here H2SO4 is an oxidising agent, redox reaction takes place so it oxidises the metal and itself reduces to SO 2 .
B). nitrogen pentoxide( N2O5) is an anhydride of HNO3, it is very unstable and oxidiser. When it is reacted with H2O it can form HNO3 but in a prolonged way( slowly). the above step is part of mechanism in formation of HNO3.
c)PbCO3 is a metal carboante , it is decomposed to give PbO and CO2(g), so in the given reaction CO 2 is formed.
D) any compound that acst as catalyst does not partcipate in the reaction , it iniciates the reaction only.the nature of catalyst substance doesnot change during whole process of reaction.
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Please don\'t copy from an outside source
Briefly discuss the distributed database architectures:
replicated database servers
partitioned database servers
cloud-based database servers.
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Solution
Replicated database server
It become easy and useful to available database if we have replicated database servers
We can replicate relations or we can replicate fragments at one or more than one sites in replicated databse server
We can either create Full replication, No replication and Partial replication
Partitioned database servers
In this server we logically partition the database.
This increases the availbility, and performance of database data retrival
We can use Hash partition, line partition, range partition as a partition tcriteria
Partitioning uses two methods verical and horizontal
Partitioning allows to split tables, indexes into much smaller entities and these splitted entites are called partition in database
Cloud-based databse server
Database server which relies on cloud (ie on a server which resides over internet), bascially uses cloud computing to access database
A database accessible to clients from the cloud and delivered to users on demand via the Internet from a cloud database provider\'s servers
In these database the user app doesnt have to worry about the logical connections ith databse server, if the suer have internet access then the app automatically connect to the databse via network and the app size reduces to a large context
Well the following issues affect the architecture
The security affects the multilevel metadata distribution in distributed database
Moreover sometimes encryption applied also interrupts the data distribution accross sites
How we can secure these databases
By Authenticating each user
By Making proper Identification
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Security tool
Deadlock Detector
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Please distinguish between a malware and a virus. How are they same and how are they different?
Please discuss the differences between HIDS and NIDS
Solution
Malware
The word Malware is short for malicious software, and is a general term used to describe all of the viruses, worms, spyware, and pretty much anything that is specifically designed to cause harm to your PC or steal your information.
Viruses
The term computer virus is often used interchangeably with malware, though the two don\'t actually have the same meaning. In the strictest sense, a virus is a program that copies itself and infects a PC, spreading from one file to another, and then from one PC to another when the files are copied or shared. Most viruses attach themselves to executable files, but some can target a master boot record, autorun scripts, MS Office macros, or even in some cases, arbitrary files. Many of these viruses, like CIH, are designed to render your PC completely inoperable, while others simply delete or corrupt your files—the general point is that a virus is designed to cause havoc and break stuff.
Host intrusion detection systems (HIDS) and network intrusion detection systems (NIDS) are methods of security management for computers and networks. In HIDS, anti-threat applications such as firewalls, antivirus software and spyware-detection programs are installed on every network computer that has two-way access to the outside environment such as the Internet. In NIDS, anti-threat software is installed only at specific points such as servers that interface between the outside environment and the network segment to be protected.
All methods of intrusion detection (ID) involve the gathering and analysis of information from various areas within a computer or network to identify possible threats posed by hackers and crackers inside or outside the organization. Host-based and network-based ID systems have their respective advantages and limitations. The most effective protection for a proprietary network is provided by a combination of both technologies.
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Please answer part c of the question. Thank you.
The International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) has an interactive chart of the nuclides which has a wealth of information. Use the chart to answer the questions below this link should open the chart in a new window or tab. Interactive chart of the nuclides (from the IAEA) In your new window or tab, you should see a colorful diagram that is shaped something like an amoeba. Note that you can click-and-drag in the window to re-position the graph, and you can move and zoom using the controls at the top left (you can also zoom by scrolling up or down in the window). (a) Most of the nuclides shown are given a color, representing the half-life, but some of the nuclides are black. Note that, near the bottom left of the chart, the black ones are found on or near the line Z = N (same number of protons and neutrons). As the atomic number increases, however, the nuclides in black are found below the Z N line, so these black ones have more neutrons than protons. what do the nuclides in black represent? These are stable nuclei. O These are nuclides we have no information about. O These are nuclei that decay via alpha decay O These are the nuclides that play the bad nuclei in the movies. O These are nuclei that decay via the beta-plus process. These are nuclei ht deay by oving offa gamma ray These are nuclei that have extremely short half-lives. O These are nuclei that decay via the beta-minus process O These are nuclei that decay via electron capture. (b) To the right of the chart, you should see a \"Color zones by selector with a pull-down menu. Use that pull-down menu to select \"main decay mode\". Note which nuclides decay via alpha decay beta-minus decay, beta-plus decay, etc. In general, what is true about those nuclides which decay via the beta-minus process? They are found above the most stable nuclei, so that decaying via beta-minus moves the nuclei away from the zone of higher stability. O They have long half-lives O They have short h-ives. O They do not change their number of protons when they decay O They do not change their number of neutrons when they decay They are found above the most stable nuclei, so that decaying via beta-minus moves the nuclei toward the zone of higher stability They are found below the most stable nuclei, so that decaying via beta-minus moves the nuclei toward the zone of higher stability ? They are found below the most stable nuclei, so that decaying via beta-minus moves the nuclei away from the zone of higher stability (c) According to the table, the element tin has how many stable nuclides? (This is more than any other element, in fact.) stable nuclides
Solution
(c) Tin has the most number of nuclides.
According to the table, the element tin has ten (10) stable nuclides.
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Pictorialize a human being as a computer system.
Solution
The human nervous system is like the telephone network, cause it do the same thing , all the impulses that a human has respond through all the nerves which are connected to the base of the brain, and all signals and messages go to the brain, and the mind respond by sending an impulse to the given area ,and an action is preformed,then impulses are send back,for new impulses to be send by the brain, so that is why it is like a telephone system. The Human brain acts as the CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT, where each of the actions performed by the other parts of the body are analyzed and the tasks are assigned to various parts of the brain- namely cerebrum and cerebellum.
The Cerebrum can be likened to as the HARD disk of the computer where all the memory is stored. The data stored in the cerebrum can be retrieved easily. The Cerebellum of the brain can be likened to RAM - Random access memory, where the data is only stored for a short period of time.
The major similarities between the human body and the computer system are as follows.
both will malfunction if attacked by virus.
both has a limited memory
both can explore various sites.
both has their own briefcases.
both has their own calculators
both can import and export
both can act as a messenger
both can write a mail
both can paste
both can save
both has their own favorites
both has their own tools
both can play games
When tired and slow both has to refreshed
both carry a address book,note pad and calendar
sometime both require a help
both could be repaired and cured by only by qualified technicians.
Both function and look better with Add-ons
both ask questions and answer questions.
By over usage both get heated up.
Both have network places
Both have choice to run
Both can play music
.
Personal Trainer- Inc- owns and operates fitness centers in a dozen Mi.docx
Personal Trainer, Inc. owns and operates fitness centers in a dozen Midwestern cities. The centers have done well, and the company is planning an international expansion by opening a new “supercenter†in the Toronto area. Personal Trainer’s president, Cassia Umi, hired an IT consultant, Susan Park, to help develop an information system for the new facility. During the project, Susan will work closely with Gray Lewis, who will manage the new operation.
Background
During data and process modeling, Susan Park developed a logical model of the proposed system.
She drew an entity-relationship diagram and constructed a set of leveled and balanced DFDs.
Now Susan is ready to consider various development strategies for the new system. She will investigate traditional and Web-based approaches and weigh the pros and cons of in-house development versus other alternatives. Before you begin, you should review the background information and facts contained in Chapters 2, 4, and 5 of the case study.
Tasks
1. Susan has been asked to prepare a system requirements document and deliver a presentation to the management team. What should be the main elements of the system requirements document?
2. Based on the suggestions in Part A of the Systems Analyst’s Toolkit, what visual aids should Susan use during her presentation?
Solution
1)Ans-
The main elements of the system requirements should be:
1) Budget consideration.
2) The objective of the software system.
3) Describe the transactions the system will process.
4) Information the users and managers need from the system.
5) Consider security issue
2)Ans-
Susan should use power point as a visual aid, some flip charts, overhead transparencies, videos, slides, to improve her presentation. She should also prepare a contingency plan in case anything was to happen to her presentation.
.
Peruse the readings by Bennis and Nanus- Schein- and Ulrich and Lake-.docx
Peruse the readings by Bennis and Nanus, Schein, and Ulrich and Lake. Are these concepts employed in your company today? Why or Why not?
Solution
The concepts that have been proposed by Bennis and Nanus, Schein, and Ulrich and Lake are widely used in organizations since they give a clear picture of the following:
1. Gaining attention through vision
2. Meaning through communication
3. Trust through positioning
4. Deployment of self through
The key concepts stressed by all the above experts are about being leaders, followers and mainly about the visioning process. The concepts are widely used in the oranizations these days as vision gives clarity to leaders as to what their key actions should be oriented with. The vision of the company will drive individuals to become leaders and to lead the group. If the employees are able to relate themselves with the company and with the goal of the company then they will be able to guide the team towards achieving the goal.
Bennis (1989) proposed that a role of the leader is to give direction to vision and ideas so that followers can work on achieving the vision. In addition to Bennis, Ulrich et al. (1999) called for leaders to set direction so that the vision could become a reality. Kotter (1990) and Kanter (1995) both independently called for similar leadership efforts in that the leader should establish a direction. This can best be done by helping the followers see what must be done in the short and intermediate-term through strategies and tactics to achieve the vision.
According to Ulrich the leader sets the purpose and direction of the organization which is almot evident in all the organizations these days. Further he insisted that leaders should have three elements which are having ethics, emphasizing ethics, and enforcing ethics.
The concepts that were suggested by the above mentioned experts are employed in the concern since it serves as a guide to understand what the leader should do and how a leader should shoulder responsibilities.
.
Why do some authors view investment cash flow sensitivity as a symptom.docx
Why do some authors view investment cash flow sensitivity as a symptom of underinvestment while others see it as symptoms of overinvestment?
Solution
Answer:
Investment cash flow sensitivity, some autohers consider asymmetric information theory which supposes that the information is not equally distributed between managers and suppliers of external finance, and other refer to agency theory.An assumption of asymmentric information theory is that managers act in the best intersts of existing sharehonders and extrenal investors can not assess the quality of investment project.Managers will prefer internal funds to finance new projects.This implies a positive relationship between the availabitility of cash flow and investment. Second in some cases managers will prefer to underinvest rather than to look for new investors. consquently investment cash flow senstivity can be a symptom of underinvestment.According to agency theory however manager a re assumed to take actions that are not in shareholders interest.To increase their power, manager undertake the highet level of investment.as a result, they may use a firm\'s free cash flows in unprofitable project.Investment cash flow sensitivity is then a symptom of overinvestment.
.
Why do some converging technologies raise special ethical and social i.docx
Why do some converging technologies raise special ethical and social issues?
Solution
Because
1. Human costs and de-valuing work: Consider the levels of automation undergoing will increase the performance but at the cost of diminishing the work’s intellectual and emotional value.For e.g The levels of automation found in fast-food restaurants , assembly line or warehouse fulfillment centers, where work is de-humanized, worker growth is diminished, and the value of rewarding work is stripped away.
2. De-Skilling : Development of powerful support systems that augment human intelligence in demanding environments provides the positive benefits by reduction in errors and improve safety but the gains from technology will outweigh the loss of skills.Automation can create a situation where skilled operators can be replaced be less-skilled operators. For example, some aircraft systems, such as the Boeing Dreamliner and the  F-35 Lighting II, have become so complicated that they challenge the human capacity to fly them without assistance from an “intelligent†assistant.
3.The erosion of privacy : Technologies have been developed to remotely monitor the activities of the elderly allow parents to monitor every movement of their children – what they’re doing at home but continous monitoring has opposite effect, instead leaving one feeling the loss of highly valued privacy and dignity because of non-stop monitoring.
4. The dangers of distraction: The convergence of technologies can tax our attention spans in a way that threatens the limits of human capabilities.With the availability of GPS screens, entertainment monitors, handsfree cellphone and advanced stereo systems having multiple mechanisms to control them, delivers high value and pleasure to the driver along with passengers,but they divide the operator’s attention and distracting him or her from the stated purpose of driving, leading to life- threatening situations
.
Why are concentrated interests and diffuse costs important in predicti.docx
Why are concentrated interests and diffuse costs important in predicting legislative outcomes
Solution
But personal interest is no longer a safe criterion if individual interests are not left to counteract and control each other. If one individual, or one class, can call in the aid of authority to ward off the effects of competition, it acquires a privilege and at the cost of the whole community; it can then make sure of profits not altogether due to the productive services rendered, but composed in part of an actual tax upon consumers for its private profit; which tax it commonly shares with the authority that thus unjustly lends its support. The legislative body has great difficulty in resisting the importunate demands for this kind of privileges; the applicants are the producers that are to benefit thereby, who can represent, with much plausibility, that their own gains are a gain to the industrious classes, and to the nation at large, their workmen and themselves being members of the industrious classes, and of the nation. - Jean-Baptiste Say
The taxes would be paid by the people over the whole country, but the benefits would go to the few people in those particular locations. This type of spending is a rather gross waste of resources that worsened over the years as the government has been allowed to do more particularized things. - James M. Buchanan
So, in one country, the fruit of labor is taken from the workman by taxes, under pretence of the welfare of the state; in another, by privileges, declaring labor a royal concession, and making one pay dearly for the right to devote himself to it. The same abuse is reproduced under forms more indirect, but not less oppressive, when, by means of custom-duties, the state shares with the privileged industries the benefits of the taxes imposed on non-privileged classes. - J
.
Who are organizational stakeholders and what types of responsibilities.docx
Who are organizational stakeholders and what types of responsibilities does an organization have to them?
Solution
Organizational Stakeholders: Organizational stakeholder is a person or group having interest or relations with an organization. The est exaples of organizational stakeholders are board of directors , employees, government, shareholders, community and other interested parties.
Type of responsiblity depends upon the type of stakeholder for example organization\'s responsibility towards its employees is to compansate them resonably, to hear their grievences and to motivate them for achieving goals of an organization.
Resposibility towards creditors is to meet and respect credit terms committed with the creditor. Responsibility towords government is to follow its laws and rules governing oganizational operations. Responsibility towards directors is to provide them the complete details regarding the operations and functons of the organization.
.
Who are the principle stake holders of the company- Did Dole treat the.docx
Who are the principle stake holders of the company? Did Dole treat them differently, and if so, why? what were the key challenges for the company in managing the relationships with those different stakeholders groups?(case study-Dole\'s DBCP Legacy)
Solution
We will establish and maintain an effective system which governs our corporate entities to ensure that management is both transparent and accountable to our internal and external stakeholders. We will implement systems of compliance to ensure that we properly observe and respect the laws and regulations of each country in which we operate. We will respect and adhere to the principles of the United Nations Global Compact.(*1) We will not tolerate any form of bribery, corruption, dishonest marketing, or insider trading. We will conduct all transactions in accordance with these principles, promoting fair and open competition in the marketplace. We will employ best practices in risk management in financial, environmental and social arena to continuously earn the trust of our stakeholders. We will maintain a good, mutually cooperative relationship with governments and their administrative bodies. We will not involve ourselves in nor have contact with any anti-social movement or group that promotes activities which are illegal or threatening to public order and safety
.
Which type of network covers a contiguous geographic area- such as an.docx
Which type of network covers a contiguous geographic area, such as an office building, or a group of buildings in close probability to each other? LAN MAN WAN All of the above what is an obstacle to IT integration? People Process Technology All the above E-mail messages may be stored on which of the following computers? Sender\'s computer Sender\'s server Recipient\'s server All of the above Which of the following PROVIDEs the use of software application over the internet for a fee? Application service Provider Software Application Suppler Software Resources Provider Software Application Provider
Solution
Please find the answers below:
11) MAN : MAN occupies coverage in between LANs and WANs. MAN has distance coverage and data rate higher than LAN, but less than WAN. This is the major difference between LAN and MAN. MAN overlaps to some extent to geographical coverage requirement of WAN.
12) All of the above
13) Recipient\'s server
14) Application software provider
.
Which space is the most abundant in 1-0 M of wak acid HCN solution- As.docx
Which space is the most abundant in 1.0 M of wak acid HCN solution? Assume that Ka for HCN IS 10^-10. A) HCN B) H+ C) CN- D) OH-
Solution
HCN(aq) ----------> H^+ (aq) + CN^- (aq)
I 1 0 0
C -x +x +x
E 1-x +x +x
Ka = [H^+][CN^-]/[HCN]
10^-10 = x*x/1-x
10^-10 *(1-x) = x^2
x = 1*10^-6
[H^+] = x = 1*10^-6M
[CN^-] = x = 1*10^-6M
[HCN] = 1-x = 1-0.000001 = 0.99M
[OH^-] = Kw/[H^+]
= 1*10^-14/10^-6 = 10^-8 M
HCN is the most abundant
A) HCN >>>>answer
.
which sectors might constitute the critical infrastructures of turkey.docx
which sectors might constitute the critical infrastructures of turkey concering copmuter and information ethics ?justify your answer
Solution
In Turkey, the use of information and communication technologies (ICTs) has been spreading like a wildfire and ICTs are playing important roles in all aspects of our lives. In addition to public sector organizations, the organization agencies which provide services in critical infrastructure sectors like energy, water resources, health, transportation, communication and financial services have also been heavily using information and communication systems. These systems improve quality and speed of the services being provided, thus helping public organizations work more productively, contributing to the improvement of living standards. As our public sector organizations use ICTs - to provide services - at an increased rate every single day, it has become an important aspect of our national security and competitiveness to ensure the security of information and communication technologies. The vulnerabilities inherent in ICTs may cause denial of service or abuse of service attacks, resulting in potential loss of lives, high scale economic losses, disturbance of public order and/or threats to of national security.
It is a fact that cyber space offers opportunities of anonymity and deniability for attacks on information systems and data. The tools and knowledge required for attacks are often cheap and easy to get, and it has been observed that anyone or any systems across the world can participate in cyber-attacks, either knowingly or completely unknowingly. And it is deemed almost impossible to determine who finances and organizes these enduring and advanced cyber-attacks that target at the information systems and data of critical infrastructures. These facts and conditions reveal the asymmetrical nature of the risks and threats in cyber space, making them even more difficult to tackle.
.
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