please list two of the devices provided by the text (or other devices-.docx
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please list two of the devices provided by the text (or other devices, if you prefer), state what types of evidence you would look for on those devices, and explain what limitations you might have or what hurdles you would have to clear before searching those devices (BOTH as a company IT professional and a law enforcement officer). Identify what, if any, policies would need to be in place for you to search as a private employee, as well as what limits can be placed on the search by police. Please discuss thoroughly, and respond in a substantive, intelligent way to at least one of your fellow classmates Solution The law of evidence also known as the rules of evidence , encompasses the rules and legal principles that govern the proof of facts in a legal proceeding. These rules determine what evidence must or must not be considered by the trier of fact (which might be a judge or a jury) in reaching its decision and, sometimes, the weight that may be given to that evidence. The law of evidence is also concerned with the quantum (amount), quality, and type of proof needed to prevail in litigation. The rules vary depending upon whether the venue is a criminal court, civil court, or family court, and they vary by jurisdiction. The quantum of evidence is the amount of evidence needed; the quality of proof is how reliable such evidence should be considered. Important rules that govern admissibility concern hearsay, authentication, relevance, privilege, witnesses, opinions, expert testimony,identification and rules of physical evidence. There are various standards of evidence or standards showing how strong the evidence must be to meet the legal burden of proof in a given situation, ranging from reasonable suspicion to preponderance of the evidence, clear and convincing evidence, or beyond a reasonable doubt. There are several types of evidence, depending on the form or source. Evidence governs the use of testimony (e.g., oral or written statements, such as an affidavit), exhibits (e.g., physical objects), documentary material, or demonstrative evidence, which are admissible (i.e., allowed to be considered by the trier of fact, such as jury) in a judicial or administrative proceeding (e.g., a court of law). When a dispute, whether relating to a civil or criminal matter, reaches the court there will always be a number of issues which one party will have to prove in order to persuade the court to find in his or her favour. The law must ensure certain guidelines are set out in order to ensure that evidence presented to the court can be regarded as trustworthy. .
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Recommended
An Analysis on the Probative Value of Evidence: A Review
IOSR Journal of Humanities and Social Science is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal edited by International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR).The Journal provides a common forum where all aspects of humanities and social sciences are presented. IOSR-JHSS publishes original papers, review papers, conceptual framework, analytical and simulation models, case studies, empirical research, technical notes etc.
Criminal Case Processing Criminal case processing often is d.docx
Criminal Case Processing
Criminal case processing often is described as a funnel or a sieve. The funnel captures the notion that fewer and fewer cases proceed deep into the criminal process. The sieve conveys the idea that at every stage, cases drop out of the criminal court process. These metaphors can be misleading because the actual number of cases moving from one stage of the court process to another can vary by the nature of the charge, by jurisdiction, and/or through discretionary decisions made by judges and others. No matter the number of cases that do go through the courts, judges and prosecutors follow the rule of law but also have an enormous amount of discretion in their decision making. Criminal case processing includes numerous players, from professional staff—who keep the courtroom secure and provide judges with information on defendants and the nature of their current and past offenses—to other personnel who provide services to defendants, victims, and their families while the case is being processed.
Select either a historical or contemporary high-profile criminal case to use for this Discussion.
Focus on aspects of criminal court processing and proceedings, both pretrial- and trial-related, as well as concepts related to these processes and proceedings.
Focus on the issues surrounding sentencing and how they relate to the case you selected.
Consider how the case you selected moved through the system and where the defining moments of the case took place.
Think about your case and review in your mind the various concepts, processes, and proceedings illustrated by the case.
Include the name of the case that you selected in the first line of your post.
Submit 150 – 500 word response: Due by Thursday 9/24/15
a brief description of the high-profile case you selected, including the court system involved (state or federal). Then explain the procedures that occurred during the court case and why they occurred. Be specific and use examples to illustrate your points. Finally, explain one actual or potential ethical or diversity issue that might have impacted the outcome of the case. Be specific.
Support
your work with specific citations from the Learning Resources. You are allowed to draw from additional sources to support your explanation, but you must cite using APA standards. All quoted material must be identified, cited, and referenced per APA standards.
.
you have learned what digital evidence is, not in the physical s.docx
you have learned what digital evidence is, not in the physical sense but in the legal sense, and then what steps you should take to identify and collect it.
To summarize the evidentiary information from the readings, there are four basic classifications of evidence that can be applied to items of potential investigative value:
Testimonial Evidence
– Testimony or a statement provided by an individual detailing what they observed or experienced (through any of their senses). For example, a witness may have heard tires screech and a loud crash but not actually have seen the accident. In this example, even though he didn’t actually see the crash, witness’s testimony is still valuable - it can help pinpoint the time of a crash, determine the number of vehicles involved, or speak to the lighting conditions or weather conditions were at the time of the accident. Testimonial evidence can be significant as either direct or corroborating evidence. In addition, expert testimony can be provided that allows a subject matter expert (vetted and accepted by the court) to offer opinions and interpretations (e.g., context) of other evidence that has been or will be presented.
Real Evidence
– Physical evidence. Examples would be a murder weapon, a hard disk drive, fingerprints, blood or other bodily fluids, clothing, stolen property, etc.
Documentary Evidence
– Documents (such as records, checks, or photographs) that are like real evidence in that it may be a physical item (e.g., printed material), but documentary evidence is also the results of the analysis of documents or records to show a pattern of behavior. For example, you examine (and create) potential documentary evidence each time you balance your checkbook.
Demonstrative Evidence
– Evidence that utilizes or requires a demonstration, such as the use of a chart or map, to help prove what happened. Demonstrative evidence is most often created by an expert witness; an example might be using a dummy to show how a person was standing when he was shot, or it could be a flow chart showing how money was moved between different accounts.
All four types of evidence could be and frequently are used together in court to prove or disprove the facts of a case.
Readings in Week 2 discussed search and seizure or the ability to retrieve evidence. Over the past two weeks, many of you have mentioned search warrants in your discussions. The Fourth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution (and the Supreme Court’s subsequent interpretations thereof) requires that before a search can be conducted and evidence can be seized, the Government must obtain a search and seizure warrant (based on probable cause) from an impartial magistrate. However, there is no requirement for a private person or organization to obtain a search warrant or work under the same constraints. Further, the line can be blurred, as a private person or organization that searches property or seizes evidence (not needing a warrant) could subsequen ...
Explain the relevance of the rules against hearsay to digital eviden.pdf
Explain the relevance of the rules against hearsay to digital evidence. Why is digital evidence
considered hearsay and what can be done to limit that characterization?
Solution
Hearsay Rule provides the closest thing to it, stating that hearsay is a statement, other than one
made by a declarant while testifying at the trial or hearing, afforded in evidence to prove the
truth of the matter asserted .
As such, the rule’s purpose is aimed at prohibiting the use of a person’s assertion, as equivalent
to testimony to the fact asserted, unless the assertor is brought to testify in court where he may be
placed under oath and cross-examined.
Basically then, hearsay consists of reported statements that can’t be verified because it is nothing
more than an assertion. In order to shift assertion to fact, reliable evidence and testimony needs
to be brought to bear on the assertion. The only way that the reliability of such information can
be established is for the person who made the original statement (in speech or writing) to testify
under oath in court as to the nature of the statement, the context in which it was made, and the
meaning of the statement to him- or herself. Otherwise the statement is mere assertion with no
provable truth-value and cannot stand as evidence in court.
The term “hearsay” typically elicits the idea of speech in lay thought, but the Hearsay Rule
specifically refers to “statements,” which can be either written or spoken. This focus on
“statement” applies to electronic evidence in two ways: 1) emails, text messages, and computer
generated reports are text based; 2) digital video and audio recordings capture spoken utterance
or other nonverbal conduct “expressly intended to be an assertion” that can be considered
statements. Thus, just as with paper documents, in order to determine whether the content of
electronic documents is hearsay or fact, the author must testify under oath and submit to cross-
examination in order to determine whether the content is fact and can stand as evidence. In this,
we see that as with any other proof of admissibility for electronic evidence, the burden of proof
still stands with witnesses who can make an accounting for the content of the document in court
.This said, there are certain documents–electronic or traditional–that automatically do not count
as hearsay and therefore stand as evidence in court. These include:
computer generated reports
business records
public records (e.g., birth, death, or marriage certificates)
excited utterances–“a statement relateing to a startling event or condition made while the
declarant ws under the stress or excitement caused by the event or condition” (FED. R. EVID.
803 (2) as cited in Lorraine v. Markel, Pp. 70).
family records
statements of “then existing state of mind or condition”–“A statement of the declarant’s then
existing state of mind, emotion, sensation, or physical condition, but not including a statement of
memory or belief to prove the fact remembere.
Recommended
An Analysis on the Probative Value of Evidence: A Review
IOSR Journal of Humanities and Social Science is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal edited by International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR).The Journal provides a common forum where all aspects of humanities and social sciences are presented. IOSR-JHSS publishes original papers, review papers, conceptual framework, analytical and simulation models, case studies, empirical research, technical notes etc.
Criminal Case Processing Criminal case processing often is d.docx
Criminal Case Processing
Criminal case processing often is described as a funnel or a sieve. The funnel captures the notion that fewer and fewer cases proceed deep into the criminal process. The sieve conveys the idea that at every stage, cases drop out of the criminal court process. These metaphors can be misleading because the actual number of cases moving from one stage of the court process to another can vary by the nature of the charge, by jurisdiction, and/or through discretionary decisions made by judges and others. No matter the number of cases that do go through the courts, judges and prosecutors follow the rule of law but also have an enormous amount of discretion in their decision making. Criminal case processing includes numerous players, from professional staff—who keep the courtroom secure and provide judges with information on defendants and the nature of their current and past offenses—to other personnel who provide services to defendants, victims, and their families while the case is being processed.
Select either a historical or contemporary high-profile criminal case to use for this Discussion.
Focus on aspects of criminal court processing and proceedings, both pretrial- and trial-related, as well as concepts related to these processes and proceedings.
Focus on the issues surrounding sentencing and how they relate to the case you selected.
Consider how the case you selected moved through the system and where the defining moments of the case took place.
Think about your case and review in your mind the various concepts, processes, and proceedings illustrated by the case.
Include the name of the case that you selected in the first line of your post.
Submit 150 – 500 word response: Due by Thursday 9/24/15
a brief description of the high-profile case you selected, including the court system involved (state or federal). Then explain the procedures that occurred during the court case and why they occurred. Be specific and use examples to illustrate your points. Finally, explain one actual or potential ethical or diversity issue that might have impacted the outcome of the case. Be specific.
Support
your work with specific citations from the Learning Resources. You are allowed to draw from additional sources to support your explanation, but you must cite using APA standards. All quoted material must be identified, cited, and referenced per APA standards.
.
you have learned what digital evidence is, not in the physical s.docx
you have learned what digital evidence is, not in the physical sense but in the legal sense, and then what steps you should take to identify and collect it.
To summarize the evidentiary information from the readings, there are four basic classifications of evidence that can be applied to items of potential investigative value:
Testimonial Evidence
– Testimony or a statement provided by an individual detailing what they observed or experienced (through any of their senses). For example, a witness may have heard tires screech and a loud crash but not actually have seen the accident. In this example, even though he didn’t actually see the crash, witness’s testimony is still valuable - it can help pinpoint the time of a crash, determine the number of vehicles involved, or speak to the lighting conditions or weather conditions were at the time of the accident. Testimonial evidence can be significant as either direct or corroborating evidence. In addition, expert testimony can be provided that allows a subject matter expert (vetted and accepted by the court) to offer opinions and interpretations (e.g., context) of other evidence that has been or will be presented.
Real Evidence
– Physical evidence. Examples would be a murder weapon, a hard disk drive, fingerprints, blood or other bodily fluids, clothing, stolen property, etc.
Documentary Evidence
– Documents (such as records, checks, or photographs) that are like real evidence in that it may be a physical item (e.g., printed material), but documentary evidence is also the results of the analysis of documents or records to show a pattern of behavior. For example, you examine (and create) potential documentary evidence each time you balance your checkbook.
Demonstrative Evidence
– Evidence that utilizes or requires a demonstration, such as the use of a chart or map, to help prove what happened. Demonstrative evidence is most often created by an expert witness; an example might be using a dummy to show how a person was standing when he was shot, or it could be a flow chart showing how money was moved between different accounts.
All four types of evidence could be and frequently are used together in court to prove or disprove the facts of a case.
Readings in Week 2 discussed search and seizure or the ability to retrieve evidence. Over the past two weeks, many of you have mentioned search warrants in your discussions. The Fourth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution (and the Supreme Court’s subsequent interpretations thereof) requires that before a search can be conducted and evidence can be seized, the Government must obtain a search and seizure warrant (based on probable cause) from an impartial magistrate. However, there is no requirement for a private person or organization to obtain a search warrant or work under the same constraints. Further, the line can be blurred, as a private person or organization that searches property or seizes evidence (not needing a warrant) could subsequen ...
Explain the relevance of the rules against hearsay to digital eviden.pdf
Explain the relevance of the rules against hearsay to digital evidence. Why is digital evidence
considered hearsay and what can be done to limit that characterization?
Solution
Hearsay Rule provides the closest thing to it, stating that hearsay is a statement, other than one
made by a declarant while testifying at the trial or hearing, afforded in evidence to prove the
truth of the matter asserted .
As such, the rule’s purpose is aimed at prohibiting the use of a person’s assertion, as equivalent
to testimony to the fact asserted, unless the assertor is brought to testify in court where he may be
placed under oath and cross-examined.
Basically then, hearsay consists of reported statements that can’t be verified because it is nothing
more than an assertion. In order to shift assertion to fact, reliable evidence and testimony needs
to be brought to bear on the assertion. The only way that the reliability of such information can
be established is for the person who made the original statement (in speech or writing) to testify
under oath in court as to the nature of the statement, the context in which it was made, and the
meaning of the statement to him- or herself. Otherwise the statement is mere assertion with no
provable truth-value and cannot stand as evidence in court.
The term “hearsay” typically elicits the idea of speech in lay thought, but the Hearsay Rule
specifically refers to “statements,” which can be either written or spoken. This focus on
“statement” applies to electronic evidence in two ways: 1) emails, text messages, and computer
generated reports are text based; 2) digital video and audio recordings capture spoken utterance
or other nonverbal conduct “expressly intended to be an assertion” that can be considered
statements. Thus, just as with paper documents, in order to determine whether the content of
electronic documents is hearsay or fact, the author must testify under oath and submit to cross-
examination in order to determine whether the content is fact and can stand as evidence. In this,
we see that as with any other proof of admissibility for electronic evidence, the burden of proof
still stands with witnesses who can make an accounting for the content of the document in court
.This said, there are certain documents–electronic or traditional–that automatically do not count
as hearsay and therefore stand as evidence in court. These include:
computer generated reports
business records
public records (e.g., birth, death, or marriage certificates)
excited utterances–“a statement relateing to a startling event or condition made while the
declarant ws under the stress or excitement caused by the event or condition” (FED. R. EVID.
803 (2) as cited in Lorraine v. Markel, Pp. 70).
family records
statements of “then existing state of mind or condition”–“A statement of the declarant’s then
existing state of mind, emotion, sensation, or physical condition, but not including a statement of
memory or belief to prove the fact remembere.
Chapter 21 - The Investigator and the Legal System1.docx
Chapter 21 - The Investigator and the Legal System
1
The decisions investigators must make involve a great deal of discretion.
Investigators must consider what may be termed risk factors.
2
Investigators must consider what may be termed risk factors.
Some police officers and criminal investigators are not fully aware of the order in
3
which a trial is conducted because time often prohibits them from attending a
complete trail from beginning to end. Also, witnesses are often sequestered from
the courtroom before and after giving testimony. This very common practice is used
to minimize the possibility that a witness’s testimony might be affected by other
witnesses’ testimony.
The courtroom process begins with the selection and swearing in of a jury. Jury
selection can last a few hours or a few weeks, depending on the selection process
and the nature of the case. The jury panel from whom the jurors in the trial will
eventually be picked is called a venire.
The steps in the trial process include: direct examination, cross-examination,
redirect examination, re-cross examination, the rebuttal, surrebuttal, and closing
arguments.
Evidence can be defined as anything that tends logically to prove or disprove
a fact at issue in a judicial case or controversy.
4
a fact at issue in a judicial case or controversy.
The rules of evidence are designed primarily to keep a jury from hearing or
seeing improper evidence, and the first rule of evidence is designed to set
parameters on the above definition of evidence.
Proof may be defined as the combination of all those facts—of all the evidence—in
5
determining the guilt or innocence of a person accused of a crime.
The pie chart above illustrates how several different pieces of evidence can
be put together in order to constitute proof of guilt.
6
be put together in order to constitute proof of guilt.
The doctrine of judicial notice is an evidentiary shortcut. Judicial notice is designed
7
to speed up the trial and eliminate the necessity of formally proving the truth of a
particular matter when the truth is not in dispute.
Direct Evidence
8
Direct evidence usually is the testimony of witnesses that ties the defendant
directly to the commission of the crime, such as the testimony of an
eyewitness who can positively state that the defendant committed the crime.
Real Evidence
Sometimes referred to as “physical evidence,” real evidence is connected
with the commission of the crime and can be produced in court.
Demonstrative Evidence
Demonstrative, or illustrative, evidence is not identical to real evidence even
though the items introduced are tangible. It consists of maps, diagrams,
sketches, photographs, tape recordings, videotapes, X-rays, and visual tests
and demonstrations produced to assist witnesses in explaining their
testimony.
Circumstantial Evidence
9
It is a myth that one cannot be convicted of a crime solely o.
1. Discuss what you as an individual know or experienced in the Amer.docx
1. Discuss what you as an individual know or experienced in the American court system and what changes, if any, would you suggest or implement so that all citizens have equal impartiality in the court system. Also provided the different types of courtroom evidence that may be used in the court system. This research on your own. Make sure you look into the following: Oral Witness Testimony, Real Evidence, Documents, Demonstrative Evidence, Stipulations, and Judicial Notice. At least 300 words (I added the start of the discussion with my personal experiences with the court system for you to add to)
Use reliable sources to substantiate your work and to provide examples. (Include in-text citations and a reference list)
Limit use of quotations
Be thorough and fully explain your points with reliable information
Full grading criteria can be found in My Grades, by clicking on "View Rubric"
2. What are the primary and secondary sources of law.
.
7-1 Discussion Discovery and Judicial EfficiencyAfter reviewing.docx
7-1 Discussion: Discovery and Judicial Efficiency
After reviewing the module resources, consider the following prompt.
The process of discovery allows each side of a court case to “discover” a wide array of information relevant to the legal and factual issues in the case. Discovery can include document requests (requests that the other side produce ledgers, tax returns, medical records, or other items related to the case), interrogatories (written questions to be answered by the litigants or witnesses on the other side), and depositions (questioning a litigant or witness under oath in front of a court reporter who transcribes the questions and answers).
Discovery can be time-consuming and expensive; yet, it can also lead to case settlement after the litigants have a chance to consider all of the evidence and more accurately assess their odds of winning at trial.
In your initial post, describe what you think is the impact on judicial efficiency of allowing for wide-reaching, thorough discovery. Defend your position with examples or detailed explanation. Be sure to address the issue of costs as well as court caseloads. In response to your peers, note where you agree or disagree with their positions, using counter-examples and explanations.
To complete this assignment, review the
Discussion Rubric
document.
.
LLB LAW NOTES ON LAW OF EVIDENCE
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Examine Forensic Examine Forensic Testimo.docx
Examine Forensic
Examine Forensic Testimony
Name
Class
Date
Professor
Examine Forensic Testimony
Forensic evidence has become more and more important in the court case for proving the guilt or innocence of a criminal defendant. Due to new technology the world of forensics is becoming more and more advanced providing law enforcement with all types of new investigatory tools and ways for the court to prove or disprove guilt. It is essential for law enforcement agencies to have trained forensic personnel with the skills to properly collect the evidence first to ensure the evidence does not become lost, destroyed, or damaged and the forensic evidence is accepted in a court of law.
Improper collection of evidence is only one of many potential challenges associated with forensic evidence but it is an important challenge that must be addressed. Forensic evidence is collected at the crime scene. If the evidence is not properly documented and collected it can be found to be unreliable in the court process. In order for forensic evidence to be accepted in a court of law it must be documented through sketches, photographs, and video tapings and it must be collected using accepted standard forensic collection methods.
If evidence is not properly documented or collected the chain of evidence is broken and the court will exclude the evidence from the court case. The chain of evidence refers to an important aspect of forensic involving the movement of evidence. In order to show the court the evidence was located and collected at the scene and then taken directly to the lab for analysis as well as being stored properly at the lab there needs to be clear documentation. This starts with photographing the evidence located at the scene and clearly documenting each step of the collection and analysis process.
When forensic evidence is presented in court it must be able to meet a specific legal standard before it can be accepted as reliable evidence in a court of law. The legal standard that is applied to testing reliability is either the Frye or Daubert Standard. In the Frye standard forensic evidence must be collected and analyzed employed widely accepted scientific methods. The Daubert standard came after Frye and requires not only that the evidence be collected and analyzed using widely accepted forensic methods, the scientific must be tested using the scientific method, and the evidence must be reliable and relevant. Each state applies a different standard. States with Frye have less of requirement for reliability than states with Daubert.
The CSI Effect is the one of the biggest problem facing courts in the 21st Century. Due to shows, such as CSI, showing a glamorized version of the forensic process, juries expect prosecutors and defense attorneys to present forensic evidence, showing guilt or innocence but most of this burden is put on the state not the defense (Vergano, 2011). The truth is most ca ...
QUASI-JUDICIAL-FUNCTION and QUASI JUDICIAL AGENCY.pptx
Introduction: Defining Quasi-Judicial Function
In the realm of governance, the functions of the executive, legislative, and judicial branches are traditionally distinct. However, in many legal systems, a nuanced role known as quasi-judicial function emerges, blurring the lines between these branches. Quasi-judicial functions refer to activities undertaken by administrative bodies that are akin to judicial functions, involving the adjudication of disputes, interpretation of laws, and decision-making with legal implications. This essay endeavors to delve deep into the concept of quasi-judicial functions and the agencies that wield them, exploring their significance, challenges, and implications within modern governance frameworks.
Understanding Quasi-Judicial Function
The term "quasi" denotes a resemblance or similarity, indicating that quasi-judicial functions share similarities with judicial functions but are not wholly judicial in nature. These functions typically involve the application of legal principles to specific cases, similar to how courts interpret laws and adjudicate disputes. However, unlike courts, quasi-judicial bodies operate within administrative frameworks, possessing specialized expertise in particular areas of law or policy. They are often tasked with making decisions on regulatory matters, licensing, disciplinary actions, and other administrative issues.Characteristics of Quasi-Judicial Functions
Several key characteristics distinguish quasi-judicial functions from purely administrative or legislative functions:
Adjudicatory Powers: Quasi-judicial bodies have the authority to adjudicate disputes and make binding decisions that affect the rights and interests of individuals or organizations.
Application of Law: Like courts, quasi-judicial agencies interpret and apply legal principles, statutes, regulations, and precedents to resolve cases brought before them.
Impartiality and Fairness: These bodies are expected to act impartially and fairly, providing all parties with an opportunity to present their arguments and evidence before rendering a decision.
Due Process: Quasi-judicial proceedings often adhere to principles of due process, including the right to be heard, the right to legal representation, and the right to appeal decisions.
Limited Scope: While quasi-judicial bodies exercise judicial-like functions, their jurisdiction is typically limited to specific areas of law or policy, such as labor relations, environmental regulation, or professional licensing.
Examples of Quasi-Judicial Functions
Quasi-judicial functions manifest in various forms across different jurisdictions and regulatory domains:
Zoning Boards: These bodies determine land-use applications, such as requests for variances or special permits, by applying zoning ordinances and considering factors like community impact and property rights.
Administrative Tribunals: Tribunals specializing in areas such as immigration, taxation, or labor disputes conduct her
QUASI-JUDICIAL-FUNCTION AND QUASI JUDICIAL AGENCY.pptx
Quasi-Judicial Function and Agencies: A Comprehensive Analysis
Introduction: Defining Quasi-Judicial Function
In the realm of governance, the functions of the executive, legislative, and judicial branches are traditionally distinct. However, in many legal systems, a nuanced role known as quasi-judicial function emerges, blurring the lines between these branches. Quasi-judicial functions refer to activities undertaken by administrative bodies that are akin to judicial functions, involving the adjudication of disputes, interpretation of laws, and decision-making with legal implications. This essay endeavors to delve deep into the concept of quasi-judicial functions and the agencies that wield them, exploring their significance, challenges, and implications within modern governance frameworks.
Understanding Quasi-Judicial Function
The term "quasi" denotes a resemblance or similarity, indicating that quasi-judicial functions share similarities with judicial functions but are not wholly judicial in nature. These functions typically involve the application of legal principles to specific cases, similar to how courts interpret laws and adjudicate disputes. However, unlike courts, quasi-judicial bodies operate within administrative frameworks, possessing specialized expertise in particular areas of law or policy. They are often tasked with making decisions on regulatory matters, licensing, disciplinary actions, and other administrative issues.
Characteristics of Quasi-Judicial Functions
Several key characteristics distinguish quasi-judicial functions from purely administrative or legislative functions:
Adjudicatory Powers: Quasi-judicial bodies have the authority to adjudicate disputes and make binding decisions that affect the rights and interests of individuals or organizations.
Application of Law: Like courts, quasi-judicial agencies interpret and apply legal principles, statutes, regulations, and precedents to resolve cases brought before them.
Impartiality and Fairness: These bodies are expected to act impartially and fairly, providing all parties with an opportunity to present their arguments and evidence before rendering a decision.
Due Process: Quasi-judicial proceedings often adhere to principles of due process, including the right to be heard, the right to legal representation, and the right to appeal decisions.
Limited Scope: While quasi-judicial bodies exercise judicial-like functions, their jurisdiction is typically limited to specific areas of law or policy, such as labor relations, environmental regulation, or professional licensing.
Examples of Quasi-Judicial Functions
Quasi-judicial functions manifest in various forms across different jurisdictions and regulatory domains:
Zoning Boards: These bodies determine land-use applications, such as requests for variances or special permits, by applying zoning ordinances and considering factors like community impact and property rights.
Administrative Tribunals: Tribunals specializing in
J4410 Covering Courts Sept24 09
Professor Neil Foote's lecture notes on covering courts for the University of North Texas.
POL 123 – Case Analysis Instructions Purpose The goal.docx
POL 123 – Case Analysis Instructions
Purpose
The goals of this assignment are to provide a valuable skill and to assess your ability to comprehend and
apply case law. Reading, briefing, and applying what you are reading in your textbook and learning in the
modules are effective ways to become literate in the process of the U.S. legal system.
Conducting an Analysis
Before making and defending a decision, you must be familiar with the relevant law. For our purposes,
your textbook and course material provide all the legal concepts needed to apply the law to a factual
situation. Once you are familiar with the general content of the chapter, you should be able to recognize
the issue involved in a case and find the legal concepts that will help you decide the case. For your
reference, a sample analysis is provided at the end of this document.
First, you will read the assigned fact patterns (provided via a link in the module). Then, you will complete
an analysis for all fact patterns presented. Each analysis should contain the following:
1. The main issue. Identify and write (in your own words, at least 50% original) the central issue to be
decided. As much as possible, set the issue in legal terms and concepts.
2. Relevant legal concepts quoted from textbook court opinions. Search the assigned chapter for legal
concepts that will help you decide and justify your decision. Once you find the quotations you wish to
use, copy them into the appropriate places in your analysis.
3. Relevant case law quoted from the textbook.
4. Rationale. Write (in your own words, at least 50% original) a complete explanation about how you
used the legal concepts you cited to make a decision about how the case should be resolved.
5. Ruling. Describe (in your own words, at least 50% original) what should happen to the parties
involved as a result of your decision.
Submit your Case Analysis to the Dropbox no later than Sunday 11:59 PM EST/EDT of the assigned
module. (The Dropbox baskets for these assignments are linked to Turnitin.)
Grading Rubric
Ratings:
Exceptional corresponds to an A (90-100). Performance is outstanding; significantly above the usual
expectations.
Proficient corresponds to a grade of B- to B+ (80-89%). Skills are at the level of expectation.
Basic corresponds to a C- to C+ (70-79%). Skills are acceptable but improvements are needed to meet
expectations well.
Novice corresponds to a D to D+ (60-69%). Performance is weak; the skills are not sufficiently
demonstrated at this time.
0 This criterion is missing or not in evidence.
Criteria
Ratings
0 Novice Basic Proficient Exceptional
Correctly framing the specific legal question to be
decided
12-13 14-15 16-17 18-20
Identifying and quoting relevant material from the
assigned chapter
12-13 14-15 16-17 18-20
Correctly applying the cited legal concepts to your
decision
12-13 14-15 16-17 18-20
The insightfulness and organ.
Qanun-e- Shahdath Order , {Documentary evidence}
Documentary Evidence ,
notes for LL.B. Part III,
University Law College Quetta
Question 1. List and describe three rules of natural justice, provid.pdf
PROBLEM I. A nightclub manager realizes that demand for drinks is more elastic among
students and tries to determine the optimal pricing schedule. Specifically, he estimates that the
demand functions are given by g.-30-6P1 for students and = 24-4p for non-students. Assume that
drinks cost the nightclub S2 each. Q1. If the market cannot be segmented, what is the uniform
monopoly price? (a) $3.10 (b) $3.30 (c) S3.50 (d) S3.70 (e) S4.20 Q2. If the nightclub can
charge according to whether or not the customer is a student but is limited to linear pricing, what
price (per drink) should be set for students? (a) $3.10 (b) S3.25 (c) $3.40 (d) S3.50 (e) $3.80 Q3.
Under the same conditions of Q2, what price (per drink) should be set for non-students? (a) s3.80
(b) $4.00 (c) S4.30 (d) $4.60 (e) $5.20
Solution
(Q1) (d)
Without segmentation, p1 = p2 = p
q1 = 30 - 6p
q2 = 24 - 4p
Market demand: q = q1 + q2 = 30 - 6p + 24 - 4p
q = 54 - 10p
10p = 54 - q
p = 5.4 - 0.1q
Profit is maximized when Marginal revenue (MR) equals Marginal cost (MC).
Total revenue (TR) = p x q = 5.4q - 0.1q2
MR = dTR/dq = 5.4 - 0.2q
Equating with MC,
5.4 - 0.2q = 2
0.2q = 3.4
q = 17
p = 5. - (0.1 x 17) = 5.4 - 1.7 = $3.7
(Q2) (d)
With segmentation, profit is maximized when MR1 = MC and MR2 = MC
For students,
q1 = 30 - 6p1
6p1 = 30 - q1
p1 = (30 - q1) / 6
TR1 = p1 x q1 = (30q1 - q12) / 6
MR1 = dTR1/dq1 = (30 - 2q1) / 6
Equating with MC,
(30 - 2q1) / 6 = 2
30 - 2q1 = 12
2q1 = 18
q1 = 9
p1 = (30 - 9) / 6 = 21 / 6 = $3.5
(Q3) (b)
For non-students, q2 = 24 - 4p2
4p2 = 24 - q2
p2 = 6 - 0.25q2
TR2 = p2 x q2 = 6q2 - 0.25q22
MR2 = dTR2/dq2 = 6 - 0.5q2
Equating with MC,
6 - 0.5q2 = 2
0.5q2 = 4
q2 = 8
p2 = 6 - (0.25 x 8) = 6 - 2 = $4.
Please identify hardware device(s) (peripherals) and describe how a NO.docx
Please identify hardware device(s) (peripherals) and describe how a NOS configure and manage the device(s) in a distributed environment. What are the device management techniques out there that are adopted by NOSs in such a networked environment? How do NOSs resolve device conflict when it occurs? (For example, when a system resource has been allocated to two or more network devices).
Solution
The term network operating system is used to refer to two rather different concepts:
A specialised operating system for a network device such as a router, switch or firewall.
An operating system oriented to computer networking, to allow shared file and printer access among multiple computers in a network, to enable the sharing of data, users, groups, security, applications, and other networking functions.[1] Typically over a local area network (LAN), or private network. This sense is now largely historical, as common operating systems generally now have such features included.
There are two types of NOS :
Peer to Peer
In a peer-to-peer network operating system users are allowed to share resources and files located on their computers and access shared resources
from others. This system is not based with having a file server or centralized management source. A peer-to-peer network sets all connected computers
equal; they all share the same abilities to use resources available on the network
The advantages include:
Ease of setup
Less hardware needed, no server need be acquired
The disadvantages include:
No central location for storage
Less security than the client–server model
Client Server
Network operating systems can be based on a client–server model (architecture) in which a server enables multiple clients to share resources.
Client-server network operating systems allow networks to centralize functions and applications in one or more dedicated file servers.
The server is the center of the system, allowing access to resources and instituting security. The network operating system provides
the mechanism to integrate all the components on a network to allow multiple users to simultaneously share the same resources regardless of
physical location
The advantages include:
Centralized servers are more stable.
Security is provided through the server.
New technology and hardware can be easily integrated into the system.
Hardware and the operating system can be specialized, with a focus on performance.
Servers are able to be accessed remotely from different locations and types of systems.
The disadvantages include:
Buying and running a server raises costs.
Dependence on a central location for operation.
Requires regular maintenance and updates.
.
Please I need this answered with refrences - Thanks In a database- to.docx
Please I need this answered with refrences . Thanks
In a database, to control security, lock controls are implemented and tested using the ACID test. Explain the following terms for each letter within the ACID method: Atomicity, Consistency, Isolation, Durability.
Solution
ACID properties are an important concept for databases. The acronym stands for Atomicity, Consistency, Isolation, and Durability. The ACID properties of a DBMS allow safe sharing of data.
A transaction in a database system must maintain A tomicity, C onsistency, I solation, and D urability commonly known as ACID properties in order to ensure accuracy, completeness, and data integrity.
Atomicity
his property states that a transaction must be treated as an atomic unit, that is, either all of its operations are executed or none. There must be no state in a database where a transaction is left partially completed. States should be defined either before the execution of the transaction or after the execution/abortion/failure of the transaction.
Features to consider for atomicity:
Consistency
Consistency is the ACID property that ensures that any changes to values in an instance are consistent with changes to other values in the same instance. A consistency constraint is a predicate on data which serves as a precondition, post-condition, and transformation condition on any transaction.
Isolation
In a database system where more than one transaction are being executed simultaneously and in parallel, the property of isolation states that all the transactions will be carried out and executed as if it is the only transaction in the system. No transaction will affect the existence of any other transaction.
As an example, if two people are updating the same catalog item, it\'s not acceptable for one person\'s changes to be \"clobbered\" when the second person saves a different set of changes. Both users should be able to work in isolation, working as though he or she is the only user. Each set of changes must be isolated from those of the other users.
Durability
The database should be durable enough to hold all its latest updates even if the system fails or restarts. If a transaction updates a chunk of data in a database and commits, then the database will hold the modified data. If a transaction commits but the system fails before the data could be written on to the disk, then that data will be updated once the system springs back into action.
Features to consider for durability:
.
More Related Content
Similar to please list two of the devices provided by the text (or other devices-.docx
Chapter 21 - The Investigator and the Legal System1.docx
Chapter 21 - The Investigator and the Legal System
1
The decisions investigators must make involve a great deal of discretion.
Investigators must consider what may be termed risk factors.
2
Investigators must consider what may be termed risk factors.
Some police officers and criminal investigators are not fully aware of the order in
3
which a trial is conducted because time often prohibits them from attending a
complete trail from beginning to end. Also, witnesses are often sequestered from
the courtroom before and after giving testimony. This very common practice is used
to minimize the possibility that a witness’s testimony might be affected by other
witnesses’ testimony.
The courtroom process begins with the selection and swearing in of a jury. Jury
selection can last a few hours or a few weeks, depending on the selection process
and the nature of the case. The jury panel from whom the jurors in the trial will
eventually be picked is called a venire.
The steps in the trial process include: direct examination, cross-examination,
redirect examination, re-cross examination, the rebuttal, surrebuttal, and closing
arguments.
Evidence can be defined as anything that tends logically to prove or disprove
a fact at issue in a judicial case or controversy.
4
a fact at issue in a judicial case or controversy.
The rules of evidence are designed primarily to keep a jury from hearing or
seeing improper evidence, and the first rule of evidence is designed to set
parameters on the above definition of evidence.
Proof may be defined as the combination of all those facts—of all the evidence—in
5
determining the guilt or innocence of a person accused of a crime.
The pie chart above illustrates how several different pieces of evidence can
be put together in order to constitute proof of guilt.
6
be put together in order to constitute proof of guilt.
The doctrine of judicial notice is an evidentiary shortcut. Judicial notice is designed
7
to speed up the trial and eliminate the necessity of formally proving the truth of a
particular matter when the truth is not in dispute.
Direct Evidence
8
Direct evidence usually is the testimony of witnesses that ties the defendant
directly to the commission of the crime, such as the testimony of an
eyewitness who can positively state that the defendant committed the crime.
Real Evidence
Sometimes referred to as “physical evidence,” real evidence is connected
with the commission of the crime and can be produced in court.
Demonstrative Evidence
Demonstrative, or illustrative, evidence is not identical to real evidence even
though the items introduced are tangible. It consists of maps, diagrams,
sketches, photographs, tape recordings, videotapes, X-rays, and visual tests
and demonstrations produced to assist witnesses in explaining their
testimony.
Circumstantial Evidence
9
It is a myth that one cannot be convicted of a crime solely o.
1. Discuss what you as an individual know or experienced in the Amer.docx
1. Discuss what you as an individual know or experienced in the American court system and what changes, if any, would you suggest or implement so that all citizens have equal impartiality in the court system. Also provided the different types of courtroom evidence that may be used in the court system. This research on your own. Make sure you look into the following: Oral Witness Testimony, Real Evidence, Documents, Demonstrative Evidence, Stipulations, and Judicial Notice. At least 300 words (I added the start of the discussion with my personal experiences with the court system for you to add to)
Use reliable sources to substantiate your work and to provide examples. (Include in-text citations and a reference list)
Limit use of quotations
Be thorough and fully explain your points with reliable information
Full grading criteria can be found in My Grades, by clicking on "View Rubric"
2. What are the primary and secondary sources of law.
.
7-1 Discussion Discovery and Judicial EfficiencyAfter reviewing.docx
7-1 Discussion: Discovery and Judicial Efficiency
After reviewing the module resources, consider the following prompt.
The process of discovery allows each side of a court case to “discover” a wide array of information relevant to the legal and factual issues in the case. Discovery can include document requests (requests that the other side produce ledgers, tax returns, medical records, or other items related to the case), interrogatories (written questions to be answered by the litigants or witnesses on the other side), and depositions (questioning a litigant or witness under oath in front of a court reporter who transcribes the questions and answers).
Discovery can be time-consuming and expensive; yet, it can also lead to case settlement after the litigants have a chance to consider all of the evidence and more accurately assess their odds of winning at trial.
In your initial post, describe what you think is the impact on judicial efficiency of allowing for wide-reaching, thorough discovery. Defend your position with examples or detailed explanation. Be sure to address the issue of costs as well as court caseloads. In response to your peers, note where you agree or disagree with their positions, using counter-examples and explanations.
To complete this assignment, review the
Discussion Rubric
document.
.
LLB LAW NOTES ON LAW OF EVIDENCE
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Examine Forensic Examine Forensic Testimo.docx
Examine Forensic
Examine Forensic Testimony
Name
Class
Date
Professor
Examine Forensic Testimony
Forensic evidence has become more and more important in the court case for proving the guilt or innocence of a criminal defendant. Due to new technology the world of forensics is becoming more and more advanced providing law enforcement with all types of new investigatory tools and ways for the court to prove or disprove guilt. It is essential for law enforcement agencies to have trained forensic personnel with the skills to properly collect the evidence first to ensure the evidence does not become lost, destroyed, or damaged and the forensic evidence is accepted in a court of law.
Improper collection of evidence is only one of many potential challenges associated with forensic evidence but it is an important challenge that must be addressed. Forensic evidence is collected at the crime scene. If the evidence is not properly documented and collected it can be found to be unreliable in the court process. In order for forensic evidence to be accepted in a court of law it must be documented through sketches, photographs, and video tapings and it must be collected using accepted standard forensic collection methods.
If evidence is not properly documented or collected the chain of evidence is broken and the court will exclude the evidence from the court case. The chain of evidence refers to an important aspect of forensic involving the movement of evidence. In order to show the court the evidence was located and collected at the scene and then taken directly to the lab for analysis as well as being stored properly at the lab there needs to be clear documentation. This starts with photographing the evidence located at the scene and clearly documenting each step of the collection and analysis process.
When forensic evidence is presented in court it must be able to meet a specific legal standard before it can be accepted as reliable evidence in a court of law. The legal standard that is applied to testing reliability is either the Frye or Daubert Standard. In the Frye standard forensic evidence must be collected and analyzed employed widely accepted scientific methods. The Daubert standard came after Frye and requires not only that the evidence be collected and analyzed using widely accepted forensic methods, the scientific must be tested using the scientific method, and the evidence must be reliable and relevant. Each state applies a different standard. States with Frye have less of requirement for reliability than states with Daubert.
The CSI Effect is the one of the biggest problem facing courts in the 21st Century. Due to shows, such as CSI, showing a glamorized version of the forensic process, juries expect prosecutors and defense attorneys to present forensic evidence, showing guilt or innocence but most of this burden is put on the state not the defense (Vergano, 2011). The truth is most ca ...
QUASI-JUDICIAL-FUNCTION and QUASI JUDICIAL AGENCY.pptx
Introduction: Defining Quasi-Judicial Function
In the realm of governance, the functions of the executive, legislative, and judicial branches are traditionally distinct. However, in many legal systems, a nuanced role known as quasi-judicial function emerges, blurring the lines between these branches. Quasi-judicial functions refer to activities undertaken by administrative bodies that are akin to judicial functions, involving the adjudication of disputes, interpretation of laws, and decision-making with legal implications. This essay endeavors to delve deep into the concept of quasi-judicial functions and the agencies that wield them, exploring their significance, challenges, and implications within modern governance frameworks.
Understanding Quasi-Judicial Function
The term "quasi" denotes a resemblance or similarity, indicating that quasi-judicial functions share similarities with judicial functions but are not wholly judicial in nature. These functions typically involve the application of legal principles to specific cases, similar to how courts interpret laws and adjudicate disputes. However, unlike courts, quasi-judicial bodies operate within administrative frameworks, possessing specialized expertise in particular areas of law or policy. They are often tasked with making decisions on regulatory matters, licensing, disciplinary actions, and other administrative issues.Characteristics of Quasi-Judicial Functions
Several key characteristics distinguish quasi-judicial functions from purely administrative or legislative functions:
Adjudicatory Powers: Quasi-judicial bodies have the authority to adjudicate disputes and make binding decisions that affect the rights and interests of individuals or organizations.
Application of Law: Like courts, quasi-judicial agencies interpret and apply legal principles, statutes, regulations, and precedents to resolve cases brought before them.
Impartiality and Fairness: These bodies are expected to act impartially and fairly, providing all parties with an opportunity to present their arguments and evidence before rendering a decision.
Due Process: Quasi-judicial proceedings often adhere to principles of due process, including the right to be heard, the right to legal representation, and the right to appeal decisions.
Limited Scope: While quasi-judicial bodies exercise judicial-like functions, their jurisdiction is typically limited to specific areas of law or policy, such as labor relations, environmental regulation, or professional licensing.
Examples of Quasi-Judicial Functions
Quasi-judicial functions manifest in various forms across different jurisdictions and regulatory domains:
Zoning Boards: These bodies determine land-use applications, such as requests for variances or special permits, by applying zoning ordinances and considering factors like community impact and property rights.
Administrative Tribunals: Tribunals specializing in areas such as immigration, taxation, or labor disputes conduct her
QUASI-JUDICIAL-FUNCTION AND QUASI JUDICIAL AGENCY.pptx
Quasi-Judicial Function and Agencies: A Comprehensive Analysis
Introduction: Defining Quasi-Judicial Function
In the realm of governance, the functions of the executive, legislative, and judicial branches are traditionally distinct. However, in many legal systems, a nuanced role known as quasi-judicial function emerges, blurring the lines between these branches. Quasi-judicial functions refer to activities undertaken by administrative bodies that are akin to judicial functions, involving the adjudication of disputes, interpretation of laws, and decision-making with legal implications. This essay endeavors to delve deep into the concept of quasi-judicial functions and the agencies that wield them, exploring their significance, challenges, and implications within modern governance frameworks.
Understanding Quasi-Judicial Function
The term "quasi" denotes a resemblance or similarity, indicating that quasi-judicial functions share similarities with judicial functions but are not wholly judicial in nature. These functions typically involve the application of legal principles to specific cases, similar to how courts interpret laws and adjudicate disputes. However, unlike courts, quasi-judicial bodies operate within administrative frameworks, possessing specialized expertise in particular areas of law or policy. They are often tasked with making decisions on regulatory matters, licensing, disciplinary actions, and other administrative issues.
Characteristics of Quasi-Judicial Functions
Several key characteristics distinguish quasi-judicial functions from purely administrative or legislative functions:
Adjudicatory Powers: Quasi-judicial bodies have the authority to adjudicate disputes and make binding decisions that affect the rights and interests of individuals or organizations.
Application of Law: Like courts, quasi-judicial agencies interpret and apply legal principles, statutes, regulations, and precedents to resolve cases brought before them.
Impartiality and Fairness: These bodies are expected to act impartially and fairly, providing all parties with an opportunity to present their arguments and evidence before rendering a decision.
Due Process: Quasi-judicial proceedings often adhere to principles of due process, including the right to be heard, the right to legal representation, and the right to appeal decisions.
Limited Scope: While quasi-judicial bodies exercise judicial-like functions, their jurisdiction is typically limited to specific areas of law or policy, such as labor relations, environmental regulation, or professional licensing.
Examples of Quasi-Judicial Functions
Quasi-judicial functions manifest in various forms across different jurisdictions and regulatory domains:
Zoning Boards: These bodies determine land-use applications, such as requests for variances or special permits, by applying zoning ordinances and considering factors like community impact and property rights.
Administrative Tribunals: Tribunals specializing in
J4410 Covering Courts Sept24 09
Professor Neil Foote's lecture notes on covering courts for the University of North Texas.
POL 123 – Case Analysis Instructions Purpose The goal.docx
POL 123 – Case Analysis Instructions
Purpose
The goals of this assignment are to provide a valuable skill and to assess your ability to comprehend and
apply case law. Reading, briefing, and applying what you are reading in your textbook and learning in the
modules are effective ways to become literate in the process of the U.S. legal system.
Conducting an Analysis
Before making and defending a decision, you must be familiar with the relevant law. For our purposes,
your textbook and course material provide all the legal concepts needed to apply the law to a factual
situation. Once you are familiar with the general content of the chapter, you should be able to recognize
the issue involved in a case and find the legal concepts that will help you decide the case. For your
reference, a sample analysis is provided at the end of this document.
First, you will read the assigned fact patterns (provided via a link in the module). Then, you will complete
an analysis for all fact patterns presented. Each analysis should contain the following:
1. The main issue. Identify and write (in your own words, at least 50% original) the central issue to be
decided. As much as possible, set the issue in legal terms and concepts.
2. Relevant legal concepts quoted from textbook court opinions. Search the assigned chapter for legal
concepts that will help you decide and justify your decision. Once you find the quotations you wish to
use, copy them into the appropriate places in your analysis.
3. Relevant case law quoted from the textbook.
4. Rationale. Write (in your own words, at least 50% original) a complete explanation about how you
used the legal concepts you cited to make a decision about how the case should be resolved.
5. Ruling. Describe (in your own words, at least 50% original) what should happen to the parties
involved as a result of your decision.
Submit your Case Analysis to the Dropbox no later than Sunday 11:59 PM EST/EDT of the assigned
module. (The Dropbox baskets for these assignments are linked to Turnitin.)
Grading Rubric
Ratings:
Exceptional corresponds to an A (90-100). Performance is outstanding; significantly above the usual
expectations.
Proficient corresponds to a grade of B- to B+ (80-89%). Skills are at the level of expectation.
Basic corresponds to a C- to C+ (70-79%). Skills are acceptable but improvements are needed to meet
expectations well.
Novice corresponds to a D to D+ (60-69%). Performance is weak; the skills are not sufficiently
demonstrated at this time.
0 This criterion is missing or not in evidence.
Criteria
Ratings
0 Novice Basic Proficient Exceptional
Correctly framing the specific legal question to be
decided
12-13 14-15 16-17 18-20
Identifying and quoting relevant material from the
assigned chapter
12-13 14-15 16-17 18-20
Correctly applying the cited legal concepts to your
decision
12-13 14-15 16-17 18-20
The insightfulness and organ.
Qanun-e- Shahdath Order , {Documentary evidence}
Documentary Evidence ,
notes for LL.B. Part III,
University Law College Quetta
Question 1. List and describe three rules of natural justice, provid.pdf
PROBLEM I. A nightclub manager realizes that demand for drinks is more elastic among
students and tries to determine the optimal pricing schedule. Specifically, he estimates that the
demand functions are given by g.-30-6P1 for students and = 24-4p for non-students. Assume that
drinks cost the nightclub S2 each. Q1. If the market cannot be segmented, what is the uniform
monopoly price? (a) $3.10 (b) $3.30 (c) S3.50 (d) S3.70 (e) S4.20 Q2. If the nightclub can
charge according to whether or not the customer is a student but is limited to linear pricing, what
price (per drink) should be set for students? (a) $3.10 (b) S3.25 (c) $3.40 (d) S3.50 (e) $3.80 Q3.
Under the same conditions of Q2, what price (per drink) should be set for non-students? (a) s3.80
(b) $4.00 (c) S4.30 (d) $4.60 (e) $5.20
Solution
(Q1) (d)
Without segmentation, p1 = p2 = p
q1 = 30 - 6p
q2 = 24 - 4p
Market demand: q = q1 + q2 = 30 - 6p + 24 - 4p
q = 54 - 10p
10p = 54 - q
p = 5.4 - 0.1q
Profit is maximized when Marginal revenue (MR) equals Marginal cost (MC).
Total revenue (TR) = p x q = 5.4q - 0.1q2
MR = dTR/dq = 5.4 - 0.2q
Equating with MC,
5.4 - 0.2q = 2
0.2q = 3.4
q = 17
p = 5. - (0.1 x 17) = 5.4 - 1.7 = $3.7
(Q2) (d)
With segmentation, profit is maximized when MR1 = MC and MR2 = MC
For students,
q1 = 30 - 6p1
6p1 = 30 - q1
p1 = (30 - q1) / 6
TR1 = p1 x q1 = (30q1 - q12) / 6
MR1 = dTR1/dq1 = (30 - 2q1) / 6
Equating with MC,
(30 - 2q1) / 6 = 2
30 - 2q1 = 12
2q1 = 18
q1 = 9
p1 = (30 - 9) / 6 = 21 / 6 = $3.5
(Q3) (b)
For non-students, q2 = 24 - 4p2
4p2 = 24 - q2
p2 = 6 - 0.25q2
TR2 = p2 x q2 = 6q2 - 0.25q22
MR2 = dTR2/dq2 = 6 - 0.5q2
Equating with MC,
6 - 0.5q2 = 2
0.5q2 = 4
q2 = 8
p2 = 6 - (0.25 x 8) = 6 - 2 = $4.
Similar to please list two of the devices provided by the text (or other devices-.docx (20)
Chapter 21 - The Investigator and the Legal System1.docx
Chapter 21 - The Investigator and the Legal System1.docx
1. Discuss what you as an individual know or experienced in the Amer.docx
1. Discuss what you as an individual know or experienced in the Amer.docx
7-1 Discussion Discovery and Judicial EfficiencyAfter reviewing.docx
7-1 Discussion Discovery and Judicial EfficiencyAfter reviewing.docx
QUASI-JUDICIAL-FUNCTION and QUASI JUDICIAL AGENCY.pptx
QUASI-JUDICIAL-FUNCTION and QUASI JUDICIAL AGENCY.pptx
QUASI-JUDICIAL-FUNCTION AND QUASI JUDICIAL AGENCY.pptx
QUASI-JUDICIAL-FUNCTION AND QUASI JUDICIAL AGENCY.pptx
POL 123 – Case Analysis Instructions Purpose The goal.docx
POL 123 – Case Analysis Instructions Purpose The goal.docx
Litigation Tips for Complex Administrative Law Cases
Litigation Tips for Complex Administrative Law Cases
Question 1. List and describe three rules of natural justice, provid.pdf
Question 1. List and describe three rules of natural justice, provid.pdf
Litigation Tips for Complex Administrative Law Cases
Litigation Tips for Complex Administrative Law Cases
More from rtodd19
Please identify hardware device(s) (peripherals) and describe how a NO.docx
Please identify hardware device(s) (peripherals) and describe how a NOS configure and manage the device(s) in a distributed environment. What are the device management techniques out there that are adopted by NOSs in such a networked environment? How do NOSs resolve device conflict when it occurs? (For example, when a system resource has been allocated to two or more network devices).
Solution
The term network operating system is used to refer to two rather different concepts:
A specialised operating system for a network device such as a router, switch or firewall.
An operating system oriented to computer networking, to allow shared file and printer access among multiple computers in a network, to enable the sharing of data, users, groups, security, applications, and other networking functions.[1] Typically over a local area network (LAN), or private network. This sense is now largely historical, as common operating systems generally now have such features included.
There are two types of NOS :
Peer to Peer
In a peer-to-peer network operating system users are allowed to share resources and files located on their computers and access shared resources
from others. This system is not based with having a file server or centralized management source. A peer-to-peer network sets all connected computers
equal; they all share the same abilities to use resources available on the network
The advantages include:
Ease of setup
Less hardware needed, no server need be acquired
The disadvantages include:
No central location for storage
Less security than the client–server model
Client Server
Network operating systems can be based on a client–server model (architecture) in which a server enables multiple clients to share resources.
Client-server network operating systems allow networks to centralize functions and applications in one or more dedicated file servers.
The server is the center of the system, allowing access to resources and instituting security. The network operating system provides
the mechanism to integrate all the components on a network to allow multiple users to simultaneously share the same resources regardless of
physical location
The advantages include:
Centralized servers are more stable.
Security is provided through the server.
New technology and hardware can be easily integrated into the system.
Hardware and the operating system can be specialized, with a focus on performance.
Servers are able to be accessed remotely from different locations and types of systems.
The disadvantages include:
Buying and running a server raises costs.
Dependence on a central location for operation.
Requires regular maintenance and updates.
.
Please I need this answered with refrences - Thanks In a database- to.docx
Please I need this answered with refrences . Thanks
In a database, to control security, lock controls are implemented and tested using the ACID test. Explain the following terms for each letter within the ACID method: Atomicity, Consistency, Isolation, Durability.
Solution
ACID properties are an important concept for databases. The acronym stands for Atomicity, Consistency, Isolation, and Durability. The ACID properties of a DBMS allow safe sharing of data.
A transaction in a database system must maintain A tomicity, C onsistency, I solation, and D urability commonly known as ACID properties in order to ensure accuracy, completeness, and data integrity.
Atomicity
his property states that a transaction must be treated as an atomic unit, that is, either all of its operations are executed or none. There must be no state in a database where a transaction is left partially completed. States should be defined either before the execution of the transaction or after the execution/abortion/failure of the transaction.
Features to consider for atomicity:
Consistency
Consistency is the ACID property that ensures that any changes to values in an instance are consistent with changes to other values in the same instance. A consistency constraint is a predicate on data which serves as a precondition, post-condition, and transformation condition on any transaction.
Isolation
In a database system where more than one transaction are being executed simultaneously and in parallel, the property of isolation states that all the transactions will be carried out and executed as if it is the only transaction in the system. No transaction will affect the existence of any other transaction.
As an example, if two people are updating the same catalog item, it\'s not acceptable for one person\'s changes to be \"clobbered\" when the second person saves a different set of changes. Both users should be able to work in isolation, working as though he or she is the only user. Each set of changes must be isolated from those of the other users.
Durability
The database should be durable enough to hold all its latest updates even if the system fails or restarts. If a transaction updates a chunk of data in a database and commits, then the database will hold the modified data. If a transaction commits but the system fails before the data could be written on to the disk, then that data will be updated once the system springs back into action.
Features to consider for durability:
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Please help- thanks- Many government agencies and other organizations.docx
Please help. thanks, Many government agencies and other organizations display warning and consent banners to users logging onto the network. A sample consent banner is shown below. Based on a user’s acceptance of the banner, should the government be authorized to monitor network communications? To search and seize data contained on the information system? Should the government be required to obtain consent, a subpoena or search warrant to search the data? Is it foreseeable that the government could intercept or search a user’s personal data such as personal email or web browsing activity and should that be authorized? Discuss these questions thoroughly in your Conference response, and respond to at least one other student’s original post in a way that adds to the discussion.
Sample banner:
By using this Information System (IS) (which includes any device attached to this IS), you consent to the following conditions:
The U.S. Government (USG) routinely intercepts and monitors communications on this IS for purposes including, but not limited to, penetration testing, Communications Security (COMSEC) monitoring, network operations and defense, personnel misconduct (PM), law enforcement (LE), and counterintelligence (CI) investigations.
At any time, the USG may inspect and seize data stored on this IS.
Communications using, or data stored on, this IS are not private, are subject to routine monitoring, interception, and search, and may be disclosed or used for any USG-authorized purpose.
This IS includes security measures (e.g., authentication and access controls) to protect USG interests--not for your personal benefit or privacy.
Notwithstanding the above, using this IS does not constitute consent to PM, LE or CI investigative searching or monitoring of the content of privileged communications, or work product, related to personal representation or services by attorneys, psychotherapists, or clergy, and their assistants. Such communications and work product are private and confidential. See User Agreement for details.
Solution
Answer:
if various government agencies and the other organization displaying warning and if the user accept the warning banner then i think yes, the government is authorized to monitor the network communications. Government has all the rights, because government has already displayed you the warning, and if after seeing warning message if you are accepting it, then you are giving approval.
Regarding searching data or even seizing data on information system, government should obtain the legal warrant, without that government should not be allowed to seized or even search data on any information systems.
Without taking the user\'s permission or user\'s approval, no one should be authorized to access user\'s data such as email, address, browsing activities.
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Please explain Advanced Persistent Threat!SolutionAnswer- An advanced.docx
Please explain Advanced Persistent Threat!
Solution
Answer-
An advanced persistent threat (APT) is a network attack in which an unauthorized person gains access to a network and stays there undetected for a long period of time. The intention of an APT attack is to steal data rather than to cause damage to the network or organization.
An advanced persistent threat is a set of stealthy and continuous computer hacking processes, often orchestrated by human(s) targeting a specific entity. An APT usually targets organizations and/or nations for business or political motives. APT processes require a high degree of covertness over a long period of time. The \"advanced\" process signifies sophisticated techniques using malware to exploit vulnerabilities in systems. The \"persistent\" process suggests that an external command and control system is continuously monitoring and extracting data from a specific target. The \"threat\" process indicates human involvement in orchestrating the attack.
APT usually refers to a group, such as a government, with both the capability and the intent to target, persistently and effectively, a specific entity. The term is commonly used to refer to cyber threats, in particular that of Internet-enabled espionage using a variety of intelligence gathering techniques to access sensitive information, but applies equally to other threats such as that of traditional espionage or attacks. Other recognized attack vectors include infected media, supply chain compromise, and social engineering. The purpose of these attacks is to place custom malicious code on one or multiple computers for specific tasks and to remain undetected for the longest possible period. Knowing the attacker artefacts, such as file names, can help a professional make a network-wide search to gather all affected systems. Individuals, such as an individual hacker, are not usually referred to as an APT, as they rarely have the resources to be both advanced and persistent even if they are intent on gaining access to, or attacking, a specific target.
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Please explain--- a) why SO2 (g) and H2O (l) formed instead of H2 (g)-.docx
Please explain...
a) why SO2 (g) and H2O (l) formed instead of H2 (g). I thought a metal and an acid would produce a salt and H2 (g)
b) how one could predict these products.
c) why CO2 (g) is formed instead of H2CO3 (aq).
d) why MnO2 (s) does not participate in the reaction and how one could predict when something will be a catalyst.
Are there any general rules to follow to get the right products without just memorizing every possible reaction? If I just have to memorize, could you please give me a website with information on common products to these types of reactions?
[12] Write net equations for each of the reactions below. Use appropriate ionic and molecular formulas and omit formulas for all ions or molecules that do not take part in a reaction. Write structural formulas for all organic substances. You need not balance the equaon is heated strongly with a. A strip of copper metal is heated strongly with concentrated sulfuric acid. b. Solid dinitrogen pentoxide is added to water. c. Lead(II carbonate is added to hydrobromic acid. d. Freshly precipitated manganese(IV) oxide is added to a solution of hydrogen peroxide.
Solution
a). In the given reaction copper does not react with sulphuric acid (H2SO4), because it can not displace hydrogen form acid as it\'s reduction potential is higher than hydrogen, but here H2SO4 is an oxidising agent, redox reaction takes place so it oxidises the metal and itself reduces to SO 2 .
B). nitrogen pentoxide( N2O5) is an anhydride of HNO3, it is very unstable and oxidiser. When it is reacted with H2O it can form HNO3 but in a prolonged way( slowly). the above step is part of mechanism in formation of HNO3.
c)PbCO3 is a metal carboante , it is decomposed to give PbO and CO2(g), so in the given reaction CO 2 is formed.
D) any compound that acst as catalyst does not partcipate in the reaction , it iniciates the reaction only.the nature of catalyst substance doesnot change during whole process of reaction.
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Please don-'t copy from an outside source Briefly discuss the distribu.docx
Please don\'t copy from an outside source
Briefly discuss the distributed database architectures:
replicated database servers
partitioned database servers
cloud-based database servers.
How does security over each of these databases affect the architecture or support of these databases? Also, discuss how you would secure any of these databases; include tools and methods in your response.
Solution
Replicated database server
It become easy and useful to available database if we have replicated database servers
We can replicate relations or we can replicate fragments at one or more than one sites in replicated databse server
We can either create Full replication, No replication and Partial replication
Partitioned database servers
In this server we logically partition the database.
This increases the availbility, and performance of database data retrival
We can use Hash partition, line partition, range partition as a partition tcriteria
Partitioning uses two methods verical and horizontal
Partitioning allows to split tables, indexes into much smaller entities and these splitted entites are called partition in database
Cloud-based databse server
Database server which relies on cloud (ie on a server which resides over internet), bascially uses cloud computing to access database
A database accessible to clients from the cloud and delivered to users on demand via the Internet from a cloud database provider\'s servers
In these database the user app doesnt have to worry about the logical connections ith databse server, if the suer have internet access then the app automatically connect to the databse via network and the app size reduces to a large context
Well the following issues affect the architecture
The security affects the multilevel metadata distribution in distributed database
Moreover sometimes encryption applied also interrupts the data distribution accross sites
How we can secure these databases
By Authenticating each user
By Making proper Identification
and by applying proper encrypting methodology to secure the data transmission
Security tool
Deadlock Detector
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Please distinguish between a malware and a virus- How are they same an.docx
Please distinguish between a malware and a virus. How are they same and how are they different?
Please discuss the differences between HIDS and NIDS
Solution
Malware
The word Malware is short for malicious software, and is a general term used to describe all of the viruses, worms, spyware, and pretty much anything that is specifically designed to cause harm to your PC or steal your information.
Viruses
The term computer virus is often used interchangeably with malware, though the two don\'t actually have the same meaning. In the strictest sense, a virus is a program that copies itself and infects a PC, spreading from one file to another, and then from one PC to another when the files are copied or shared. Most viruses attach themselves to executable files, but some can target a master boot record, autorun scripts, MS Office macros, or even in some cases, arbitrary files. Many of these viruses, like CIH, are designed to render your PC completely inoperable, while others simply delete or corrupt your files—the general point is that a virus is designed to cause havoc and break stuff.
Host intrusion detection systems (HIDS) and network intrusion detection systems (NIDS) are methods of security management for computers and networks. In HIDS, anti-threat applications such as firewalls, antivirus software and spyware-detection programs are installed on every network computer that has two-way access to the outside environment such as the Internet. In NIDS, anti-threat software is installed only at specific points such as servers that interface between the outside environment and the network segment to be protected.
All methods of intrusion detection (ID) involve the gathering and analysis of information from various areas within a computer or network to identify possible threats posed by hackers and crackers inside or outside the organization. Host-based and network-based ID systems have their respective advantages and limitations. The most effective protection for a proprietary network is provided by a combination of both technologies.
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Please answer part c of the question- Thank you- The International Ato.docx
Please answer part c of the question. Thank you.
The International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) has an interactive chart of the nuclides which has a wealth of information. Use the chart to answer the questions below this link should open the chart in a new window or tab. Interactive chart of the nuclides (from the IAEA) In your new window or tab, you should see a colorful diagram that is shaped something like an amoeba. Note that you can click-and-drag in the window to re-position the graph, and you can move and zoom using the controls at the top left (you can also zoom by scrolling up or down in the window). (a) Most of the nuclides shown are given a color, representing the half-life, but some of the nuclides are black. Note that, near the bottom left of the chart, the black ones are found on or near the line Z = N (same number of protons and neutrons). As the atomic number increases, however, the nuclides in black are found below the Z N line, so these black ones have more neutrons than protons. what do the nuclides in black represent? These are stable nuclei. O These are nuclides we have no information about. O These are nuclei that decay via alpha decay O These are the nuclides that play the bad nuclei in the movies. O These are nuclei that decay via the beta-plus process. These are nuclei ht deay by oving offa gamma ray These are nuclei that have extremely short half-lives. O These are nuclei that decay via the beta-minus process O These are nuclei that decay via electron capture. (b) To the right of the chart, you should see a \"Color zones by selector with a pull-down menu. Use that pull-down menu to select \"main decay mode\". Note which nuclides decay via alpha decay beta-minus decay, beta-plus decay, etc. In general, what is true about those nuclides which decay via the beta-minus process? They are found above the most stable nuclei, so that decaying via beta-minus moves the nuclei away from the zone of higher stability. O They have long half-lives O They have short h-ives. O They do not change their number of protons when they decay O They do not change their number of neutrons when they decay They are found above the most stable nuclei, so that decaying via beta-minus moves the nuclei toward the zone of higher stability They are found below the most stable nuclei, so that decaying via beta-minus moves the nuclei toward the zone of higher stability ? They are found below the most stable nuclei, so that decaying via beta-minus moves the nuclei away from the zone of higher stability (c) According to the table, the element tin has how many stable nuclides? (This is more than any other element, in fact.) stable nuclides
Solution
(c) Tin has the most number of nuclides.
According to the table, the element tin has ten (10) stable nuclides.
.
Pictorialize a human being as a computer system-SolutionThe human nerv.docx
Pictorialize a human being as a computer system.
Solution
The human nervous system is like the telephone network, cause it do the same thing , all the impulses that a human has respond through all the nerves which are connected to the base of the brain, and all signals and messages go to the brain, and the mind respond by sending an impulse to the given area ,and an action is preformed,then impulses are send back,for new impulses to be send by the brain, so that is why it is like a telephone system. The Human brain acts as the CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT, where each of the actions performed by the other parts of the body are analyzed and the tasks are assigned to various parts of the brain- namely cerebrum and cerebellum.
The Cerebrum can be likened to as the HARD disk of the computer where all the memory is stored. The data stored in the cerebrum can be retrieved easily. The Cerebellum of the brain can be likened to RAM - Random access memory, where the data is only stored for a short period of time.
The major similarities between the human body and the computer system are as follows.
both will malfunction if attacked by virus.
both has a limited memory
both can explore various sites.
both has their own briefcases.
both has their own calculators
both can import and export
both can act as a messenger
both can write a mail
both can paste
both can save
both has their own favorites
both has their own tools
both can play games
When tired and slow both has to refreshed
both carry a address book,note pad and calendar
sometime both require a help
both could be repaired and cured by only by qualified technicians.
Both function and look better with Add-ons
both ask questions and answer questions.
By over usage both get heated up.
Both have network places
Both have choice to run
Both can play music
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Personal Trainer- Inc- owns and operates fitness centers in a dozen Mi.docx
Personal Trainer, Inc. owns and operates fitness centers in a dozen Midwestern cities. The centers have done well, and the company is planning an international expansion by opening a new “supercenter†in the Toronto area. Personal Trainer’s president, Cassia Umi, hired an IT consultant, Susan Park, to help develop an information system for the new facility. During the project, Susan will work closely with Gray Lewis, who will manage the new operation.
Background
During data and process modeling, Susan Park developed a logical model of the proposed system.
She drew an entity-relationship diagram and constructed a set of leveled and balanced DFDs.
Now Susan is ready to consider various development strategies for the new system. She will investigate traditional and Web-based approaches and weigh the pros and cons of in-house development versus other alternatives. Before you begin, you should review the background information and facts contained in Chapters 2, 4, and 5 of the case study.
Tasks
1. Susan has been asked to prepare a system requirements document and deliver a presentation to the management team. What should be the main elements of the system requirements document?
2. Based on the suggestions in Part A of the Systems Analyst’s Toolkit, what visual aids should Susan use during her presentation?
Solution
1)Ans-
The main elements of the system requirements should be:
1) Budget consideration.
2) The objective of the software system.
3) Describe the transactions the system will process.
4) Information the users and managers need from the system.
5) Consider security issue
2)Ans-
Susan should use power point as a visual aid, some flip charts, overhead transparencies, videos, slides, to improve her presentation. She should also prepare a contingency plan in case anything was to happen to her presentation.
.
Peruse the readings by Bennis and Nanus- Schein- and Ulrich and Lake-.docx
Peruse the readings by Bennis and Nanus, Schein, and Ulrich and Lake. Are these concepts employed in your company today? Why or Why not?
Solution
The concepts that have been proposed by Bennis and Nanus, Schein, and Ulrich and Lake are widely used in organizations since they give a clear picture of the following:
1. Gaining attention through vision
2. Meaning through communication
3. Trust through positioning
4. Deployment of self through
The key concepts stressed by all the above experts are about being leaders, followers and mainly about the visioning process. The concepts are widely used in the oranizations these days as vision gives clarity to leaders as to what their key actions should be oriented with. The vision of the company will drive individuals to become leaders and to lead the group. If the employees are able to relate themselves with the company and with the goal of the company then they will be able to guide the team towards achieving the goal.
Bennis (1989) proposed that a role of the leader is to give direction to vision and ideas so that followers can work on achieving the vision. In addition to Bennis, Ulrich et al. (1999) called for leaders to set direction so that the vision could become a reality. Kotter (1990) and Kanter (1995) both independently called for similar leadership efforts in that the leader should establish a direction. This can best be done by helping the followers see what must be done in the short and intermediate-term through strategies and tactics to achieve the vision.
According to Ulrich the leader sets the purpose and direction of the organization which is almot evident in all the organizations these days. Further he insisted that leaders should have three elements which are having ethics, emphasizing ethics, and enforcing ethics.
The concepts that were suggested by the above mentioned experts are employed in the concern since it serves as a guide to understand what the leader should do and how a leader should shoulder responsibilities.
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Why do some authors view investment cash flow sensitivity as a symptom.docx
Why do some authors view investment cash flow sensitivity as a symptom of underinvestment while others see it as symptoms of overinvestment?
Solution
Answer:
Investment cash flow sensitivity, some autohers consider asymmetric information theory which supposes that the information is not equally distributed between managers and suppliers of external finance, and other refer to agency theory.An assumption of asymmentric information theory is that managers act in the best intersts of existing sharehonders and extrenal investors can not assess the quality of investment project.Managers will prefer internal funds to finance new projects.This implies a positive relationship between the availabitility of cash flow and investment. Second in some cases managers will prefer to underinvest rather than to look for new investors. consquently investment cash flow senstivity can be a symptom of underinvestment.According to agency theory however manager a re assumed to take actions that are not in shareholders interest.To increase their power, manager undertake the highet level of investment.as a result, they may use a firm\'s free cash flows in unprofitable project.Investment cash flow sensitivity is then a symptom of overinvestment.
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Why do some converging technologies raise special ethical and social i.docx
Why do some converging technologies raise special ethical and social issues?
Solution
Because
1. Human costs and de-valuing work: Consider the levels of automation undergoing will increase the performance but at the cost of diminishing the work’s intellectual and emotional value.For e.g The levels of automation found in fast-food restaurants , assembly line or warehouse fulfillment centers, where work is de-humanized, worker growth is diminished, and the value of rewarding work is stripped away.
2. De-Skilling : Development of powerful support systems that augment human intelligence in demanding environments provides the positive benefits by reduction in errors and improve safety but the gains from technology will outweigh the loss of skills.Automation can create a situation where skilled operators can be replaced be less-skilled operators. For example, some aircraft systems, such as the Boeing Dreamliner and the  F-35 Lighting II, have become so complicated that they challenge the human capacity to fly them without assistance from an “intelligent†assistant.
3.The erosion of privacy : Technologies have been developed to remotely monitor the activities of the elderly allow parents to monitor every movement of their children – what they’re doing at home but continous monitoring has opposite effect, instead leaving one feeling the loss of highly valued privacy and dignity because of non-stop monitoring.
4. The dangers of distraction: The convergence of technologies can tax our attention spans in a way that threatens the limits of human capabilities.With the availability of GPS screens, entertainment monitors, handsfree cellphone and advanced stereo systems having multiple mechanisms to control them, delivers high value and pleasure to the driver along with passengers,but they divide the operator’s attention and distracting him or her from the stated purpose of driving, leading to life- threatening situations
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Why do the outer stars in our galaxy not slow down- as Keplers laws of.docx
Why do the outer stars in our galaxy not slow down, as Kepler’s laws of motion would predict?
Solution
Kepler\'s Laws were derived for the planets orbiting the Sun in our solar system. And they work for any situation in which you have one discrete object with a mass far greater than any of the the objects that orbit it. But with galaxies you have a very different situation. The mass of a galaxy is not all concentrated at the center. It\'s spread out among all the constituents of the galaxy, across hundreds of thousands of light years. As explained here, even the supermassive black hole at the center of the Milky Way isn\'t massive enough to greatly affect the orbits of the stars in our galaxy (except for those very close to the center).
In practice, and this is especially true for galaxies\' stars, the paths are not perfect ellipses. There is often some precession (a slow change in position) of the orbiting object\'s path, causing it to never repeat the exact same orbit about the central mass.
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Why are concentrated interests and diffuse costs important in predicti.docx
Why are concentrated interests and diffuse costs important in predicting legislative outcomes
Solution
But personal interest is no longer a safe criterion if individual interests are not left to counteract and control each other. If one individual, or one class, can call in the aid of authority to ward off the effects of competition, it acquires a privilege and at the cost of the whole community; it can then make sure of profits not altogether due to the productive services rendered, but composed in part of an actual tax upon consumers for its private profit; which tax it commonly shares with the authority that thus unjustly lends its support. The legislative body has great difficulty in resisting the importunate demands for this kind of privileges; the applicants are the producers that are to benefit thereby, who can represent, with much plausibility, that their own gains are a gain to the industrious classes, and to the nation at large, their workmen and themselves being members of the industrious classes, and of the nation. - Jean-Baptiste Say
The taxes would be paid by the people over the whole country, but the benefits would go to the few people in those particular locations. This type of spending is a rather gross waste of resources that worsened over the years as the government has been allowed to do more particularized things. - James M. Buchanan
So, in one country, the fruit of labor is taken from the workman by taxes, under pretence of the welfare of the state; in another, by privileges, declaring labor a royal concession, and making one pay dearly for the right to devote himself to it. The same abuse is reproduced under forms more indirect, but not less oppressive, when, by means of custom-duties, the state shares with the privileged industries the benefits of the taxes imposed on non-privileged classes. - J
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Who are organizational stakeholders and what types of responsibilities.docx
Who are organizational stakeholders and what types of responsibilities does an organization have to them?
Solution
Organizational Stakeholders: Organizational stakeholder is a person or group having interest or relations with an organization. The est exaples of organizational stakeholders are board of directors , employees, government, shareholders, community and other interested parties.
Type of responsiblity depends upon the type of stakeholder for example organization\'s responsibility towards its employees is to compansate them resonably, to hear their grievences and to motivate them for achieving goals of an organization.
Resposibility towards creditors is to meet and respect credit terms committed with the creditor. Responsibility towords government is to follow its laws and rules governing oganizational operations. Responsibility towards directors is to provide them the complete details regarding the operations and functons of the organization.
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Who are the principle stake holders of the company- Did Dole treat the.docx
Who are the principle stake holders of the company? Did Dole treat them differently, and if so, why? what were the key challenges for the company in managing the relationships with those different stakeholders groups?(case study-Dole\'s DBCP Legacy)
Solution
We will establish and maintain an effective system which governs our corporate entities to ensure that management is both transparent and accountable to our internal and external stakeholders. We will implement systems of compliance to ensure that we properly observe and respect the laws and regulations of each country in which we operate. We will respect and adhere to the principles of the United Nations Global Compact.(*1) We will not tolerate any form of bribery, corruption, dishonest marketing, or insider trading. We will conduct all transactions in accordance with these principles, promoting fair and open competition in the marketplace. We will employ best practices in risk management in financial, environmental and social arena to continuously earn the trust of our stakeholders. We will maintain a good, mutually cooperative relationship with governments and their administrative bodies. We will not involve ourselves in nor have contact with any anti-social movement or group that promotes activities which are illegal or threatening to public order and safety
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Which type of network covers a contiguous geographic area- such as an.docx
Which type of network covers a contiguous geographic area, such as an office building, or a group of buildings in close probability to each other? LAN MAN WAN All of the above what is an obstacle to IT integration? People Process Technology All the above E-mail messages may be stored on which of the following computers? Sender\'s computer Sender\'s server Recipient\'s server All of the above Which of the following PROVIDEs the use of software application over the internet for a fee? Application service Provider Software Application Suppler Software Resources Provider Software Application Provider
Solution
Please find the answers below:
11) MAN : MAN occupies coverage in between LANs and WANs. MAN has distance coverage and data rate higher than LAN, but less than WAN. This is the major difference between LAN and MAN. MAN overlaps to some extent to geographical coverage requirement of WAN.
12) All of the above
13) Recipient\'s server
14) Application software provider
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Which space is the most abundant in 1-0 M of wak acid HCN solution- As.docx
Which space is the most abundant in 1.0 M of wak acid HCN solution? Assume that Ka for HCN IS 10^-10. A) HCN B) H+ C) CN- D) OH-
Solution
HCN(aq) ----------> H^+ (aq) + CN^- (aq)
I 1 0 0
C -x +x +x
E 1-x +x +x
Ka = [H^+][CN^-]/[HCN]
10^-10 = x*x/1-x
10^-10 *(1-x) = x^2
x = 1*10^-6
[H^+] = x = 1*10^-6M
[CN^-] = x = 1*10^-6M
[HCN] = 1-x = 1-0.000001 = 0.99M
[OH^-] = Kw/[H^+]
= 1*10^-14/10^-6 = 10^-8 M
HCN is the most abundant
A) HCN >>>>answer
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which sectors might constitute the critical infrastructures of turkey.docx
which sectors might constitute the critical infrastructures of turkey concering copmuter and information ethics ?justify your answer
Solution
In Turkey, the use of information and communication technologies (ICTs) has been spreading like a wildfire and ICTs are playing important roles in all aspects of our lives. In addition to public sector organizations, the organization agencies which provide services in critical infrastructure sectors like energy, water resources, health, transportation, communication and financial services have also been heavily using information and communication systems. These systems improve quality and speed of the services being provided, thus helping public organizations work more productively, contributing to the improvement of living standards. As our public sector organizations use ICTs - to provide services - at an increased rate every single day, it has become an important aspect of our national security and competitiveness to ensure the security of information and communication technologies. The vulnerabilities inherent in ICTs may cause denial of service or abuse of service attacks, resulting in potential loss of lives, high scale economic losses, disturbance of public order and/or threats to of national security.
It is a fact that cyber space offers opportunities of anonymity and deniability for attacks on information systems and data. The tools and knowledge required for attacks are often cheap and easy to get, and it has been observed that anyone or any systems across the world can participate in cyber-attacks, either knowingly or completely unknowingly. And it is deemed almost impossible to determine who finances and organizes these enduring and advanced cyber-attacks that target at the information systems and data of critical infrastructures. These facts and conditions reveal the asymmetrical nature of the risks and threats in cyber space, making them even more difficult to tackle.
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