WHY CHILDREN ABSORBS MORE MICROWAVE RADIATION THAT ADULTS: THE CONSEQUENCES” Technical seminar report

VISVESVARAYA TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY,
BELGAUM-590018
KARNATAKA
“WHY CHILDREN ABSORBS MORE MICROWAVE
RADIATION THAT ADULTS: THE CONSEQUENCES”
SEMINAR REPORT
Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of
BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING
IN
ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
For the academic year
2017-2018
by
SHAHRUKH JAVED
UNDER THE ESTEEMED GUIDANCNE OF
J. AARTHY SUGANTHI KANI
Assistant Prof. DEPT. OF ECE
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering
T JOHN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
(Approved by AICTE, Affiliated to VTU & Accredited by NAAC)
86/3, Gottigere, Bannerghatta Road, Bangalore - 560083
Signature of Examiner Signature of Guide Signature of HOD

WHY CHILDREN ABSORBS MORE MICROWAVE RADIATION THAT ADULTS
THE CONSEQUENCES
Dept. of ECE 2017-2018 Page | 1
INDEX
ABSTRACT
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 EFFECTS AT LOW LEVEL RADIATION
1.2 RESONANCE EFFECT
1.3 CUMULATIVE RADIATION EFFECT
1.4 CHILDREN’S SUSCEPTIBILITY TO MWR
2. DEVICE EXPOSURE LIMIT CERTIFICATION
2.1 COMPUTER SIMULATION PROCESS
2.2 SPECIFIC ANTHROPOMORPHIC MANNEQUIN (SAM)
3. SPECIFIC ABSORPTION RATE (SAR)
3.1 MEASUREMENT OF SAR
3.2 MEASUREMENT SYSTEM IS COMPOSED OF:
3.3 NECESSARY ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS
3.4 VALUES OF SAR DEPEND ON THE FOLLOWING FACTORS
3.5 SAR MEASUREMENT IN DIFFERENT POSITION
4. RADIATION EXPOSURE
4.1 MYELINATION
4.2 YOUNGSTERS' MORE NOTEWORTHY INGESTION OF MWR

THE CONSEQUENCES
4.3 MICROWAVE RADIATION IS A CLASS 2B (CONCEIVABLE) CANCER
CAUSING AGENT: CARCINOGEN
4.4 MWR EXPOSURE OFFERING TOYS IN FORM OF DISEASE
5. MICROWAVE SYNDROME
5.1 EFFECT THAT HAVE POTENTIAL LINKS TO MICROWAVE RADIATION
5.1.1 CANCER
5.1.2 HEARING IMPAIRMENT
5.1.3 ELECTROMAGNETIC HYPERSENSITIVITY SYNDROME
5.1.4 INFERTILITY
5.1.5 TUMOR INACTIVITY TIMES
5.1.6 PAROTID ORGAN TUMORS
6. CHILDREN AT MOST RISK
7. THE PRECAUTIONARY PRICIPLE
7.1 AWARENESS AMONG PEOPLE
7.2 MINIMIZING THE RISK
8. SAFETY-STANDARDS & LICENCING
8.1 RISK REDUCTION MEASURES & REGULATIONS
8.2 FCC PRESENTATION LIMITS FOR WIRELESS DEVICE
9. CONCLUSIONS
REFERENCES

THE CONSEQUENCES
LIST OF FIGURES
Figures Page no.
2.1 SAM phantom 4
3.1 SAR measurement equipment 7
3.2 Basic measurement procedure 9
3.3 Cheek position 10
3.4 Tilt position at 15 degree 10
3.5 Tilt position at 30 degree 10
3.6 SAR of cheek position with two different substrates at 900 MHz 10
3.7 Compared values of different tilt position of SAR at 900 MHz 10
3.8 SAR of cheek position with two different substrates at 1800 MHz 11
3.9 Compared values of different tilt positions of SAR at 1800 MHz 11
6.1 Radiation absorption in 5year, 10year and an adult 17
LIST OF TABLES
Tables Page no.
2.1 Comparison between SAM and FTDT Process 5
2.2 Radiation absorption rate 6
4.1 Major sources of radiation in India 12
8.1 ICNIRP Basic restrictions on occupational exposure 21
8.2 ICNIRP reference level for public exposure 21

THE CONSEQUENCES
ABSTRACT
In today’s world, technologic developments bring social and economic benefits to large sections
of society; however, the health consequences of these developments can be difficult to predict
and manage. With rapid advancement in technologies and communications, children are
increasingly exposed to MWRs at earlier and earlier ages. Microwave radiation causes damaging
health effects, especially for children, whose brains are fragile and still developing. MWR
penetration is greater relative to developing brain of fetus and child, and they will have a longer
penetration of exposure than adults. This concerns the effects of microwave on health because
they pervade diverse fields of our lives. Thus, children are at greater risk than adults when
exposed to possible human carcinogen[1]
, computer simulation using MRI scans of children is the
only possible way to determine the microwave radiation (MWR) absorbed in specific tissues in
children and this radiation is measured in terms of specific absorption rate[2]
(SAR). It also
includes an assessment of the potential susceptibility of children to MWR and concludes with a
recommendation for additional research in present legal limits for exposure to MWR and the
development of precautionary policies in the face of scientific uncertainty.
Keywords: MWR: Microwave radiation, MRI: Magnetic resonance imaging, Exposure Limits,
SAR: Specific Absorption rate.

THE CONSEQUENCES
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
Microwaves are high frequency radio waves primarily used for TV broadcasting, radar for air
and sea navigational aids, and telecommunications including mobile phones. Microwaves are
reflected, transmitted or absorbed by materials in their path, in a similar manner to light,
materials containing water, for example foods, fluids or tissues, readily absorb microwave
energy, which is then converted into heat. We’re all participating in a giant experiment in
involuntary epidemiology irradiated by cell phones and towers, cordless phones, satellites,
broadcast antennas, military and aviation radar, TVs, computers, wireless internet, wireless
LANs in schools and the workplace. The main problem isn’t cancer, although the world would
like you to believe that, because then they can pull out statistics showing how infrequently it
occurs as a result of low-level radiation. Cancer takes a long time to develop. Typically, other
problems show up first: neurological, reproductive, and cardiac. Problems with severe headaches
sleep disturbances, memory loss, learning disabilities, attention deficit disorder, and infertility
show up long before cancer. When cancer does appear, it’s typically brain tumors, leukemia, and
lymphoma.
Children are exposed to a large variety of radiofrequency electromagnetic radiation, these
exposures can be particularly harmful to children because they are more sensitive to microwave
radiation and vulnerable during periods of development before and after birth. Children are
potentially vulnerable to microwave radiation because they have a longer lifetime of exposure
than adults, and from a physiologic point of view, they have a developing nervous system, their
brain tissue is more conductive than that of adults because it has a higher water content and ion
concentration, and they have greater absorption of microwave energy in the tissues of the head at
mobile telephone frequencies. Thus the youngsters' more noteworthy assimilates microwave
radiation contrasted with grown-ups' absorption, MWR's as Class 2B (conceivable) cancer-
causing agent, the current legitimate breaking points for human presentation to microwave
radiation, and that the current lawful cutoff points don't consolidate the more prominent exposure
to kids.

THE CONSEQUENCES
1.1 EFFECTS AT LOW LEVEL RADIATION
The existence of a window effect occurs at certain frequencies and power densities but not at
those immediately above or below them. However, it’s not as simple as just mapping these
frequencies and power levels, because the local geomagnetic field and individual susceptibility
also influence the result.
1.2 RESONANCE EFFECT
It occurs at certain frequency ranges where the wavelength is near the size of a body part i.e 900
MHz range, which has a wavelength of approximately one foot, a size that can cause resonance
in a child’s head because some of the radiation is absorbed and the wavelength decreases. This
intensifies the biological effect. Also, children’s skulls are thinner, so microwaves penetrate
more easily and another problem is children’s cells are dividing rapidly which creates more
chance for DNA damage and their immune systems are not fully developed to defend them
against this.
1.3 CUMULATIVE RADIATION EFFECT
Microwave radiation proliferates as cumulative radiation sources in sense of increasing the
body’s sensitivity over time where the test subjects don’t always recover completely and that
subsequent exposures can cause effects at lower levels.
1.4 CHILDREN’S SUSCEPTIBILITY TO MWR
Radiation exposure is estimated more easily for children than for adults because children receive
higher doses from variety of sources, thus when they reach adulthood will have a much higher
cumulative exposure to microwaves resulting from higher intake and accumulation than today’s
adults. At present, population exposure to MWR has been much less characterized because of
technical challenges like lack of adequate measuring equipment and frequency coding schemes,
rapid evolution of mobile-phone technology with new patterns of use like duration of calls, short
message services.

THE CONSEQUENCES
CHAPTER 2
DEVICE EXPOSURE LIMIT CERTIFICATION
The FCC has endorsed two procedures to guarantee required presentation restrain:
1. Computer simulation process
2. The Specific Anthropomorphic Mannequin (SAM) process.
2.1 COMPUTER SIMULATION PROCESS
The Finite Difference Time-Domain[3]
(FDTD) PC calculation has been the most ideal approach
to reproduce the measure of assimilated MWR in tissues for a long time. In 1997 the U.S.
Government, Federal Communications Commission (FCC) expressed, Finite-Difference Time-
Domain (FDTD) algorithm is the most generally acknowledged computational technique for
SAR displaying. This technique adjusts extremely well to the tissue models that are generally
gotten from X-ray or CT examines. FDTD strategy offers incredible flexibility in demonstrating
the inhomogeneous structures of anatomical tissues and organs. The FDTD technique has been
utilized as a part of numerous far field electro-attractive applications and with late advances in
PC innovation, it has turned out to be conceivable to apply this technique to close field
applications for assessing handsets.
2.2 SPECIFIC ANTHROPOMORPHIC MANNEQUIN (SAM)
The SAM[4]
procedure depends on a plastic
mannequin, any head littler than SAM will
ingest more microwave radiation. A fluid
with the normal grown-up ingestion
properties of the 40 tissues of the head is
filled a gap at the highest point of this head.
An automated arm with an electric field test
is situated inside the mannequin to such an
extent that the area of the most astounding
electric field is situated inside any one cubic
centimeter volume and the cellphone to be
Fig.2.1 SAM Phantom

THE CONSEQUENCES
certified is clasped to either side of SAM.
The electric field esteems are utilized to
ascertain the most extreme specific
absorption rate (SAR) for any 1 g of tissue
proportional to 1 cm3
volume. In the event
that the most extreme SAR is at or beneath
the presentation farthest point of 1.6 W/kg
the telephone is certified to be purchased
with respect to the 30% resistance of the
SAM certification process. The SAM
procedure isn't equipped for deciding the
MWR assimilation as estimated by SAR in
each class with the exception of the relative
cost and volume resolution. All things
considered, the SAM procedure has been
only used to ensure exposure limit of each
cellphone.
Table 2.1 Comparison of SAM and FTDT Process

THE CONSEQUENCES
CHAPTER 3
SPECIFIC ABSORPTION RATE (SAR)
A measure of the rate of radiated energy absorbed by or dissipated in an incremental mass
contained in a volume element of dielectric materials such as biological tissues or the amount of
energy absorbed from the phone into the user’s body. SAR is usually expressed in terms of watts
per kilogram (W/kg). Different cell phones have different SAR levels, the exposure rate to
microwave radiations vary from handset to handset. This measurement is used to determine
whether a cell phone complies with the safety guidelines. Cell phone makers are required to
report the maximum SAR level of their product to the US Federal Communications Commission.
Mobile phone manufacturers must ensure that their products comply with the SAR levels that
have been set safe by FCC[5]
, this information can often be found on the manufacturer’s website
or in the user manual for the cell phone. Cell phone uses electromagnetic radiation in the
microwave range that comes from the antenna, which is part of the body of a hand-held phone.
The waves are strongest at the antenna and lose energy quickly as they travel away from the
phone. The phone is typically held against the side of the head when in use. The closer the
antenna is to the head, greater the person is expected exposure to microwave radiation. The body
tissues closest to the phone absorb more energy than tissues farther away. During using a mobile
phone, the temperature rises in human body due to exposure and the exposure to high levels of
microwave radiation result in tissue heating.
RADIATION ABSORPTION RATE
Specific absorption rate (SAR) is:
SAR= Ei
2
/  (1)
Or

SARCi
𝒅𝑻
𝒅𝒕

Or
SAR= J2
/  
defined as;
SAR = (1) or SAR = (2) or SAR = (3)
Where:
σ = conductivity of body tissue s/m,
T = temperature,
ρ = density of body tissue in kg/m3,
Ei = rms of value electric field in the
tissue V/m
Ci = heat capacity of body tissue in
J/kgK,
J = magnitude of the induced current
density in the body tissue A/m2
Table 2.2

THE CONSEQUENCES
3.1 MEASUREMENT OF SAR
Experimental approaches are being applied in the measurements of specific absorption rate. In
tissue, SAR is proportional to the square of the internal electric field strength and it depends on
the sizes and shapes of the organ. The local SAR values have been calculated for different head
sizes and shapes using the Finite Difference Time Domain (FDTD) method for frequencies of
835 and 1,765 MHz. In such method tissue equivalent “phantoms” are used instead of real bodies
in the experimental dosimetry. SAR measurement is done by equipment that measures the
electric field strength in the phantom fluid by means of an electric field probe and the specific
absorption rate is calculated on the basis of the value measured by this equipment.
3.2 MEASUREMENT SYSTEM IS COMPOSED OF:
 The phantom model
 SAR measurement equipment
 Probe scanning equipment
 Test device
 A base station simulator
Fig.3.1 SAR measurement equipment

THE CONSEQUENCES
3.3 NECESSARY ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS
 The ambient temperature must be between 15°C and 30°C.
 The measurement must not affect any other radio facilities.
 Care must be taken to prevent surrounding electromagnetic sources & reflections from
surrounding objects from affecting the measurement.
3.4 VALUES OF SAR DEPEND ON THE FOLLOWING FACTORS:
 Incident field parameters.
 Characteristics of the exposed body.
 Reflection, absorption and scattering effects associated with the ground or other objects
in the field near the exposed body.

THE CONSEQUENCES
Fig 3.2 Basic Measurement Procedure

THE CONSEQUENCES
3.5 SAR MEASUREMENT IN DIFFERENT POSITION
The holding position of a mobile phone was split into two techniques, which were cheek
position and tilt position. A mobile phone held parallel to the user head without separation
angle called cheek and the latter position with a user held the mobile phone tilted at an
angle of 15° and 30° from a user head. SAR effect onto the user head was observed with
these different placements of mobile phone from the head. The holding cheek and tilt
positions of mobile phone presented are as shown in Figures 3.3, 3.4 and 3.5.
Effects of SAR on a human head in cheek and tilt position for frequency exposures of 900
and 1800 MHz. For tilt position, the SAR effect is observed in two conditions. The
conditions are with tilt of 15° and 30°. There are significant differences in SAR of both
tilted positions. Variation of substrates of helical antenna also influences SAR of human
head.
Fig3.6 SAR of cheek position with two different
substrates at 900 MHz
Fig.3.3 Fig.3.4 Fig.3.5
Fig 3.7 Compared values of different tilt
position of SAR at 900 MHz

THE CONSEQUENCES
SARs at the human head were much lower as the mobile phone was held in cheek position. In
this position, the helical antenna mounted onto the mobile phone was situated far from the head.
Tilt positions of mobile phone produce higher SAR than that of cheek position due to the
reduced distance between helical antenna and human head. Although the body of the mobile
phone was directly next to the head, the antenna extrudes far from the head. It is essential to keep
human head as distant from the antenna as possible, since it is the source of radiation emission.
The antenna substrate material effects SAR significantly. Substrate with lower conductivity leads
lower induced surface current and lower radiation towards human head.
Fig 3.8 SAR of cheek position with two different
substrates at 1800 MHz Fig 3.9 Compared values of different tilt positions
of SAR at 1800 MHz

THE CONSEQUENCES
CHAPTER 4:
RADIATION EXPOSURE
The wireless device has to emit radio frequency[6]
energy at levels high enough to reach base
stations antenna, since the energy is emitted as a microwave in the direct vicinity of the user
there are concerns about the safety of this technology. Depending on the level of exposure,
radiation can adversely affect individuals directly and their descendants indirectly, the danger of
radiation is not from direct damage but rather due to the biochemical responses in the cell. These
radiations affect the human body physically, but not in such a way that cellular heat alone
produces cancerous cells, rather radiation spurs the body’s natural defense mechanisms, whose
reactions open the body up to an increased risk of cancer development. Cellphone and Wi-Fi
have brought those things down to the street, integrated them into the environment.
Major Sources of Radiation In India
S.No. Source Operating Frequency Transmission Power Numbers(approx)
1. AM/FM
Tower
540 KHz-108 MHz 1 KW-300 KW 380
2. TV Tower 48 MHz-814 MHz 10–500 Watt 1201
3. Wi-Fi 2.4 – 2.5 GHz 10-100 mW --
4. Cell Towers 800, 900, 1800, 2450
MHz
20 W 5.4 Lacks
5. Mobile Phones GSM-1800/CDMA
GSM-900
1 W
2 W
700+
Million
Table 4.1
4.1 MYELINATION
A myelin sheath[7]
covering neurons goes about as a protection of the electrical movement of
neurons. In human fetuses, the ﬁrst layer creates from mid-growth to 2 years old and proceeds
into youthfulness. Myelination of the mind isn't finished until early adulthood. There are two
examinations with revealed degeneration of the myelin sheath after microwave radiation
exposure: A recent report from Poland revealed myelin degeneration and glial cell multiplication

THE CONSEQUENCES
in guinea pigs and rabbits from a 3GHz exposure. Switzer and Mitchell detailed a 2.45 GHz
expo-beyond any doubt in rats expanded myelin degeneration in rodent brains at a month and a
half after introduction. They finished up the aftereffects of our examination and related
examinations by others demonstrated that exposures to low-power microwave illumination can
come about both in transient and in long haul auxiliary oddities in CNS tissue and may bring
about different hematologic inconsistencies.
4.2 YOUNGSTERS' MORE NOTEWORTHY INGESTION OF MWR
There are different examinations demonstrating that kids assimilate more MWR than grown-ups.
In 1990s an examination announced that the retained MWR entered relatively more profound
into the cerebrum of kids age 5 and 10 contrasted with grown-ups' brains and the mind tissue of
youngsters consumed around two times more MWR than grown-ups' cerebrum tissue[8]
,
investigation revealed kids hippocampus and hypothalamus assimilates 1.6 – 3.1 times higher
and the cerebellum ingests 2.5 times higher MWR contrasted with grown-ups' and the CNS
retention by kids is signiﬁcantly bigger in light of the fact that the microwave radiation source is
closer and skin and bone layers are more slender, and kids' bone marrow ingests 10 times higher
microwave radiation than in grown-ups and the eyes ingest higher microwave than grown-ups.
These estimations depended on porcine estimations taken from sacriﬁced creatures.
4.3 MICROWAVE RADIATION IS A CLASS 2B (CONCEIVABLE) CANCER-
CAUSING AGENT: CARCINOGEN
After 30 specialists from 14 nations checked on the science, the World Health Organization
(WHO's) announced that microwave radiation is a Class 2B (carcinogen) conceivable cancer-
causing agent. It was a close consistent revelation including MWR, there are 285 operators
recorded by WHO's as Class 2B[9]
cancer-causing agents and exposures to these specialists are
managed because kids are at more serious hazard from presentation to carcinogens than grown-
ups, and the more youthful the kid, the higher the hazard
4.4 MWR EXPOSURE OFFERING TOYS IN FORM OF DISEASE
Infants and toddlers are exposed mostly at home or at day care facilities and among pre-teens,
exposure sources expand to include mobile-phone use and sources at school, with an increased

THE CONSEQUENCES
use of mobile phones in adolescence which causes advanced digital dementia additionally
alluded to as Fear Of Missing Out; FOMO is a genuine concern and science depicts the issue in
incredible profundity. Thus several aspects of exposure and susceptibility warrant a focus on
children, the iPad, tablets and cellphone are not kids' toys.

THE CONSEQUENCES
CHAPTER 5
MICROWAVE SYNDROME
5.1 EFFECT THAT HAVE POTENTIAL LINKS TO MICROWAVE RADIATION
5.1.1 CANCER
DNA or chromosomal damage due to microwave radiation. The International Agency for
Research on Cancer (IARC) is part of the World Health Organization (WHO). The IARC has
classified microwave radiation as “possibly carcinogenic to humans” (Something that causes
cancer or helps cancer grow),” based on limited evidence “Known and Probable Human
Carcinogens” of a possible increase in risk for brain tumors among cell phone users.
5.1.2 HEARING IMPAIRMENT
If SAR level is above the limit, it may cause both, thermal and non thermal effects on the body
especially on the ear and head since these are at the near field of the radiation. Pain in the ear
may be due to increased stress on the delicate structures of the internal ear or ear drum by the
radiation.
5.1.3 ELECTROMAGNETIC HYPERSENSITIVITY SYNDROME
Feeling several unspecific symptoms like burning and tingling sensations in the skin of the head
and extremities, fatigue, sleep disturbances, dizziness, loss of mental attention, reaction times
and memory retentiveness, headaches, malaise, tachycardia (heart palpitations), disturbances of
the digestive system. All these may be due to the influence of the radiation on the body.
5.1.4 INFERTILITY
Radiation exposure caused a subtle decrease in the rapid progressive and slow progressive semen
movement. It also caused an increase in the no-motility category of semen movement.
Microwave radiation interacts with human tissues and may have adverse effects on fertility and
reproduction. Much of the evidence comes from human and animal fertility factors, but there are
also studies showing adverse effects on fertility and miscarriage in women.

THE CONSEQUENCES
5.1.5 TUMOR INACTIVITY TIMES
The normal time between introduction to a cancer-causing agent and the conclusion of a resultant
strong tumor is at least 3 decades. Cerebrum tumors, similar to lung malignancy and numerous
other strong tumors have, by and large, long idleness times. In this manner, it might be quite a
few years previously tumors incited by current MWR exposures in kids are analyzed.
5.1.6 PAROTID ORGAN TUMORS
The parotid organ is an extensive salivary organ in the cheek promptly alongside where a
cellphone is held to the ear. Fig. 1 represents the huge increment in parotid organ tumors in
respect to other salivary organ tumors, the chances proportions in the most elevated classification
of aggregate number of calls and call time without utilization of hand gadgets.

THE CONSEQUENCES
CHAPTER 6
CHILDREN AT MOST RISK
Depth of absorption of microwave radiation in 5-year old child, 10-year old child and in adult
from cell phone at 900 MHz with each of their individual skull thicknesses. Not only are children
exposed to a higher SAR, but also the relative volume of the exposed and still developing child’s
brain is far greater than in adults. The first picture clearly shows that radiation penetrates
tremendously deeper through the thinner, less developed skull of a 5-year-old. The depth of the
microwave radiation absorption into the brain is largest for the 5-year old penetrating far beyond
the mid-brain. The second picture shows the penetration of a 10-year-old’s skull, which is twice
as thick as that of a 5-year-old and as a result, the penetration is approximately 50% less but still
beyond the mid-brain, however 10-year-old children receive a vastly higher degree of radiation
penetration than adults. And the level of penetration for an adult is much less whose skull is four
times as thick as a 5-year-old and ends well before the mid-brain, but the radiation is still
present, it is far less intrusive in an adult, young children are at a much higher risk for radiation
penetration.
Fig 6.1 Radiation absorption in 5year, 10year and an adult

THE CONSEQUENCES
CHAPTER 7
THE PRECAUTIONARY PRICIPLE
The ICNIRP guidelines were designed to prevent illness or injury through heating effects and
were based on the behavioral changes that have been found when experimental animals were
exposed to microwave radiation at levels that produced a rise in whole-body temperature in
excess of 1°C, SAR of 1–4 W/kg or higher are needed to cause these changes. Since SARs
cannot easily be measured in living people, the ICNIRP guidelines[10]
specify investigation levels
for external electromagnetic field strengths, at or below which the basic restriction on whole-
body SAR will not be exceeded. Due to the widespread use and economic importance of wireless
telecommunication systems in modern civilization, there is an increased popularity of such
measures in the general public. They involve recommendations such as the minimization of
wireless device usage, the limitation of use by at-risk population (especially children), the
adoption of cell phones and microcells with ALARA (As Low as Reasonably Achievable) levels
of radiation, the wider use of hands-off and earphone technologies such as Bluetooth headsets,
the adoption of maximal standards of exposure, radiation field intensity and distance of base
stations antennas from human habitations, and so forth cell phone is an excellent communication
device. Mobile radiation defects occur if used for prolonged time. Controlled use for
communication purpose is always safe. Still, precautionary measures are always good. Consider
mobile phone as a communication device and not an entertainment device.
7.1 AWARENESS AMONG PEOPLE
To bring awareness, the manufacturer’s device handset booklet should contain the following for
safe use:
 Use a wireless hands-free system (headphone, headset) with a low power Bluetooth
emitter to reduce radiation to the head.
 When buying a cell phone, make sure it has a low SAR.
 People having active medical implants should keep their cell phone at least 30 cm away
from the implant at times.
 Using a mobile phone in an open area, not inside a vehicle so that the phone receives a
good signal and transmits at lower level.

THE CONSEQUENCES
The information of the SAR value for mobile phone should be readily available to consumer at
the point of sale or should be made available on the government website and the concerned
regulatory agency with the list of SAR values of different mobile handsets. Hence, we may
consider that the SAR value information be embossed on the handsets.
7.2 MINIMIZING THE RISK
The prevalence exposure can be combated through many different means. Exposure to radiation,
whether the risks are more or less real than believed can be reduced.
Things to reduce the adverse effects:
 Using cell phone only when a conventional phone is not available (undeniable
recommendation), choose a device with the lowest SAR possible.
 Do not use your phone more than necessary and keep your calls short. Avoid long
conversations and frequent use; send a text instead of making a call.
 Before making a call check the number of bars that indicate reception, a good signal
means that the phone is using less radiation to transmit, try to avoid using your phone if
the signal strength is low find a better location to make a call.
 Try to use the phone outdoors rather than inside (avoid using your cell phone in places
like a bus), or move close to a window to make a call.
 Keep the phone and particularly the antenna (the main source of radiation) as far as
possible from your head.
 Keeping the phone off of users lap as well, avoid touching the aerial while the phone is
turned on, and keep the phone away from areas of the body such as eyes, testicles, breasts
and internal organs. It’s best to keep your cell phone away from your body, instead put it
in your purse or backpack.
 Limit usage as much as possible if pregnant, radiation hazard is more in children than
adults.
 Eat green vegetables and get a good night’s sleep in a dark room to enhance natural repair
of DNA that may have been damaged by radiation.
 Switch off your phone when not in use & turn off your wireless router at night to
minimize exposure to radiation, keep mobile phone away from bed while sleeping. It may
affect your sleep physiology.

THE CONSEQUENCES
 Charging your phone creates a high level of radiation, so charge it in another room.
 You should be aware that if the phone is receiving a very strong signal from a base
station, then power output can be reduced by up to 1000 times compared with when the
phone has a poor signal.
While many of the techniques listed above seem to be common sense, it is surprising how many
people can be seen in such practices. Some techniques changes lifestyle, which can fight against
the harmful effects of radiation as well as improve your overall health.

THE CONSEQUENCES
CHAPTER 8
SAFETY-STANDARDS & LICENCING
The International Commission on Non- Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP) published the
exposure guidelines for MWR in 1998. ICNIRP proposes two safety levels: one for
Occupational exposure, another one for the general population. The ICNIRP guidelines feature a
two-tier system with lower limits (five times lower) for exposure to the general public than for
occupational exposure.
Table.8.1 ICNIRP Basic Restrictions on Occupational Exposure
Tissue region SAR Limit (W/Kg) Mass (g) Time (s)
Whole body 0.4 (0.08) - 6
Head, Trunk 10 (2) 10 6
Limbs 20 (4) 10 6
Table 8.2 ICNIRP Reference Level for Public Exposure
Frequencies (MHz) Electric Field strength (V/M) Magnetic field strength (A/M)
1-2
10-400
400-2000
2000-3000
87/ √ F
27.5
1.375*√ F
61
0.73√ F
0.073
0.0037*√ F
.16
8.1 RISK REDUCTION MEASURES & REGULATIONS
The amount of radiation a wireless device may emit is regulated by the Food and Drug
Administration[11]
(FDA) and the Federal Communications Commission (FCC). The regulatory
responsibilities include the certification of all wireless devices to comply with FCC guidelines on
radiation exposure. Microwaves are most often used for means of telecommunication and can
actually be absorbed by the human body. The SAR is established to ensure the safety of
individuals against excessive exposure which can be harmful due to the ability of microwaves to
rapidly heat biological tissue. Severe exposure has the potential to lead to tissue damage in

THE CONSEQUENCES
humans, with this in mind, the FDA and FCC established the SAR standard to be less than 1.6
watts per kilogram. Knowing the radiation levels of our device may or may not change our
habits. In fact, with today’s level of addiction to cell phones, it may not even be likely that cell
phone use declines. Rather, other options would be in demand such as radiation shields between
the device and the user, improved speaker phone technology and public awareness. Simple
changes should be implemented by FCC to spark public interest which quickly and simply
catches the awareness of the public through its power of influence.
8.2 FCC PRESENTATION LIMITS FOR WIRELESS DEVICE
For motivations behind these prerequisites mobile gadgets are defined by the FCC as transmitters
intended to be utilized as a part of other than fixed areas and to by and large be utilized as a part
of such a path, to the point that a partition separation of no less than 20 cm is typically kept up
between emanating structures and the body of the client or adjacent people. Holding a cellphone
at a defined separate from your body did not depend on ordinary working positions, for smart
phones and comparable gadgets, a presentation restrict that starts at a separation of 20 cm did not
depend on typical working positions. Clearly, this 20 cm lead negates the ordinary operating
position, without a doubt, workstation straightforwardly infers that it is to be set on a lap which
isn't 20 cm far off from the client. The developing utilization of tablets by youthful kids in
schools repudiates these ordinary tried conditions too, as these youngsters have shorter arms that
don't enable them to hold gadgets 20 cm from their bodies.

THE CONSEQUENCES
CHAPTER 9
CONCLUSIONS
There are a large number of contradictory reports which confuse the common man. But there are
certain facts which cannot be argued with i.e, Children are more vulnerable to microwave
radiation emissions as their skulls are thinner, their nervous system still developing and myelin
sheath is yet not developed, and tests have shown that they absorb more radiation than adults.
The hazard to kids and youthful from exposure to microwave transmitting gadgets is vast.
Children retain more noteworthy measure of microwave radiation than grown-ups and so fetuses
are significantly more powerless than youngsters. Therefore pregnant ladies ought to abstain
from presenting their embryo to microwave radiation. Government notices have been issued
however the greater part of general society is ignorant of such notices. Thus the government
should make a reality sheet giving natives approaches to decrease exposure from remote
gadgets. Wireless gadgets are radio transmitters, not toys. The government should encourage
guardians to restrain youngster’s introduction to such devices. Grown-ups have a littler effect
yet genuine hazard, besides thermal and non-thermal effects, microwave radiation are associated
with brain tumors, acoustic neuroma, lymphomas, decrease in immune function, sleep disorders,
anxiety disorders, Alzheimer’s disease, cataracts, cancer, heart attacks and strokes in young
people. In fact, these young children are growing up in a sea of harmful radiation that has never
existed in human history.

THE CONSEQUENCES
CHAPTER 10
REFERENCES
[1] WHO 2011 Research Agenda for Radio Frequency Fields, World Health Organization.
(2014). Available from:http://edition.cnn.com/2011/HEALTH/05/31/who.cel.phones/index.html
[2] M. R. I. Faruque et al., “Design analysis of new metamaterial for EM absorption reduction”,
Progress In Electromagnetics Research, PIER. Vol. 124, pp. 119-135, 2016.
[3] M. T. Islam et al., “Design analysis of ferrite sheet attachment for SAR reduction in human
head”, Progress In Electromagnetics Research, PIER. Vol. 98, pp. 191-205, 2015.
[4].O. Fujiwara and J. Wang, “Comparison and Evaluation of Electromagnetic Absorption
Characteristicsin Realistic Children for 900 MHz Mobile Telephones”,IEEE Trans. Microw.
Theory Tech., vol. 51, no. 3, pp.966-971, 2012.
[5] M. R. I. Faruque et al., “Electromagnetic (EM) absorption reduction in a muscle cube with
metamaterialattachment”, Medical Engineering & Physics, vol. 33, no.5, pp. 646-652, 2017.
[6] Standard for Safety Levels with Respect to Human Exposure to Radiofrequency
Electromagnetic Fields 3kHz to 300 GHz, IEEE Standards Coordinating Committee 28.4, 2016.
[7] Human Exposure to Radio Frequency Fields from Hand-held and body-mounted Wireless
Communication Devices- Human Models, Instrumentation, and Procedures – Part 1 Procedure to
Determine the Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) for Hand-held Devices Used in Close Proximity
to the Ear 300 MHz to 3 GHz,IEC 62209-1, 2015.
[8] M. R. I. Faruque et al., “Effect of human head shapes for mobile phone exposure on
electromagnetic absorption”, Informacije MIDEM, vol. 40, no. 3, pp. 232-237, 2010.
[9] M. I. Hossain et al., “Application of Auxiliary Antenna Elements for SAR Reduction in the
Human Head,” Advanced Materials Research, vol. 974, pp.288–292, 2014.
[10] A. H. Kusuma et al., “A new low SAR antennastructure for wireless handset applications”,
Progress inElectromagnetics Research, vol. 112, pp. 23-40, 2015.
[11] U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. EPA's National Agenda to ProtectChildren's Health
From Environmental Threats. [Online]. Available: http://www2.epa.gov/children/epas-national-
agenda-protect-childrens-healthenvironmental-threats, accessed Aug. 3, 2015.

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WHY CHILDREN ABSORBS MORE MICROWAVE RADIATION THAT ADULTS: THE CONSEQUENCES” Technical seminar report