Description of how scientists discovered and verified global warming. Scientist's methodology is presented in terms of popular TV shows such as NCIS and CSI, to help public understand scientists' efforts
Nobel Laureate Mario Molina spoke about the impact of energy on climate change at the Joint Public Advisory Committee's public forum on Greening North America's Energy Economy in Calgary on 24 April 2013. More at: http://cec.org/jpacenergy
Electric Utility Risk Management in the Face of Climate RiskMark Trexler
Electric utilities are a key contributor to greenhouse gas emissions, and have been thinking about climate change and climate policy longer than any other sector. This presentation to the Executive Committee of an electric utility in North America walks through the key issues and questions in developing an effective risk management strategy.
Letter from Dr. Larry Cathles to Gov. Andrew Cuomo Urging End to Moratorium o...Marcellus Drilling News
Cornell University professor, scientist and researcher Dr. Larry Cathles sent this letter to Gov. Andrew Cuomo urging him to lift the moratorium on shale drilling in the state. In the letter Cathles outlines the science that proves burning natural gas is better for the environment than other alternatives.
Nobel Laureate Mario Molina spoke about the impact of energy on climate change at the Joint Public Advisory Committee's public forum on Greening North America's Energy Economy in Calgary on 24 April 2013. More at: http://cec.org/jpacenergy
Electric Utility Risk Management in the Face of Climate RiskMark Trexler
Electric utilities are a key contributor to greenhouse gas emissions, and have been thinking about climate change and climate policy longer than any other sector. This presentation to the Executive Committee of an electric utility in North America walks through the key issues and questions in developing an effective risk management strategy.
Letter from Dr. Larry Cathles to Gov. Andrew Cuomo Urging End to Moratorium o...Marcellus Drilling News
Cornell University professor, scientist and researcher Dr. Larry Cathles sent this letter to Gov. Andrew Cuomo urging him to lift the moratorium on shale drilling in the state. In the letter Cathles outlines the science that proves burning natural gas is better for the environment than other alternatives.
What are we doing to our climate? What is it doing to us? What can we do?Paul H. Carr
OVERVIEW
I will be introducing you to ECONOMIC, ECOLOGICAL, and TECHNOLOGICAL ISSUES.
¥ Climate change is an unintended consequence of carbon dioxide emissions from burning fossil fuels.
¥ By pricing in the social and environmental cost of these emissions, we can expedite their reduction. Let’s harness profit greed towards green technology development.
¥ The environmental challenge is to balance the beauty and sacredness of nature with its utility.
ABSTRACT
What are we doing to our climate? The scientific consensus. Tides and temperatures are rising. Since the beginning of the industrial age, emissions from fossil fuel burning have raised carbon dioxide concentrations to 410 ppm. This is 33% higher than in the last million years. This increase is warming our planet via the Greenhouse Effect. At the present rate of carbon dioxide increase, we will reach 800 ppm by 2100. When our earth was at this concentration 40 million years ago, it was so warm that there was no ice. Sea levels were about 300 feet higher than today.
What is climate change doing to us? “The earth and its poor cry out, and we must listen” Pope Francis. Dry regions are drier and wet ones wetter. Wildfires have increased threefold since 1970, storms more violent, floods setting record heights, and glaciers melting. Natural catastrophes are occurring more than twice as frequently as in 1980. Sea levels could rise as high as 18 feet by 2060. Parts of Earth are increasingly uninhabitable, resulting in millions of climate change refugees, CLIMmigration.
What can we do? Religion and science matter. Ethics trumping economics. Let’s yoke our knowledge of climate science with the motivational power of spiritual values. We need to reduce our carbon footprints. We now have the option to purchase green electric cars getting the equivalent of 100 miles per gallon and solar PV panels to lower our electric bills. We can support the Citizen’s Climate Lobby which advocates a revenue neutral carbon production fee resulting in a dividend returned to all. This would stimulate our economy creating millions of jobs and increase the deployment of green solar, wind, and nuclear energy sources. Thorium, in addition to uranium, is a green energy source for the future. Republicans are less afraid of nuclear energy than Democrats.
How Fear of Nuclear Power is Warming our PlanetPaul H. Carr
The world is presently decommissioning nuclear reactors faster than the increase in wind and solar power (1). Solar energy is only available 26% of the time and wind 33%. Nuclear is 24/7. To make up for the net nuclear decrease, we are increasing our burning of fossil fuels. They are raising carbon dioxide emissions that are warming our planet. This is particularly true in Germany.
Bill Gates is presently funding next generation nuclear power. TerraPower's nuclear pilot plant is being built in China. This traveling wave reactor converts depleted uranium, a byproduct of the nuclear-fission process, into usable fuel.
Thorium molten salt nuclear reactors (MSR), demonstrated at Oak Ridge National Laboratory 1965-1970, consume nearly 100% of their fuel, compared with 3% for older reactors with solid uranium fuel (2). MSRs eliminate the need for Yucca Mountain storage by consuming nuclear waste. Thorium fluoride molten fuel for MSRs is of no weapons value. Thorium fuel is more abundant and cheaper than uranium. MSRs require no expensive containment since they operate close to atmospheric pressure.
REFERENCES: (1) Michael Shellenberger YouTube 2016 TED Talk.
(2) David A. Cornell. “Fracking and the Future of Fuel.” Physics Today, pgs 10 -11. February 2017
What is climate change doing to us and for us?Paul H. Carr
What are we doing to our climate? Emissions from fossil fuel burning have raised carbon dioxide concentrations 35% higher than in the last millions of years. This increase is warming our planet via the Greenhouse Effect. What is climate change doing to and for us? Dry regions are drier and wet ones wetter. Wildfires have increased threefold, hurricanes more violent, floods setting record heights, glaciers melting, and seas rising. Parts of Earth are increasingly uninhabitable. Climate change requires us to act as a global community. Climate justice enjoins emitters to pay the social-environmental costs of fossil fuel burning. This would expedite green solar, wind, and next-generation nuclear energy sources. Individuals should conserve resources, waste less food, and eat a plant rich diet.
Making Earth Cool Again: Challenges & SolutionsPaul H. Carr
COOLING CHALLENGES: Fall 2018 Reports
(1) ""Global Climate Change Impacts in US": 13 Government Agency Report
(Nov 2018). Up to 10% decrease in US economy by 2100.
(2) "Preventing 2.7 F (1.5 C) degrees of warming." IPCC report, authored by 90 scientists from 40 countries (Oct 2018). Greenhouse pollution must be reduced by 45 percent from 2010 levels by 2030, and 100 percent by 2050.
COOL SOLUTIONS
(1) "Can Nuclear Energy Thrive in a Carbon-Constrained World?": (MIT Report, Sept 2018)
A reactor build-up (at a historically feasible rate) could completely decarbonize the World’s power sector within 30 years.
The energy storage costs needed for wind and solar alone would make them up to four times more expensive than reactors.
(2) A vegetarian/vegan diet is a way everyone can stop global warming.
(3) Capitalistic solution: carbon fee plus dividend.
Milwaukee Area Technical College Presentation - 2015 Green Vehicles Workshop ...Wisconsin Clean Cities
George Stone, Milwaukee Area Technical College, gave an overview of the effect of transportation emissions on air quality in Southeastern Wisconsin for the 12th Annual Green Vehicles Workshop held on April 21, 2015 at the Milwaukee Area Technical College.
The planet in our hands: responding to climate change (Glasgow)bis_foresight
Sir Mark Walport gave a series of public lectures on climate change at Science and Discovery Centres across the UK. In these talks he explored what the science tells us, and what we, as a developed nation, should do in response.
These slides come from the talk given in Glasgow on 14 March 2014, but differ only slightly from the slides used in earlier talks.
See also the video of the Bristol talk:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2tKi8OSW640
What are we doing to our climate? What is it doing to us? What can we do?Paul H. Carr
OVERVIEW
I will be introducing you to ECONOMIC, ECOLOGICAL, and TECHNOLOGICAL ISSUES.
¥ Climate change is an unintended consequence of carbon dioxide emissions from burning fossil fuels.
¥ By pricing in the social and environmental cost of these emissions, we can expedite their reduction. Let’s harness profit greed towards green technology development.
¥ The environmental challenge is to balance the beauty and sacredness of nature with its utility.
ABSTRACT
What are we doing to our climate? The scientific consensus. Tides and temperatures are rising. Since the beginning of the industrial age, emissions from fossil fuel burning have raised carbon dioxide concentrations to 410 ppm. This is 33% higher than in the last million years. This increase is warming our planet via the Greenhouse Effect. At the present rate of carbon dioxide increase, we will reach 800 ppm by 2100. When our earth was at this concentration 40 million years ago, it was so warm that there was no ice. Sea levels were about 300 feet higher than today.
What is climate change doing to us? “The earth and its poor cry out, and we must listen” Pope Francis. Dry regions are drier and wet ones wetter. Wildfires have increased threefold since 1970, storms more violent, floods setting record heights, and glaciers melting. Natural catastrophes are occurring more than twice as frequently as in 1980. Sea levels could rise as high as 18 feet by 2060. Parts of Earth are increasingly uninhabitable, resulting in millions of climate change refugees, CLIMmigration.
What can we do? Religion and science matter. Ethics trumping economics. Let’s yoke our knowledge of climate science with the motivational power of spiritual values. We need to reduce our carbon footprints. We now have the option to purchase green electric cars getting the equivalent of 100 miles per gallon and solar PV panels to lower our electric bills. We can support the Citizen’s Climate Lobby which advocates a revenue neutral carbon production fee resulting in a dividend returned to all. This would stimulate our economy creating millions of jobs and increase the deployment of green solar, wind, and nuclear energy sources. Thorium, in addition to uranium, is a green energy source for the future. Republicans are less afraid of nuclear energy than Democrats.
How Fear of Nuclear Power is Warming our PlanetPaul H. Carr
The world is presently decommissioning nuclear reactors faster than the increase in wind and solar power (1). Solar energy is only available 26% of the time and wind 33%. Nuclear is 24/7. To make up for the net nuclear decrease, we are increasing our burning of fossil fuels. They are raising carbon dioxide emissions that are warming our planet. This is particularly true in Germany.
Bill Gates is presently funding next generation nuclear power. TerraPower's nuclear pilot plant is being built in China. This traveling wave reactor converts depleted uranium, a byproduct of the nuclear-fission process, into usable fuel.
Thorium molten salt nuclear reactors (MSR), demonstrated at Oak Ridge National Laboratory 1965-1970, consume nearly 100% of their fuel, compared with 3% for older reactors with solid uranium fuel (2). MSRs eliminate the need for Yucca Mountain storage by consuming nuclear waste. Thorium fluoride molten fuel for MSRs is of no weapons value. Thorium fuel is more abundant and cheaper than uranium. MSRs require no expensive containment since they operate close to atmospheric pressure.
REFERENCES: (1) Michael Shellenberger YouTube 2016 TED Talk.
(2) David A. Cornell. “Fracking and the Future of Fuel.” Physics Today, pgs 10 -11. February 2017
What is climate change doing to us and for us?Paul H. Carr
What are we doing to our climate? Emissions from fossil fuel burning have raised carbon dioxide concentrations 35% higher than in the last millions of years. This increase is warming our planet via the Greenhouse Effect. What is climate change doing to and for us? Dry regions are drier and wet ones wetter. Wildfires have increased threefold, hurricanes more violent, floods setting record heights, glaciers melting, and seas rising. Parts of Earth are increasingly uninhabitable. Climate change requires us to act as a global community. Climate justice enjoins emitters to pay the social-environmental costs of fossil fuel burning. This would expedite green solar, wind, and next-generation nuclear energy sources. Individuals should conserve resources, waste less food, and eat a plant rich diet.
Making Earth Cool Again: Challenges & SolutionsPaul H. Carr
COOLING CHALLENGES: Fall 2018 Reports
(1) ""Global Climate Change Impacts in US": 13 Government Agency Report
(Nov 2018). Up to 10% decrease in US economy by 2100.
(2) "Preventing 2.7 F (1.5 C) degrees of warming." IPCC report, authored by 90 scientists from 40 countries (Oct 2018). Greenhouse pollution must be reduced by 45 percent from 2010 levels by 2030, and 100 percent by 2050.
COOL SOLUTIONS
(1) "Can Nuclear Energy Thrive in a Carbon-Constrained World?": (MIT Report, Sept 2018)
A reactor build-up (at a historically feasible rate) could completely decarbonize the World’s power sector within 30 years.
The energy storage costs needed for wind and solar alone would make them up to four times more expensive than reactors.
(2) A vegetarian/vegan diet is a way everyone can stop global warming.
(3) Capitalistic solution: carbon fee plus dividend.
Milwaukee Area Technical College Presentation - 2015 Green Vehicles Workshop ...Wisconsin Clean Cities
George Stone, Milwaukee Area Technical College, gave an overview of the effect of transportation emissions on air quality in Southeastern Wisconsin for the 12th Annual Green Vehicles Workshop held on April 21, 2015 at the Milwaukee Area Technical College.
The planet in our hands: responding to climate change (Glasgow)bis_foresight
Sir Mark Walport gave a series of public lectures on climate change at Science and Discovery Centres across the UK. In these talks he explored what the science tells us, and what we, as a developed nation, should do in response.
These slides come from the talk given in Glasgow on 14 March 2014, but differ only slightly from the slides used in earlier talks.
See also the video of the Bristol talk:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2tKi8OSW640
We Can Stop Global Warming Essay
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Carbon CycleThis module uses a variety of sources to educate.docxtidwellveronique
Carbon Cycle
This module uses a variety of sources to educate you about the carbon cycle and current theories of climate. In this module, you will use resources that have opposing views about the impact of humans on the carbon cycle and global climate.
Of the many, many, different theories about climate change, we are only presenting a few. Our attempt in this activity is to give a few examples illustrating the complexity involved in studying the environment and the impact of bias on scientific research.
A. The carbon cycle is currently in the news as people look for explanations for changes in climate. This issue provides excellent examples of bias in the presentation of information.
What is bias in relation to science and reporting? Use any online dictionary and search for “bias”. Write the definition that relates to bias in science and reporting.
Answer:
Does being biased necessarily mean that you are wrong?
Yes
No
B. Theories Explaining Climate Change:
Climate fluctuations have long been observed to be cyclical. Theories explaining the variations include the following:
· Human Cause. Humans are responsible for an increase in greenhouse gases that is causing the Earth to warm up and change the climate.
· Natural Cycle. The climate changes observed are cyclical and natural.
· Volcanic Events. Volcanoes cause variations in the ability of the Earth’s atmosphere to absorb energy.
· Astronomical Cause. The Milankivitch Theory asserts that climate changes are caused by changes in the tilt of the Earth’s axis. Changes in some areas are balanced by opposite changes in other areas.
· Variations if Energy Output from the Sun. Variations in heat from the sun causes drastic changes in climate.
C. Two movies shown in movie theaters have energized the “Global Climate Change” controversy. Evaluate the following movies using the questions on the next page. All information for this page is contained on the websites linked below. If you would like to learn more, you may be able to rent the movies.
Movie 1: An Inconvenient Truth
Website: http://www.takepart.com/an-inconvenient-truth Click the link “The Film” on the top tab and evaluate the reading list on the right side of the page. Much information was removed from the original website, however, the RealClimate website mostly supports the movie and provides a review at http://www.realclimate.org/index.php/archives/2006/05/al-gores-movie/.
The website for An Inconvenient Truth has removed the original science pages and the "Hockey Stick" graphic that was one of its main graphics. It now links the following information from its official website at takepart.com:
Purpose Statement. Climate change, also called global warming, refers to the rise in average surface temperatures on Earth.
· An overwhelming scientific consensus maintains that climate change is due primarily to the human use of fossil fuels, which releases carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases into the air.
· The gases ...
Climate ChangeWhat every designer should know.This i.docxgordienaysmythe
Climate Change
What every designer should know.
This is a short presentation covering climate change fundamentals for design students and professionals. Climate change is an important topic for designers to be aware of and responsive to, because designers help create the world we live in. The choices designers make, in what they make, how its made, what its made of, how its used, and what happens to it after it’s disposed of, can impact large numbers of people and the environment. This is what you need to know.
1
Our planet’s climate is controlled by its atmosphere. You can see our atmosphere isn’t very big. It’s a thin protective coating stretched over the earth’s surface. But that thin protective coating is surprisingly important. Without it, our planet would have no life whatsoever. Its surface would be as barren and freezing as the moon you see in the background. A healthy atmosphere is a precondition of life.
2
Our planet has had a relatively stable and predictable climate for much of the last 10,000 years. It is no accident that agriculture began within this time period, a period characterized by relative peace and stable civilizations.
3
The climate has been so stable, we tend to completely ignore it and take it for granted, not even being aware how much we rely upon it. But we rely on a stable, predictable, and moderate climate for such basic and vital activities as growing food, placing and designing settlements, and many, many other things.
4
Here’s the entire volume of the earth’s atmosphere in comparison to the volume of the earth itself: again, not very big. Because the earth’s atmosphere is not very big, it is sensitive to relatively small changes. The composition and relative amounts of chemicals inside that little ball play a big role in how the atmosphere functions.
5
Here’s the composition and relative amounts of the chemicals inside that little ball. You can see carbon dioxide is a relatively miniscule part of the earth’s atmosphere. Yet the relative amount of this molecule and a few others has an outsized role in controlling our planet’s climate, because of how these molecules react to sunlight.
6
A large portion of the sun’s radiation is absorbed at the surface of the Earth. This heat then re-radiates back into the atmosphere, and then back out into space. The atmosphere holds on to some of that heat for a time, before it leaks back out into space.
7
Some atmospheric molecules hold onto this heat longer than others, which is why they are known as “greenhouse gases”. Like a greenhouse in the sun, atmospheric gases like carbon dioxide hold on to the heat re-radiating from the earth for a relatively long time. This is why the earth’s climate is sensitive to small changes in the relative amounts of these particular molecules. There are other greenhouse gases besides carbon dioxide, such as methane, nitrous oxide, and water vapor. Some of these trap heat even more powerfully than c.
Climate ChangeWhat every designer should know.This i.docxbartholomeocoombs
Climate Change
What every designer should know.
This is a short presentation covering climate change fundamentals for design students and professionals. Climate change is an important topic for designers to be aware of and responsive to, because designers help create the world we live in. The choices designers make, in what they make, how its made, what its made of, how its used, and what happens to it after it’s disposed of, can impact large numbers of people and the environment. This is what you need to know.
1
Our planet’s climate is controlled by its atmosphere. You can see our atmosphere isn’t very big. It’s a thin protective coating stretched over the earth’s surface. But that thin protective coating is surprisingly important. Without it, our planet would have no life whatsoever. Its surface would be as barren and freezing as the moon you see in the background. A healthy atmosphere is a precondition of life.
2
Our planet has had a relatively stable and predictable climate for much of the last 10,000 years. It is no accident that agriculture began within this time period, a period characterized by relative peace and stable civilizations.
3
The climate has been so stable, we tend to completely ignore it and take it for granted, not even being aware how much we rely upon it. But we rely on a stable, predictable, and moderate climate for such basic and vital activities as growing food, placing and designing settlements, and many, many other things.
4
Here’s the entire volume of the earth’s atmosphere in comparison to the volume of the earth itself: again, not very big. Because the earth’s atmosphere is not very big, it is sensitive to relatively small changes. The composition and relative amounts of chemicals inside that little ball play a big role in how the atmosphere functions.
5
Here’s the composition and relative amounts of the chemicals inside that little ball. You can see carbon dioxide is a relatively miniscule part of the earth’s atmosphere. Yet the relative amount of this molecule and a few others has an outsized role in controlling our planet’s climate, because of how these molecules react to sunlight.
6
A large portion of the sun’s radiation is absorbed at the surface of the Earth. This heat then re-radiates back into the atmosphere, and then back out into space. The atmosphere holds on to some of that heat for a time, before it leaks back out into space.
7
Some atmospheric molecules hold onto this heat longer than others, which is why they are known as “greenhouse gases”. Like a greenhouse in the sun, atmospheric gases like carbon dioxide hold on to the heat re-radiating from the earth for a relatively long time. This is why the earth’s climate is sensitive to small changes in the relative amounts of these particular molecules. There are other greenhouse gases besides carbon dioxide, such as methane, nitrous oxide, and water vapor. Some of these trap heat even more powerfully than c.
WRI’s brand new “Food Service Playbook for Promoting Sustainable Food Choices” gives food service operators the very latest strategies for creating dining environments that empower consumers to choose sustainable, plant-rich dishes. This research builds off our first guide for food service, now with industry experience and insights from nearly 350 academic trials.
Artificial Reefs by Kuddle Life Foundation - May 2024punit537210
Situated in Pondicherry, India, Kuddle Life Foundation is a charitable, non-profit and non-governmental organization (NGO) dedicated to improving the living standards of coastal communities and simultaneously placing a strong emphasis on the protection of marine ecosystems.
One of the key areas we work in is Artificial Reefs. This presentation captures our journey so far and our learnings. We hope you get as excited about marine conservation and artificial reefs as we are.
Please visit our website: https://kuddlelife.org
Our Instagram channel:
@kuddlelifefoundation
Our Linkedin Page:
https://www.linkedin.com/company/kuddlelifefoundation/
and write to us if you have any questions:
info@kuddlelife.org
Willie Nelson Net Worth: A Journey Through Music, Movies, and Business Venturesgreendigital
Willie Nelson is a name that resonates within the world of music and entertainment. Known for his unique voice, and masterful guitar skills. and an extraordinary career spanning several decades. Nelson has become a legend in the country music scene. But, his influence extends far beyond the realm of music. with ventures in acting, writing, activism, and business. This comprehensive article delves into Willie Nelson net worth. exploring the various facets of his career that have contributed to his large fortune.
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Introduction
Willie Nelson net worth is a testament to his enduring influence and success in many fields. Born on April 29, 1933, in Abbott, Texas. Nelson's journey from a humble beginning to becoming one of the most iconic figures in American music is nothing short of inspirational. His net worth, which estimated to be around $25 million as of 2024. reflects a career that is as diverse as it is prolific.
Early Life and Musical Beginnings
Humble Origins
Willie Hugh Nelson was born during the Great Depression. a time of significant economic hardship in the United States. Raised by his grandparents. Nelson found solace and inspiration in music from an early age. His grandmother taught him to play the guitar. setting the stage for what would become an illustrious career.
First Steps in Music
Nelson's initial foray into the music industry was fraught with challenges. He moved to Nashville, Tennessee, to pursue his dreams, but success did not come . Working as a songwriter, Nelson penned hits for other artists. which helped him gain a foothold in the competitive music scene. His songwriting skills contributed to his early earnings. laying the foundation for his net worth.
Rise to Stardom
Breakthrough Albums
The 1970s marked a turning point in Willie Nelson's career. His albums "Shotgun Willie" (1973), "Red Headed Stranger" (1975). and "Stardust" (1978) received critical acclaim and commercial success. These albums not only solidified his position in the country music genre. but also introduced his music to a broader audience. The success of these albums played a crucial role in boosting Willie Nelson net worth.
Iconic Songs
Willie Nelson net worth is also attributed to his extensive catalog of hit songs. Tracks like "Blue Eyes Crying in the Rain," "On the Road Again," and "Always on My Mind" have become timeless classics. These songs have not only earned Nelson large royalties but have also ensured his continued relevance in the music industry.
Acting and Film Career
Hollywood Ventures
In addition to his music career, Willie Nelson has also made a mark in Hollywood. His distinctive personality and on-screen presence have landed him roles in several films and television shows. Notable appearances include roles in "The Electric Horseman" (1979), "Honeysuckle Rose" (1980), and "Barbarosa" (1982). These acting gigs have added a significant amount to Willie Nelson net worth.
Television Appearances
Nelson's char
UNDERSTANDING WHAT GREEN WASHING IS!.pdfJulietMogola
Many companies today use green washing to lure the public into thinking they are conserving the environment but in real sense they are doing more harm. There have been such several cases from very big companies here in Kenya and also globally. This ranges from various sectors from manufacturing and goes to consumer products. Educating people on greenwashing will enable people to make better choices based on their analysis and not on what they see on marketing sites.
Micro RNA genes and their likely influence in rice (Oryza sativa L.) dynamic ...Open Access Research Paper
Micro RNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs molecules having approximately 18-25 nucleotides, they are present in both plants and animals genomes. MiRNAs have diverse spatial expression patterns and regulate various developmental metabolisms, stress responses and other physiological processes. The dynamic gene expression playing major roles in phenotypic differences in organisms are believed to be controlled by miRNAs. Mutations in regions of regulatory factors, such as miRNA genes or transcription factors (TF) necessitated by dynamic environmental factors or pathogen infections, have tremendous effects on structure and expression of genes. The resultant novel gene products presents potential explanations for constant evolving desirable traits that have long been bred using conventional means, biotechnology or genetic engineering. Rice grain quality, yield, disease tolerance, climate-resilience and palatability properties are not exceptional to miRN Asmutations effects. There are new insights courtesy of high-throughput sequencing and improved proteomic techniques that organisms’ complexity and adaptations are highly contributed by miRNAs containing regulatory networks. This article aims to expound on how rice miRNAs could be driving evolution of traits and highlight the latest miRNA research progress. Moreover, the review accentuates miRNAs grey areas to be addressed and gives recommendations for further studies.
"Understanding the Carbon Cycle: Processes, Human Impacts, and Strategies for...MMariSelvam4
The carbon cycle is a critical component of Earth's environmental system, governing the movement and transformation of carbon through various reservoirs, including the atmosphere, oceans, soil, and living organisms. This complex cycle involves several key processes such as photosynthesis, respiration, decomposition, and carbon sequestration, each contributing to the regulation of carbon levels on the planet.
Human activities, particularly fossil fuel combustion and deforestation, have significantly altered the natural carbon cycle, leading to increased atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations and driving climate change. Understanding the intricacies of the carbon cycle is essential for assessing the impacts of these changes and developing effective mitigation strategies.
By studying the carbon cycle, scientists can identify carbon sources and sinks, measure carbon fluxes, and predict future trends. This knowledge is crucial for crafting policies aimed at reducing carbon emissions, enhancing carbon storage, and promoting sustainable practices. The carbon cycle's interplay with climate systems, ecosystems, and human activities underscores its importance in maintaining a stable and healthy planet.
In-depth exploration of the carbon cycle reveals the delicate balance required to sustain life and the urgent need to address anthropogenic influences. Through research, education, and policy, we can work towards restoring equilibrium in the carbon cycle and ensuring a sustainable future for generations to come.
Characterization and the Kinetics of drying at the drying oven and with micro...Open Access Research Paper
The objective of this work is to contribute to valorization de Nephelium lappaceum by the characterization of kinetics of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum. The seeds were dehydrated until a constant mass respectively in a drying oven and a microwawe oven. The temperatures and the powers of drying are respectively: 50, 60 and 70°C and 140, 280 and 420 W. The results show that the curves of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum do not present a phase of constant kinetics. The coefficients of diffusion vary between 2.09.10-8 to 2.98. 10-8m-2/s in the interval of 50°C at 70°C and between 4.83×10-07 at 9.04×10-07 m-8/s for the powers going of 140 W with 420 W the relation between Arrhenius and a value of energy of activation of 16.49 kJ. mol-1 expressed the effect of the temperature on effective diffusivity.
Diabetes is a rapidly and serious health problem in Pakistan. This chronic condition is associated with serious long-term complications, including higher risk of heart disease and stroke. Aggressive treatment of hypertension and hyperlipideamia can result in a substantial reduction in cardiovascular events in patients with diabetes 1. Consequently pharmacist-led diabetes cardiovascular risk (DCVR) clinics have been established in both primary and secondary care sites in NHS Lothian during the past five years. An audit of the pharmaceutical care delivery at the clinics was conducted in order to evaluate practice and to standardize the pharmacists’ documentation of outcomes. Pharmaceutical care issues (PCI) and patient details were collected both prospectively and retrospectively from three DCVR clinics. The PCI`s were categorized according to a triangularised system consisting of multiple categories. These were ‘checks’, ‘changes’ (‘change in drug therapy process’ and ‘change in drug therapy’), ‘drug therapy problems’ and ‘quality assurance descriptors’ (‘timer perspective’ and ‘degree of change’). A verified medication assessment tool (MAT) for patients with chronic cardiovascular disease was applied to the patients from one of the clinics. The tool was used to quantify PCI`s and pharmacist actions that were centered on implementing or enforcing clinical guideline standards. A database was developed to be used as an assessment tool and to standardize the documentation of achievement of outcomes. Feedback on the audit of the pharmaceutical care delivery and the database was received from the DCVR clinic pharmacist at a focus group meeting.
IPCC Vice Chair Ladislaus Change Central Asia Climate Change Conference 27 Ma...
Whudunit: How Scientists Discovered Global Warming
1. Whodunit: How Scientists Discovered
Global Warming
Presented by:
Joe Morris, PMP
joe@rocketscitech.com
2. Object of this Presentation
To explain the science behind Global Warming so that
you can better understand where scientists are coming
from.
2
3. Global Warming (GW) vs Climate
Change (CC) according to NASA
Global Warming: The induced rise in Earth’s average
surface temperature due to man-made greenhouse
gases
Climate Change: The induced rise in Earth’s average
surface temperature due to natural climate cycles
with little or no impact from humans
3
6. Global Warming and Climate
The effects of Global Warming must be
superimposed over climate effects
Because of this, effects of Global Warming
are sometimes not obvious, and may seem
contradictory
Example: In Buffalo Global Warming can lead
to more extreme lake effect storms because
the lakes don’t freeze due to warmer
temperatures
6
8. Global Warming History
Greenhouse effect traces back to 19th century which
included a belief the oceans could absorb all excess
greenhouse gases
1950s brought new electronics instrumentation and
computers
Provided data on the true nature of the greenhouse effect
Roger Ravelle discovered a limit to how much CO2 the
oceans could absorb
1960s-1970s development and introduction of GW
via computer models
More data from NASA and others supporting GW
Opposition firmed up (e.g., climategate)
8
9. Global Climate Models
A simulation vs a model
A computer model is a small scale
representation of something on a computer
A representation of object or system of interest,
usually in two or three dimensions
Equations provide mathematical representations
of physical processes
Physical variables such as pressure, temperature,
density, humidity are included in the processes
9
10. Computer Models Are Used to
Create Simulations
10
Model Simulation
http://celebrating200years.noaa.gov/breakthroughs/climate_model/welcome.
html
11. Evolution of Climate Models 11
The finer the grid (increasing # of grid points) the more
accurate the calculation but calculation time increases
12. Current Models 12
• Grid of the Earth 100 km horizontal and 20 vertical levels
with as many as 500,000 variables
• To calculate one year of climate change requires 2.5M
grid points iterated 27,000 times (recalculated 27,000
times until a solution is reached)
• Several months of computer time to run a 50-year
projection
Computing power of supercomputers is the limiting factor
13. Computer Model Results 13
http://ircamera.as.arizona.edu/NatSci102/NatSci102/lectures/venus.htm
Global Warming simulations consistently show temperature
rise due to increasedgreenhouse gases
14. Interpreting Model Results:
Where Is the Supporting Data
Data gathered since 1960 is for a short
period compared to geological history
Where is the data to calibrate the models?
How do current CO2 levels and temperature
compare with historical and geological
norms?
How do we prove that it’s man-made gases
influencing climate change?
14
17. What Do These Shows Have in
Common?
Corpse
Autopsy
DNA/Fingerprints
Other chem and physical analysis (fibers, gun
baliistics, etc.)
Live clue gathering (Interviews, etc.)
Team hypothesizing (brainstorming)
Aha!
17
20. Proxy Corpse Icepack
• Trapped air can be used to
measure CO2 levels
• Ice in glaciers have less 18 O than
seawater
• Proportion of 18O changes with
temperature
• Ice cores: Decrease in 18O reflects
drop in air temperature
20
22. Proxy Corpse Trees 22
Tree rings showing 900 year history in
the Mediterranean Basin
• Plants prefer 12C. The 13C/12C
ratio in plants is lower than the
atmospheric 13C/12C ratio
• Fossil fuels are made up
ofprimarily dead plants
• Ratio of 13C/12C can be used to
determine influence from fossil
fuels
Measured atmosphere 13C/12C ratio has been decreasing since the
industrial revolution due to land clearance and fossil fuels
23. What the Scientists Discovered
Highest atmospheric CO2 levels for hundreds of
thousands of years
CO2 levels have increased more than 30% since
1960
10X average temperature rise since 1960 without
sun influence
No attributable natural causes have been identified
for the rise in these two parameters
Models predict continued increase in average
temperature and long-term climate impacts from
increased greenhouse gases
Will take decades to obtain verification and
confirmation
23
25. GW vs CC? Why Care?
Similarities: Both require a response to their
long-term impacts.
e.g., response to long term effects such as the
polar ice caps melting and ocean flodding will be
the same
Prime Difference: With Global Warming we
can act to head off some of those effects.
e.g., move to slow polar ice cap melting by
reducing fossil fuel usage dramatically
25
26. Impact of GW on Buffalo
More superstorms
and increased lake
effect storms
Summers like
southern Fla, avg
temp rise 5-10OF
26
27. My Take on Global Warming
I FIND THE SCIENTIFIC DATA TO BE
OVERWHELMING IN THE SUPPORT OF THE
PREMISE THAT MAN-MADE GREENHOUSE GASES
ARE RAISING CO2 AND OTHER GREENHOUSE
GASES, THEREBY CAUSING A RISE IN THE
EARTH’S AVERAGE SURFACE TEMPERATURE
27
28. Why the Debate Is So Difficult
Relying on a few decades of data and inference
of temperature and CO2 history. Laymen don’t
understand the efforts by scientists to gather
data from the past
Computer models are still a work in progress
Arguments between scientists are difficult for
laymen to follow
May take decades for 100% verification
Taking action will involve some economic
dislocations
28
29. Opposition Tactics: “The Sky is Blue”
Doubter: “The Sky Is Not Blue”
Scientists’ Initial Response: “Can’t you see it? Just look at it.”
Doubter’s Response: “No. I’m color blind.”
Scientists’ Response: “Well, everyone else who isn’t color blind
can see it.”
Doubter’s Response: “How do you know that you’re really
seeing blue? How do you know that something in our diets
isn’t impacting our color perception?”
Scientists’ Response: “Neurologists say that isn’t true. They’ve
conducted studies to show we see the real blue.”
Doubter’s Response: “They’re all conspiring because it would
be embarrassing to them to admit they hadn’t picked this up
on their own. The government is also involved because of the
cost of changing all those American flags to the real blue.”
29
30. The Battle over Lead in Gasoline
in the 1960s
30
• Scientist discovered a dangerous rise in lead in the
atmosphere from lead in gasoline in 1962-1963
• Opposed by the petroleum companies with scientists of
their own
• Dueling scientists in front of Congress
• Lead wasn’t officially banned until1998
• Saving grace: introduction of catalytic converter to
reduce smog forced elimination of lead in 1975
• They’re doing the exact same thing again, except no
miraculous intervention like the platinum catalytic
convertor to save our butts
• Check out Cosmos Episode 7 “Clean Room” for more
details
31. Three Potential Conclusions to
the Global Warming Debate
Global warming does not exist. What we’re
seeing are just short term weather variations. No
action required
Climate change is real but human influences are
minor or non-existent. Nothing can be done to
avoid the change. Action required to mitigate
effects such as sea rise and coastal flooding
Global warming is real. Action required to avoid
some of the changes and then to mitigate those
that occur
31
32. Impact of Choices We Make
What happens if we take action such as
reducing fossil fuel usage and GW turns
out not to be real?
What happens if we don’t take action and
GW is real? Can we afford to wait until we
have all the answers?
Which has the worse consequences? The
long-term worldwide climatic changes vs
the short-term disruption of gas and oil,
electric generation, and transportation
industries
32
33. We Can’t Afford to Wait
The potential long-term impacts of GW to Earth
and her inhabitants far outweigh the near-term
impacts to the economy by responding to GW
now
Moving to renewables will create some
economic disruptions but will grow existing and
new industries: i.e., one man’s risk is another’s
opportunity
33
34. Henry Ford, Manure, and
Creative Destruction
In 1900: >100,000 horses in New York City
Thousands of workers toiled daily to clean up 3000
tons of manure and urine
Automobile offered potential solution but:
Get a Horse!
Automobile companies failing
Along came Henry Ford
34
35. Along Came Henry Ford
Revolutionized cars with the introduction of the
Model T
Paid works a higher wage so they could afford to
buy a Model T
Result: a $1.5 trillion industry worldwide
What happened to the workers who cleaned up the
manure?
Think paving roads and building cars
What happened to buggy whip makers?
Either went out of business or learned how to build
car seats
35
36. Moving forward in the 21st
century
Fossil fuels powered the 20th century
Fossil fuels companies are the buggy whip
makers of the 21st century
It’s time to move to 21st century energy with
renewables
36
37. When it comes down to it, it’s
all about what kind of world
we want to leave our kids,
grandkids, and great-
grandkids
37
