Minnesota Twins Target Field & Post TensioningAMSYSCO Inc.
Presentation by Neel Khosa given during the Post-Tensioning Institute's 2011 Technical Conference. Topic is about the use of unbonded post-tensioned concrete in Target Field stadium, home of the Minnesota Twins MLB team.
Infrastructure and Unbonded Post TensioningAMSYSCO Inc.
The document discusses the use of unbonded post-tensioning for infrastructure projects. It begins with an overview of concrete versus asphalt pavements. Unbonded post-tensioning can be used for applications like airport runways, parking lots, and pedestrian bridges. The document then presents three case studies where unbonded post-tensioning was used: a road project in Wayzata Bay with poor soil conditions, an emergency vehicle operator course, and a reconstruction project on Buford Avenue. It concludes that unbonded encapsulated post-tensioning is an effective alternative to reinforced concrete or asphalt for infrastructure projects.
This document provides a design manual for post-tensioned concrete structures according to various international design codes. It begins with an introduction to post-tensioning systems and methodology. Subsequent chapters cover computing prestress losses, loads due to post-tensioning, and automated tendon layout. The bulk of the document presents design code requirements and procedures for beams, slabs, flexure, shear, punching and more according to codes such as ACI, AS3600, BS8110, CSA and Eurocode.
Post-Tension Concrete - Info session for ContractorsAMSYSCO Inc.
This presentation is to help General and Concrete Contractors manage construction projects that use Post-Tensioned Concrete.
1. Intro to Post-Tension
2. Components of Post-Tension
3. Construction Team
4. Submittals
5. Pre-Installation
6. Installation Management
7. Post-Concrete Placement
8. Troubleshooting
Introduction to Pre-stressed and Precast Concrete TechnologyEngr Shah Farooq
This the first lecture of prestressed and precast technology. In this lecture overview of prestressed concrete is presented in such a way, that it will be very helpful for civil engineering professionals and students new to the field of prestressed concrete technology.
this lecture covers the following topics
Definition of prestressed and precast concrete
Difference between prestressed and normal reinforced concrete
Terminologies related to prestressed like tendons, Anchorage, Pre-tensioning, post-tensioning, etc
Brief History of prestressed concrete
Development of building materials for prestressed concrete
Advantages and disadvantages of prestressed concrete
Difference between pre-tension and post-tension prestressing.
and Difference between prestressed and precast concrete.
#CivilEngineering #CivilEngineer #Prestressed #Concrete #precast
Facebook Link: https://web.facebook.com/engrshahfarooq
Author Youtube Channel link:
www.youtube.com/c/CivilEngineersite
This document provides an overview of the construction process for post-tension slabs. It begins with a brief history of post-tensioned concrete before defining post-tension slabs as reinforced concrete slabs supported directly by columns without beams. The construction process involves installing strands or tendons in ducts before pouring concrete, stressing the strands after the concrete reaches strength, and then grouting the ducts. Key advantages of post-tension slabs are that they are lighter, allow for greater flexibility in design, and have reduced costs compared to conventional slabs.
This document outlines the advantages of using post-tensioning in building structures. Post-tensioning allows for longer spans, reduced floor thickness, increased floor area, faster construction speeds, and reduced material usage. It discusses common post-tensioning systems used in building floors and specialized structural elements. Post-tensioning provides more flexible and economical building structures compared to other methods.
Minnesota Twins Target Field & Post TensioningAMSYSCO Inc.
Presentation by Neel Khosa given during the Post-Tensioning Institute's 2011 Technical Conference. Topic is about the use of unbonded post-tensioned concrete in Target Field stadium, home of the Minnesota Twins MLB team.
Infrastructure and Unbonded Post TensioningAMSYSCO Inc.
The document discusses the use of unbonded post-tensioning for infrastructure projects. It begins with an overview of concrete versus asphalt pavements. Unbonded post-tensioning can be used for applications like airport runways, parking lots, and pedestrian bridges. The document then presents three case studies where unbonded post-tensioning was used: a road project in Wayzata Bay with poor soil conditions, an emergency vehicle operator course, and a reconstruction project on Buford Avenue. It concludes that unbonded encapsulated post-tensioning is an effective alternative to reinforced concrete or asphalt for infrastructure projects.
This document provides a design manual for post-tensioned concrete structures according to various international design codes. It begins with an introduction to post-tensioning systems and methodology. Subsequent chapters cover computing prestress losses, loads due to post-tensioning, and automated tendon layout. The bulk of the document presents design code requirements and procedures for beams, slabs, flexure, shear, punching and more according to codes such as ACI, AS3600, BS8110, CSA and Eurocode.
Post-Tension Concrete - Info session for ContractorsAMSYSCO Inc.
This presentation is to help General and Concrete Contractors manage construction projects that use Post-Tensioned Concrete.
1. Intro to Post-Tension
2. Components of Post-Tension
3. Construction Team
4. Submittals
5. Pre-Installation
6. Installation Management
7. Post-Concrete Placement
8. Troubleshooting
Introduction to Pre-stressed and Precast Concrete TechnologyEngr Shah Farooq
This the first lecture of prestressed and precast technology. In this lecture overview of prestressed concrete is presented in such a way, that it will be very helpful for civil engineering professionals and students new to the field of prestressed concrete technology.
this lecture covers the following topics
Definition of prestressed and precast concrete
Difference between prestressed and normal reinforced concrete
Terminologies related to prestressed like tendons, Anchorage, Pre-tensioning, post-tensioning, etc
Brief History of prestressed concrete
Development of building materials for prestressed concrete
Advantages and disadvantages of prestressed concrete
Difference between pre-tension and post-tension prestressing.
and Difference between prestressed and precast concrete.
#CivilEngineering #CivilEngineer #Prestressed #Concrete #precast
Facebook Link: https://web.facebook.com/engrshahfarooq
Author Youtube Channel link:
www.youtube.com/c/CivilEngineersite
This document provides an overview of the construction process for post-tension slabs. It begins with a brief history of post-tensioned concrete before defining post-tension slabs as reinforced concrete slabs supported directly by columns without beams. The construction process involves installing strands or tendons in ducts before pouring concrete, stressing the strands after the concrete reaches strength, and then grouting the ducts. Key advantages of post-tension slabs are that they are lighter, allow for greater flexibility in design, and have reduced costs compared to conventional slabs.
This document outlines the advantages of using post-tensioning in building structures. Post-tensioning allows for longer spans, reduced floor thickness, increased floor area, faster construction speeds, and reduced material usage. It discusses common post-tensioning systems used in building floors and specialized structural elements. Post-tensioning provides more flexible and economical building structures compared to other methods.
One Museum Park West (Post-Tensioning case study)AMSYSCO Inc.
The One Museum Park West high-rise condominium tower in Chicago was originally designed with conventionally reinforced concrete slabs and transfer girders, but went over budget. A value engineering analysis proposed converting the structural design to unbonded post-tensioning, which would reduce costs by deleting some interior columns, transfer girders, and reducing girder depths. This option was chosen and resulted in $4 million in savings through reductions to concrete, rebar, forming costs, and other structure elements like caissons and walls. The post-tensioning supplier worked with the engineer of record to implement the new design, which increased PT usage from an initial 35,000 feet to 1.6 million feet and helped complete
Post-tensioning is an effective alternative for earthquake-prone regions and dense populations in India. It has advantages over ordinary reinforced concrete like higher seismic resilience, less concrete usage, stiffer foundations, and faster construction. Post-tensioning involves threading steel tendons through ducts and tensioning them after concrete pouring. It provides better crack control, economy, quality, and efficiency. While widely used in other countries, post-tensioning is not yet common in India but has applications in slabs, buildings, and foundations.
Post-tensioning is simply a method of producing prestressed concrete, masonry, and other structural elements. Post-tensioning is a form of prestressing. Prestressing simply means that the steel is stressed (pulled or tensioned) before the concrete has to support the service loads. Most precast, prestressed concrete is actually pre-tensioned-the steel is pulled before the concrete is poured. Post-tensioned concrete means that the concrete is poured and then the tension is applied-but it is still stressed before the loads are applied so it is still prestressed.
This document discusses the components and process of estimating the costs for a post-tension slab-on-grade foundation. It covers calculating quantities and costs for excavation, forming, post-tension tendons, concrete, and other materials. Key steps include calculating cubic yards for excavation and concrete, converting square footage of forms to board feet, and taking off post-tension tendons by the linear foot and converting to pounds. Proper concrete mix design, placement, finishing, and curing are also important to consider in the estimate.
The document provides information on methods of prestressing concrete, including pretensioning and post-tensioning. It discusses:
- Pretensioning involves stressing steel tendons before the concrete is cast around them.
- Post-tensioning involves stressing steel tendons after the concrete has cured using jacks, then grouting the voids.
- Both methods put the concrete in compression and increase its strength and durability compared to conventional reinforced concrete.
Mega Prefab is a complete service provider of structural precast and post-tensioned concrete. We are involved in all the phases of the project. We will design, manufacture, deliver and install our products. With more than 16 years experience in the business, we have optimized our structural elements to be efficient, safe and low cost.
This document provides an introduction to prestressing in concrete structures. It defines prestressing as preloading a structure before design loads are applied to improve performance. The objectives of prestressing are to control or eliminate tensile stresses and cracking in concrete, control deflection, and allow use of high-strength materials. Benefits include improved concrete performance, longer spans, and innovative designs. Methods include pretensioning and post-tensioning. Post-tensioning involves tensioning tendons after casting and grouting the ducts. Different profiles and materials for prestressing steel are discussed. The Hognestad model is presented for modeling concrete stress-strain behavior.
This document summarizes research on post-tensioning in buildings. It details the history of post-tensioning from its origins in the 1940s-1950s to its use in the first high-rise building with post-tensioned slabs in 1956. The document then discusses the benefits of post-tensioned slabs and methodology used in the research, including monitoring a construction site. Test results are presented analyzing properties of post-tensioned concrete mixes. The research concludes that post-tensioned slabs provide construction speed and cost benefits compared to reinforced concrete.
This document section describes design considerations for precast pretensioned concrete girders. It discusses typical girder sections and common span ranges. The key stages in precast girder design are described as transfer (when prestressing force is transferred to the concrete), service (when self-weight and permanent loads are considered), and ultimate (to resist factored loads). Three stages of stress development are discussed: transfer when prestressing occurs, stage IIA when the girder is erected and before the composite deck is cured, and stage IIB when the composite section develops. Standard precast girder types used in California include I-girders, bulb-tees, bath-tubs, and wide-flange sections,
Technical data sheet for post-installed rebar according to EC2Nguyen The Dzung
To make sure post installation rebar in construction more safety also avoid misunderstand about 10d embedment depth is enough for achieving to yield strength of rebar. Here technical data sheet from Hilti company for all designers and contractors to know how to select right embedment depth of rebar in each application of concrete reinforcement structure.
The use of post-tensioning system in building offers numerous advantages such as economic savings, minimised floor-to-floor heights, increased column-free space, minimised foundations, in seismic areas, reduced weight and lateral load resisting systems, simplified slab design and construction etc.
This document discusses prestressed concrete and provides details on:
- The definition and principle of prestressing concrete by applying compression prior to external loads
- Common prestressing methods like hydraulic, mechanical, electrical, and chemical prestressing
- Tests conducted on prestressed concrete components like post-tensioned splices and cast-in-place splices
- Advantages of prestressed concrete like reduced materials and increased strength
- Applications in bridges, buildings, water tanks, and more
- A case study on widening the Harrods Creek Arch Bridge using prestressed concrete
This document provides an overview of post-tensioned concrete slabs. It discusses how PT slabs use high-strength steel strands in tension to compress the concrete and allow for thinner slab thicknesses. This makes PT slabs more efficient and economical compared to reinforced concrete, allowing for longer spans. Examples are given showing how PT slabs offer reductions in material usage, embodied carbon, and cost. Case studies demonstrate real-world applications of PT slab construction.
Prestressed concrete combines high-strength concrete and high-strength steel in an active manner by tensioning steel tendons and holding them against the concrete, putting it into compression. This transforms concrete from a brittle to a more elastic material. It allows for optimal use of each material's properties and better behavior under loads. Prestressed concrete was pioneered in the 1930s and its use has expanded, finding applications in bridges and other structures. Common methods are pretensioning and post-tensioning, using various tendon types, with bonded or unbonded configurations. Tensioning is done using mechanical, hydraulic, electrical or chemical devices.
This document discusses various practical applications of post-tensioned concrete in buildings. It describes different types of post-tensioned slabs such as flat slabs, slabs with drop panels, slabs with post-tensioned beams, waffle slabs, and lightened slabs. It also discusses post-tensioned foundation rafts and transfer structures like beams and slabs. For each type, examples of real buildings are provided along with details like slab depths, spans, and loading capacities. The document aims to illustrate how post-tensioning techniques have been implemented successfully in a wide variety of building construction projects.
This document provides examples of precast and prestressed concrete structures including:
1. A design example of the connection between a precast half beam unit and a cast-in-place floor slab involving shear design.
2. An example of a 38-story precast reinforced concrete residential building constructed in 17 months using precast elements.
3. An example of a 5-story precast reinforced concrete warehouse building that includes base isolation.
4. An example of an 8-story precast prestressed concrete office building in Hokkaido with seismic energy dissipation provided by column hinges, oil dampers, and ultra-low yield steel coupling beams.
In post-tensioning systems
the ducts for the tendons (or strands) are placed along with the reinforcement before the casting of concrete. The tendons are placed in the ducts
after the casting of concrete. The duct prevents contact between concrete and the
tendons during the tension operation.
Unlike pre-tension
the tendons are pulled with the reaction acting against the hardened concrete.
if the ducts are filled with grout
then it is known as bonded post-tension.
The grout is a neat cement paste or a sand-cement mortar containing suitable admixture. The
grouting operation is discussed later in the section.
Grouting
Grouting can be defined as the filling of duct, with a material
that provides an anti corrosive alkaline environment to the
prestressing steel and alsoa strong bond between
the tendon and the surrounding grout.
The major part of grout
comprises of water and cement, with a water-to
-cement ratio of about 0.5, together with some water-reducing admixtures, expansion agent
In unbonded post-tensioning,
as the name suggests, the ducts are never grouted and
the tendon is held in tension solely by the end anchorages.
The various stages of the post-tensioning operation
are summarised as follows.
1) Casting of concrete.
2) Placement of the tendons.
3) Placement of the anchorage block and jack.
4) Applying tension to the tendons.
5) Seating of the wedges.
6) Cutting of the tendon
comparison between Post tensioned slab and conventional slab03065661166
This document compares post-tensioned slabs and conventional reinforced concrete slabs. Post-tensioned slabs have tendons tensioned after the concrete sets, allowing for thinner slabs that deflect and crack less than reinforced concrete slabs under load. However, post-tensioned slabs require more skilled labor and specialized equipment during construction. Reinforced concrete slabs are simpler to build but thicker and have higher dead loads than equivalent post-tensioned slabs. The document concludes that post-tensioned slabs are generally more economical for large, heavy construction while reinforced concrete slabs are suitable for smaller projects.
This document discusses structural design and construction practices for precast concrete buildings in Japan. It begins by outlining Japan's seismic design methods, which have evolved based on lessons from major earthquakes. It then discusses requirements for precast structures to achieve equivalent performance to monolithic construction through testing. This includes achieving similar strength, ductility, deformation, energy dissipation and other behaviors. Design equations for interface shear capacity are also presented.
IRJET- Comparative Study of an Industrial Pre – Engineered Building with Conv...IRJET Journal
This document provides a comparative study and analysis of a pre-engineered steel building versus a conventional steel building for an industrial application. Some key points:
1. Pre-engineered buildings offer advantages such as lighter weight structures, faster construction times, standardized components, and reduced costs compared to conventional steel buildings.
2. An example industrial building of dimensions 44m x 20m was modeled and designed using Staad Pro software to analyze and compare the steel requirements between a pre-engineered steel truss roof vs a conventional steel truss roof.
3. The pre-engineered building design resulted in a 48.77% reduction in the amount of primary frame steel needed compared to the conventional design.
IRJET - Review on Behavior of Composite Column and Post-Tension Flat Slab in ...IRJET Journal
The document summarizes research on the behavior of composite columns and post-tensioned flat slabs in high-rise buildings. Composite columns made of concrete-encased steel have benefits like high strength and ductility. Post-tensioned flat slabs reduce construction time and costs compared to reinforced concrete slabs. Several studies analyzed found that composite columns and post-tensioned flat slabs help reduce lateral displacement, storey drift, and base shear in seismic zones. Post-tensioned flat slabs were also found to be more economical than reinforced concrete slabs. The use of self-compacting concrete and shear walls can further improve the seismic performance of composite column and post-tensioned flat slab structures.
One Museum Park West (Post-Tensioning case study)AMSYSCO Inc.
The One Museum Park West high-rise condominium tower in Chicago was originally designed with conventionally reinforced concrete slabs and transfer girders, but went over budget. A value engineering analysis proposed converting the structural design to unbonded post-tensioning, which would reduce costs by deleting some interior columns, transfer girders, and reducing girder depths. This option was chosen and resulted in $4 million in savings through reductions to concrete, rebar, forming costs, and other structure elements like caissons and walls. The post-tensioning supplier worked with the engineer of record to implement the new design, which increased PT usage from an initial 35,000 feet to 1.6 million feet and helped complete
Post-tensioning is an effective alternative for earthquake-prone regions and dense populations in India. It has advantages over ordinary reinforced concrete like higher seismic resilience, less concrete usage, stiffer foundations, and faster construction. Post-tensioning involves threading steel tendons through ducts and tensioning them after concrete pouring. It provides better crack control, economy, quality, and efficiency. While widely used in other countries, post-tensioning is not yet common in India but has applications in slabs, buildings, and foundations.
Post-tensioning is simply a method of producing prestressed concrete, masonry, and other structural elements. Post-tensioning is a form of prestressing. Prestressing simply means that the steel is stressed (pulled or tensioned) before the concrete has to support the service loads. Most precast, prestressed concrete is actually pre-tensioned-the steel is pulled before the concrete is poured. Post-tensioned concrete means that the concrete is poured and then the tension is applied-but it is still stressed before the loads are applied so it is still prestressed.
This document discusses the components and process of estimating the costs for a post-tension slab-on-grade foundation. It covers calculating quantities and costs for excavation, forming, post-tension tendons, concrete, and other materials. Key steps include calculating cubic yards for excavation and concrete, converting square footage of forms to board feet, and taking off post-tension tendons by the linear foot and converting to pounds. Proper concrete mix design, placement, finishing, and curing are also important to consider in the estimate.
The document provides information on methods of prestressing concrete, including pretensioning and post-tensioning. It discusses:
- Pretensioning involves stressing steel tendons before the concrete is cast around them.
- Post-tensioning involves stressing steel tendons after the concrete has cured using jacks, then grouting the voids.
- Both methods put the concrete in compression and increase its strength and durability compared to conventional reinforced concrete.
Mega Prefab is a complete service provider of structural precast and post-tensioned concrete. We are involved in all the phases of the project. We will design, manufacture, deliver and install our products. With more than 16 years experience in the business, we have optimized our structural elements to be efficient, safe and low cost.
This document provides an introduction to prestressing in concrete structures. It defines prestressing as preloading a structure before design loads are applied to improve performance. The objectives of prestressing are to control or eliminate tensile stresses and cracking in concrete, control deflection, and allow use of high-strength materials. Benefits include improved concrete performance, longer spans, and innovative designs. Methods include pretensioning and post-tensioning. Post-tensioning involves tensioning tendons after casting and grouting the ducts. Different profiles and materials for prestressing steel are discussed. The Hognestad model is presented for modeling concrete stress-strain behavior.
This document summarizes research on post-tensioning in buildings. It details the history of post-tensioning from its origins in the 1940s-1950s to its use in the first high-rise building with post-tensioned slabs in 1956. The document then discusses the benefits of post-tensioned slabs and methodology used in the research, including monitoring a construction site. Test results are presented analyzing properties of post-tensioned concrete mixes. The research concludes that post-tensioned slabs provide construction speed and cost benefits compared to reinforced concrete.
This document section describes design considerations for precast pretensioned concrete girders. It discusses typical girder sections and common span ranges. The key stages in precast girder design are described as transfer (when prestressing force is transferred to the concrete), service (when self-weight and permanent loads are considered), and ultimate (to resist factored loads). Three stages of stress development are discussed: transfer when prestressing occurs, stage IIA when the girder is erected and before the composite deck is cured, and stage IIB when the composite section develops. Standard precast girder types used in California include I-girders, bulb-tees, bath-tubs, and wide-flange sections,
Technical data sheet for post-installed rebar according to EC2Nguyen The Dzung
To make sure post installation rebar in construction more safety also avoid misunderstand about 10d embedment depth is enough for achieving to yield strength of rebar. Here technical data sheet from Hilti company for all designers and contractors to know how to select right embedment depth of rebar in each application of concrete reinforcement structure.
The use of post-tensioning system in building offers numerous advantages such as economic savings, minimised floor-to-floor heights, increased column-free space, minimised foundations, in seismic areas, reduced weight and lateral load resisting systems, simplified slab design and construction etc.
This document discusses prestressed concrete and provides details on:
- The definition and principle of prestressing concrete by applying compression prior to external loads
- Common prestressing methods like hydraulic, mechanical, electrical, and chemical prestressing
- Tests conducted on prestressed concrete components like post-tensioned splices and cast-in-place splices
- Advantages of prestressed concrete like reduced materials and increased strength
- Applications in bridges, buildings, water tanks, and more
- A case study on widening the Harrods Creek Arch Bridge using prestressed concrete
This document provides an overview of post-tensioned concrete slabs. It discusses how PT slabs use high-strength steel strands in tension to compress the concrete and allow for thinner slab thicknesses. This makes PT slabs more efficient and economical compared to reinforced concrete, allowing for longer spans. Examples are given showing how PT slabs offer reductions in material usage, embodied carbon, and cost. Case studies demonstrate real-world applications of PT slab construction.
Prestressed concrete combines high-strength concrete and high-strength steel in an active manner by tensioning steel tendons and holding them against the concrete, putting it into compression. This transforms concrete from a brittle to a more elastic material. It allows for optimal use of each material's properties and better behavior under loads. Prestressed concrete was pioneered in the 1930s and its use has expanded, finding applications in bridges and other structures. Common methods are pretensioning and post-tensioning, using various tendon types, with bonded or unbonded configurations. Tensioning is done using mechanical, hydraulic, electrical or chemical devices.
This document discusses various practical applications of post-tensioned concrete in buildings. It describes different types of post-tensioned slabs such as flat slabs, slabs with drop panels, slabs with post-tensioned beams, waffle slabs, and lightened slabs. It also discusses post-tensioned foundation rafts and transfer structures like beams and slabs. For each type, examples of real buildings are provided along with details like slab depths, spans, and loading capacities. The document aims to illustrate how post-tensioning techniques have been implemented successfully in a wide variety of building construction projects.
This document provides examples of precast and prestressed concrete structures including:
1. A design example of the connection between a precast half beam unit and a cast-in-place floor slab involving shear design.
2. An example of a 38-story precast reinforced concrete residential building constructed in 17 months using precast elements.
3. An example of a 5-story precast reinforced concrete warehouse building that includes base isolation.
4. An example of an 8-story precast prestressed concrete office building in Hokkaido with seismic energy dissipation provided by column hinges, oil dampers, and ultra-low yield steel coupling beams.
In post-tensioning systems
the ducts for the tendons (or strands) are placed along with the reinforcement before the casting of concrete. The tendons are placed in the ducts
after the casting of concrete. The duct prevents contact between concrete and the
tendons during the tension operation.
Unlike pre-tension
the tendons are pulled with the reaction acting against the hardened concrete.
if the ducts are filled with grout
then it is known as bonded post-tension.
The grout is a neat cement paste or a sand-cement mortar containing suitable admixture. The
grouting operation is discussed later in the section.
Grouting
Grouting can be defined as the filling of duct, with a material
that provides an anti corrosive alkaline environment to the
prestressing steel and alsoa strong bond between
the tendon and the surrounding grout.
The major part of grout
comprises of water and cement, with a water-to
-cement ratio of about 0.5, together with some water-reducing admixtures, expansion agent
In unbonded post-tensioning,
as the name suggests, the ducts are never grouted and
the tendon is held in tension solely by the end anchorages.
The various stages of the post-tensioning operation
are summarised as follows.
1) Casting of concrete.
2) Placement of the tendons.
3) Placement of the anchorage block and jack.
4) Applying tension to the tendons.
5) Seating of the wedges.
6) Cutting of the tendon
comparison between Post tensioned slab and conventional slab03065661166
This document compares post-tensioned slabs and conventional reinforced concrete slabs. Post-tensioned slabs have tendons tensioned after the concrete sets, allowing for thinner slabs that deflect and crack less than reinforced concrete slabs under load. However, post-tensioned slabs require more skilled labor and specialized equipment during construction. Reinforced concrete slabs are simpler to build but thicker and have higher dead loads than equivalent post-tensioned slabs. The document concludes that post-tensioned slabs are generally more economical for large, heavy construction while reinforced concrete slabs are suitable for smaller projects.
This document discusses structural design and construction practices for precast concrete buildings in Japan. It begins by outlining Japan's seismic design methods, which have evolved based on lessons from major earthquakes. It then discusses requirements for precast structures to achieve equivalent performance to monolithic construction through testing. This includes achieving similar strength, ductility, deformation, energy dissipation and other behaviors. Design equations for interface shear capacity are also presented.
IRJET- Comparative Study of an Industrial Pre – Engineered Building with Conv...IRJET Journal
This document provides a comparative study and analysis of a pre-engineered steel building versus a conventional steel building for an industrial application. Some key points:
1. Pre-engineered buildings offer advantages such as lighter weight structures, faster construction times, standardized components, and reduced costs compared to conventional steel buildings.
2. An example industrial building of dimensions 44m x 20m was modeled and designed using Staad Pro software to analyze and compare the steel requirements between a pre-engineered steel truss roof vs a conventional steel truss roof.
3. The pre-engineered building design resulted in a 48.77% reduction in the amount of primary frame steel needed compared to the conventional design.
IRJET - Review on Behavior of Composite Column and Post-Tension Flat Slab in ...IRJET Journal
The document summarizes research on the behavior of composite columns and post-tensioned flat slabs in high-rise buildings. Composite columns made of concrete-encased steel have benefits like high strength and ductility. Post-tensioned flat slabs reduce construction time and costs compared to reinforced concrete slabs. Several studies analyzed found that composite columns and post-tensioned flat slabs help reduce lateral displacement, storey drift, and base shear in seismic zones. Post-tensioned flat slabs were also found to be more economical than reinforced concrete slabs. The use of self-compacting concrete and shear walls can further improve the seismic performance of composite column and post-tensioned flat slab structures.
IRJET- Review Paper on Comparative Study of an Industrial Pre – Engineered Bu...IRJET Journal
1. The document presents a comparative study and design of a conventional steel building with concrete or steel columns versus a pre-engineered building (PEB).
2. PEBs offer advantages over conventional buildings like reduced time, cost, and weight through efficient use of tapered steel sections and prefabrication.
3. Key components of PEBs include main framing, end wall framing, purlins, girts, sheeting, and cranes. Common applications are industrial, institutional, agricultural, and aviation buildings.
1) The document discusses U-Boot technology, which involves casting concrete blocks with hollow spaces that can reduce material consumption and costs in construction.
2) Students conducted a study comparing the compressive and flexural strength of standard concrete blocks to those made with U-Boot technology and fiber-reinforced concrete.
3) Testing found that the U-Boot and fiber-reinforced blocks had significantly higher strength compared to standard blocks, demonstrating the benefits of this technology for construction applications.
IRJET- Lightweight and Multi Material Designing and Analysis of a C9 Bus ...IRJET Journal
This document presents a study on optimizing the design of a K9 bus superstructure to reduce weight while maintaining strength and rollover safety based on ECE R66 regulations. The current design uses mild steel but the study evaluates using mild steel YST310 instead. CAD models of the bus frame are presented. Intrusion and strength analyses using LS-Dyna software show the modified design meets ECE R66 requirements with no parts intruding the residual space and overall strength maintained. The conclusion is that using mild steel YST310 allows optimizing the superstructure weight and center of gravity while maintaining crashworthiness.
IRJET- Study of Pre-Engineered BuildingIRJET Journal
1. The document discusses a study of pre-engineered buildings (PEB) compared to conventional steel buildings. PEBs offer advantages like economy, easier fabrication, and ability to create long span column-free structures.
2. It describes the planning and design process for PEBs used for industrial buildings. Key considerations include functional requirements, primary and secondary framing systems, and metal roofing options.
3. Prior research on wind loading and structural behavior of PEB components is reviewed to validate modeling and design methods.
Effect of Harp and Perimeter Bracing on PEB Subjected to Wind LoadingIRJET Journal
This document discusses the effect of different bracing configurations - bare frame, perimeter bracing, and harp bracing - on pre-engineered buildings (PEBs) subjected to wind loading. Three PEB hangar models are created in STAAD Pro and analyzed for forces, moments, displacements, stresses, and steel mass. The results show that perimeter bracing is more effective than the bare frame at reducing stresses and displacements, while harp bracing provides further improvements over perimeter bracing alone. PEBs are an important construction technology in India, and bracing configurations can significantly impact their performance under wind loads.
IRJET- Comparison of Structural Elements of a Pre-Engineered Building in Two ...IRJET Journal
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IRJET- Finite Element Analysis of Retrofitting of RC Beam with CFRP using AbaqusIRJET Journal
This document presents a finite element analysis of retrofitting RC beams with carbon fiber reinforced plastic (CFRP) using ABAQUS. Eight beams were tested experimentally with the same geometry but different CFRP plate lengths. The finite element models aim to simulate the experimental results. Concrete is modeled with a plastic damage model, steel with an elastic-plastic model, and CFRP either as isotropic or orthotropic elastic material. The analysis shows good agreement with experimental load-displacement curves and crack patterns. Increasing the CFRP plate length increases the beam's load capacity.
IRJET- Alternative Designs for Gable Industrial StructureIRJET Journal
This document discusses alternative designs for gable industrial structures. It analyzes three alternatives: conventional frames with trusses, pre-engineered frames, and lattice girder frames. The alternatives are analyzed and designed using STAAD Pro software according to Indian standards. An industrial structure with dimensions of 22.5m x 48m and a height of 12m is considered. The analysis compares the designs in terms of tonnage for 2D frames and a complete 3D building model. Previous studies on pre-engineered buildings, conventional buildings, and their comparisons are also summarized. Pre-engineered buildings are found to be more economical than conventional buildings for certain spans.
Cost Optimization of Roof Top Swimming PoolIRJET Journal
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IRJET- Comparative Study of Rc Structure with Different Infill MaterialsIRJET Journal
This document compares the seismic performance of a G+5 reinforced concrete building with different infill materials through structural analysis. It models the building with conventional brick infill, conventional brick infill with partitions, autoclaved aerated concrete block infill, and autoclaved aerated concrete block infill with partitions. The analysis finds that using light weight autoclaved aerated concrete blocks results in lower base shear forces, steel reinforcement requirements, footing reactions, and displacements compared to conventional brick infill. This indicates that a building with autoclaved aerated concrete block infill provides better seismic performance.
IRJET- Design of Earthquake Resistant Structure of Multi-Story RCC BuildingIRJET Journal
This document describes the design of an earthquake resistant G+21 multi-story reinforced concrete building using ETABS software. Key aspects analyzed include seismic analysis using equivalent static, response spectrum, and time history methods per Indian codes. The building is located in Lucknow, India which is a moderate seismic zone. Structural elements like beams, columns, slabs, and foundations are designed according to Indian standards. Analysis considers effects of earthquakes and other lateral loads. The building plan and frame layout are presented along with design assumptions.
Comparative Study of Codal Provisions for Pre-Engineered BuildingsIRJET Journal
This document presents a comparative study of code provisions for pre-engineered buildings according to the Indian code IS 800-2007 and American codes MBMA-2002 and AISC-89. It analyzes and designs an industrial warehouse 30m long, 20m wide and 9m height using built-up, rectangular and tapered steel sections. The behavior and economy of the structure is discussed based on its weight and analysis results between the Indian and American codes. The structure is analyzed and designed using STAAD.Pro structural engineering software.
This document presents a comparative study of codal provisions for the design of pre-engineered buildings (PEBs) according to the Indian standard IS 800-2007 and American standards MBMA-2002 and AISC-89. PEBs are steel structures where the members are prefabricated off-site and assembled on-site. The study analyzes and designs an industrial warehouse with rectangular and tapered built-up sections. Results show that under the Indian code, a structure with tapered sections weighs less but has higher deflections compared to one with rectangular sections. Analysis of the same structure according to American standards yields less steel usage for both section types.
IRJET - Seismic Analysis of RCC Framed Structure using Different IsolatorIRJET Journal
This document analyzes the seismic performance of a G+5 reinforced concrete building using different base isolation systems. The building is modeled in ETABS and analyzed using time history and response spectrum analysis for the El Centro earthquake record. Three models are considered: a fixed base building and base-isolated buildings using friction pendulum bearings and high-density rubber bearings. The results show that base isolation increases the building's period and reduces story drift and base shear compared to the fixed base building. Both isolator types are effective at reducing the seismic response of the medium-rise structure.
IRJET- Non Linear Static Analysis of Frame with and without InfillsIRJET Journal
This document analyzes the effect of masonry infill walls on the seismic performance of reinforced concrete frames through nonlinear static (pushover) analysis. A 4-story building located in seismic zone 2 of India was modeled in SAP2000 both with and without infill walls. Infill walls were modeled using equivalent compression struts. Results showed that the presence of infill walls increased the building's stiffness, base shear capacity, and changed the failure mechanism from a soft-story collapse to a truss action. Comparison of load-displacement curves and hinge formations indicated infill walls significantly improve the building's lateral resistance and shift plastic hinging to joints at the infill-frame interface.
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White paper - Encapsulated Post Tensioned Concrete
1. Encapsulated Post-Tensioned Concrete for
Corrosive and Non-Corrosive Environments
A Guide for Structural Engineers, Architects and Owners
By Neel R. Khosa
October 2010
Manufacturer ▪ Supplier ▪ Rentals ▪ Service
PTI-Certified
2. Encapsulated Post-Tensioned Concrete: A Guide for Structural Engineers, Architects and Owners
2
www.amsyscoinc.com
GOAL:
Given the innovations in post-tensioning and concerns about corrosion, this non-technical white paper
aims to inform Structural Engineers and Architects about the benefits of the fully-encapsulated post-
tensioning system over the non-encapsulated system. This paper also serves as a resource to Owners
and Developers interested in utilizing post-tensioned concrete reinforcement. The focus of this paper is
primarily on unbonded, single-strand post-tensioning used in commercial and industrial construction.
OUTLINE:
Section I. Post-Tensioning & Why It Matters
Section II. Benefits of Unbonded Post-Tensioning (PT)
Section III. Comparison of Encapsulated PT to Non-Encapsulated PT
Section IV. Recommendations for Project Specifications
Appendix: Construction Details and Recommend Reading
Section I. Post-Tensioning & Why It Matters
Post-Tensioned concrete is a form of prestressing that dates back to the late-1800’s1
. Modern post-
tensioning, developed in the 1950’s, outgrew it adolescent phase and entered mainstream structural
design in the 1970’s. Since the establishment of the Post-Tensioning Institute (PTI) in 1976, post-
tensioning has become an increasingly desirable method of construction for commercial and residential
structures. According to PTI, the usage of post-tensioned concrete in North America increased 1200%
from 1976 to 2006.2
Post-Tensioning has been used in marquee structures such as the Watergate Apartments3
, the Leaning
Tower of Pisa (retrofitting)4
, 340 On The Park (62-story tower)5
, the Indianapolis International Airport
Parking Structure6
and Minnesota Twins Target Field7
.
1
http://www.allbusiness.com/construction/construction-overview/8914786-1.html Bijan Aalami.
2
http://www.post-tensioning.org Post-Tensioning Institute: 2009 Tonnage Report.
3
http://www.kenbondy.com/images/ProfessionalArticles/Post-
Tensioned%20Concrete%20in%20Buildings_ACI_SF_Bondy.pdf Ken Bondy
3. Encapsulated Post-Tensioned Concrete: A Guide for Structural Engineers, Architects and Owners
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Owners and Developers have chosen unbonded post-tensioning (PT) in order to save construction costs
without sacrificing quality. Similarly, Architects and Structural Engineers have designed structures with
PT to create an open floor layout and to save material for LEED benefits. State and Local Municipalities
have encouraged the used of cast-in-place concrete since it promotes local jobs. At the same time,
Concrete and General Contractors have shifted towards using PT in order to speed up construction
schedules with labor savings. Post-Tensioning has proved to be a viable, cost-effective alternative to
structural steel, wood, precast and conventional reinforced concrete.
Section II. Benefits of Unbonded Post-Tensioning
While post-tensioning has had many research projects, case studies and real-life construction projects,
PT is still considered a niche product within the A/E/C community. One reason is the lack of graduate-
level engineering curriculums that rigorously teach students about the post-tensioned concrete
alternative. Many courses on prestressed concrete focus more on pre-tensioning and precast rather
than post-tensioning. As a result, many PT designers were self-taught or trained by their employers.
That said, the diffusion of PT design knowledge has moderately increased in the recent years due to
successful post-tensioned concrete projects.
Post-Tensioned concrete can positively affect the construction costs, life-cycle costs, construction
schedule and structural durability. The primary benefit of PT in high-rise buildings is the ability to
reduce the slab thicknesses and decrease the floor-to-floor heights. As a result, vertical elements (ex.
shear walls, columns, MEP piping, elevators, curtainwall) are reduced. This material savings can help a
building attain sustainability ratings (LEED) and increase its architectural appeal (refer to Figure 1). In
parking structures, many universities and airports Owners have utilized Post-Tensioning to increase
security-camera visibility and safety lighting due to lack of closely-spaced beams and shear walls. Table
1 illustrates examples of recently-completed construction projects and some practical benefits of
unbonded PT.
4
http://casehistories.geoengineer.org/volume/volume1/issue3/IJGCH_1_3_2.pdf
5
http://midwest.construction.com/features/archive/0607_feature5.asp
6
http://constructoragc.construction.com/mag/2008_3-4/features/0803-72_AGC.asp
7
http://www.bizjournals.com/twincities/stories/2010/03/01/focus5.html
4. Encapsulated Post-Tensioned Concrete: A Guide for Structural Engineers, Architects and Owners
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Figure 1 – Potential Benefits of Unbonded PT
MATERIAL
SAVINGS
•Reduced Rebar/Concrete
•Thinner Slabs
•Reduced Foundation
•Reduced Bldg. Height
REDUCED
LIFECYCLE COSTS
•Reduced Height = Less
Energy (Joules, Watts)
•Less Maintenance
•Potential LEED Credits
QUICKER
CONSTRUCTION
•Reduced Re-shoring
Requirements
•MEP + Embed
Coordination
•1-3 Day Pour Cycle
INCREASED
DURABILITY
•Improved Seismic
Behavior
•Reduced Deflection
•Improved Crack Control
•Longer Spans
•Fewer Columns
5. Encapsulated Post-Tensioned Concrete: A Guide for Structural Engineers, Architects and Owners
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Table 1 – Projects benefitting from Unbonded PT
PROJECT BUILDING TYPE STRUCTURAL ENGINEER BENEFIT from PT
Guthrie Theatre,
Minneapolis
Arts Erickson Roed &
Associates
Accommodated heavy live loads in
large, column-free area
Pinnacle’s Lumière
Barge, St. Louis
Casino M.A. Engineering Reduced weight 20% to enable casino to
float on water
340 on the Park,
Chicago
High-Rise
Condos
Magnusson Klemenic
Associates
Enabled more floors, increased floor-to-
floor heights with thinner slabs
600 N. Fairbanks,
Chicago
High-Rise
Condos
Werner Sobek Saved 15’ to 20’ of building height and
over $2M of vertical elements
One Museum Park
West, Chicago
High-Rise
Condos
Samartano & Co. Deleted 50% of transfer girders and 35%
of interior columns to open floor layout
Epic Systems Campus,
Madison
Low-Rise Offices Magnusson Klemenic
Associates
Reduced deflections in irregular column-
layout at a lower cost
Eddy St. Notre Dame
Garage, South Bend
Parking Garage Fink Roberts & Petrie Allowed for better lighting and viewing
for security cameras with fewer beams
Indianapolis Int’l
Airport, Indianapolis
Parking Garage Ter Horst Lamson Fisk
Consultants
Allowed for longer spans, fewer beams,
thinner slab to reduce dead load
Parkview Condo
Garage, Chicago
Parking Garage,
Underground
Chris Stefanos &
Associates
Enabled heavy-loading from recreational
park on top of garage
Louisville Arena,
Louisville
Stadium Walter P. Moore Enabled column-free area for practice
court areas
Target Field,
Minneapolis
Stadium Walter P. Moore Supported heavy loads from upper level
stadium seating
Upper-left: Indianapolis International Airport Garage, Upper-right: Target Field
Bottom-left: 600 N. Fairbanks, Bottom-middle: 340 on the Park, Bottom-right: Guthrie Theatre & Garage
6. Encapsulated Post-Tensioned Concrete: A Guide for Structural Engineers, Architects and Owners
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Section III. Comparison of Encapsulated PT to Non-Encapsulated PT
Until 1985, there was not an industry-wide specification for unbonded post-tensioning.8
Early forms of
the encapsulated PT system came on the market in late-1980’s. Whereas decades of structures were
successfully built with non-encapsulated PT (“regular” PT), industry innovation produced a PT system to
address corrosion-protection (see Table 2 for comparison). With the advent of the encapsulated
system, the anchor was coated in plastic and other accessories were installed to prevent exposed steel
strand (refer to Appendix). The construction community embraced the encapsulated system and
installed it on structures exposed to “aggressive environments” (rain, ice, salt-spray, chemicals).
Table 2 – Comparison of Encapsulated to Non-Encapsulated Systems
Component ENCAPSULATED “REGULAR “
Plastic Sheathing 50 ML 40 or 50 ML
Anchors Plastic-Coated Metal Uncoated Metal
Pocket Formers YES (2”) YES (1.5”)
Snap Caps YES NO
Wedges YES YES
Translucent Sleeves YES NO
--- filled with grease YES N/A
Positive Mechanical Connection YES NO
Seal Plugs YES NO
Protection during shipping YES Depends on spec.
In 2000, the publication of the Post-Tensioning Institute’s Specification for Unbonded Single Strand
Tendons (2nd
edition) standardized the requirements for the encapsulated system. In 2003 and 2007,
the PT specification was tightened, through addendums, by increasing the plastic-sheathing thickness
and concrete cover.
The main hesitation in using the encapsulated system is the increase of material cost and labor
expertise. However, the price difference between the two systems has been reduced though economies
of scale and the manufacturing learning curve. The price to upgrade from a non-encapsulated to an
encapsulated system is now outweighed by the benefit of long-term corrosion-protection for Owners.
8
http://www.icri.org/publications/2001/PDFs/julyaug01/CRBJulyAug01_Kelley.pdf Concrete Repair Bulletin
7. Encapsulated Post-Tensioned Concrete: A Guide for Structural Engineers, Architects and Owners
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Furthermore, industry certifications provided by Post-Tensioning Institute and ironworker unions have
contributed towards awareness within the installation community.
Section IV. Recommendations for Project Specifications
Whereas Post-Tensioning Institute (PTI) and American Concrete Institute (ACI 423.7-07) have developed
thorough specifications for unbonded post-tensioning, this paper proposes several recommendations
for project specifications. The proposed recommendations are meant to increase the quality and
durability of unbonded post-tensioning during the fabrication and installation processes.
Recommendations:
1. GENERAL
a. Require the encapsulated PT system on all enclosed buildings (with exterior cladding) –
even on buildings considered to be in a non-aggressive environment.
b. Require the encapsulated PT system on all commercial/industrial slab-on-ground
concrete due to potential exposure to flooding, rising water table, etc.
c. Require PT Manufacturer/Supplier to supply PT extruded and fabricated materials from
a PTI Certified Plant with a record of business in supplying PT for five (5) years.
d. Require PT Installer to have at least two (2) onsite individuals with a current PTI Level 2
Unbonded Ironworker Certification, or approved equal. All other onsite personnel
should have a PTI Level 1 Unbonded Certification, or approved equal.
e. Require PT Inspector to have at least one (1) onsite individual with a current PTI Level 2
Unbonded Field Inspector Certification, or approved equal.
2. HANDLING, STORAGE & SHIPPING
a. Require shrink-wrapped PT bundles during transit for all buildings.
b. Require PT bundles be shipped on tarpped trucks, or by other methods for all elevated
and commercial slab-on-ground structures.
3. TESTING
a. Require field-friction test by PT Manufacturer/Supplier within past (5) years to
determine friction-loss coefficients (assuming no change in PT coating or plastic
sheathing manufacturing process). The recommended values in ACI-318 Table R18.6.2
8. Encapsulated Post-Tensioned Concrete: A Guide for Structural Engineers, Architects and Owners
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have not been updated to account for improved manufacturing methods and PT raw
materials.
b. Require PT Manufacturer/Supplier provide documentation of successful testing of PT
coating within past (5) years.
4. INSTALLATION
a. Install a plastic tarp (visqueen) over construction joints to prevent water intrusion at
intermediate anchorages. The intermediate anchors and strand are temporarily exposed
to the elements until the adjacent pour has been cast.
5. STRESSING & MEASURING ELONGATIONS
a. Prior to stressing, spray WD-40, or approved equal, into anchor cavity to remove dirt,
concrete, etc. Wipe strand before stressing tendons.
b. Before and after stressing operations, use a piece of flat/straight metal, instead of
wood, as the benchmark for measuring tendon elongations (spray-paint or ink).
6. FINISHING
a. Cut tendon tails, cap anchorages and grout pockets at all slab edges and pour strips
within 1 day of elongation approval by Engineer of Record. If approval process takes
more than one week, protect un-grouted pockets.
b. Prior to grouting, coat/spray the pocket-formed surface with a resin-bonding agent to
produce a better grout cap.
7. SAFETY
a. Require PT Installer to conduct basic maintenance/cleaning, as directed by equipment
supplier, on stressing jack after every 500 stressing operations. This will help the
equipment retain its calibration and avoid breakdowns.
9. Encapsulated Post-Tensioned Concrete: A Guide for Structural Engineers, Architects and Owners
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APPENDIX
Construction Details
Detail 1 Example of Encapsulated PT System at Stressing End
Detail 2 Example of Non-Encapsulated PT System at Stressing End
Detail 3 Concrete Floor Slab with Post-Tensioned Tendon
10. Encapsulated Post-Tensioned Concrete: A Guide for Structural Engineers, Architects and Owners
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Recommended Reading
1. Specification for Unbonded Single-Strand Tendons (2nd
Edition, 2000, Post-Tensioning
Institute). Addenda #1 issued Nov. 2003. Addenda #2 issued Nov. March 2007.
2. Field Procedures Manual for Unbonded Single-Strand Tendons(3rd
Edition, 2000, Post-
Tensioning Institute)
3. Ten-Year Marine Atmosphere Exposure Test of Unbonded Prestressed Concrete Prisms (2000,
Post-Tensioning Institute)
4. Proper Filling of Single-Strand Tendon Stressing Pockets (Post-Tensioning Institute, FAQ #11)
5. ACI-318-08 Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete and Commentary, Chapters 7
and 18 (American Concrete Institute)
6. ACI 423.4R-98 ‘Corrosion and Repair of Unbonded Single Strand Tendons’ (1998, American
Concrete Institute, ACI/ASCE Committee 423)
7. ACI 423.6R-01 ‘Specification for Unbonded Single-Strand Tendons and Commentary’ (2001,
American Concrete Institute, ACI Committee 423)
8. ACI 423.3R-05 ‘Recommendations for Concrete Members Prestressed with Unbonded
Tendons’ (2005, American Concrete Institute, ACI Committee 423)
9. ACI 423.7-07 ‘Specification for Unbonded Single-Strand Tendon Materials and
Commentary’ (2005, American Concrete Institute, ACI Committee 423)
About AMSYSCO, Inc.
AMSYSCO, Inc. has been a post-tensioning and barrier cable manufacturer/supplier in the United States
since 1981. The company is a participating member of Post-Tensioning Institute since 1984 and is a PTI-
Certified Supplier. AMSYSCO’s construction experience includes apartments/condominiums, hospitals,
industrial warehouses, office buildings, parking structures, repair/renovation, residential housing,
schools, stadiums, storage tanks, and tennis courts.
AMSYSCO, Inc.
1200 Windham Parkway
Romeoville, IL 60446
P: 630-296-8383
Mr. Neel Khosa