Which of the following statements is correct about interpreting the fi.docx
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Which of the following statements is correct about interpreting the fixed overhead variances? The budget variance is the real control variance for fixed overhead. A volume variance results when actual fixed overhead is different from the standard inputs allowed for actual output. The efficiency variance reveals the efficient or inefficient use of fixed overhead. Solution Answer: Fixed overhead variances is the difference between budgeted fixed overhead and actual fixed overheads. Hence The budget variance is the real control variance for fixed overhead. .
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Management accounting overhead variance
This document discusses the calculation and analysis of variances in overhead costs. It begins with an introduction to variance analysis and classification of variances as favorable or unfavorable. It then describes the different types of overhead variances including variable overhead variances, fixed overhead variances, and combined overhead variances. Specific formulas are provided for calculating the variable overhead cost variance, variable overhead expenditure variance, fixed overhead cost variance, and other overhead variances. An example is also shown to illustrate the calculation of a variable overhead expenditure variance.
Variance Analysis
Variance analysis compares actual performance to budgets to identify deviations. There are different types of variances including material, labor, and overhead variances. Material variances measure differences in price and quantity used versus standard. Labor variances include rate, efficiency, idle time, mix, and yield. Overhead variances measure differences in variable and fixed overhead expenditures and volumes versus standards. The goal is to control costs by investigating variances and their causes.
Control Ratios and Managerial Usage of Variances
- Variance analysis is the process of analyzing differences between actual and standard costs by subdividing variances and assigning responsibility. It separates controllable and uncontrollable variances.
- Common variances include material, labor, variable overhead, and fixed overhead cost variances. Material variances include price, usage, and mix. Labor variances include rate, efficiency, idle time, and mix.
- Variances are classified as favorable if actual is less than standard and unfavorable if actual exceeds standard. Management should focus on investigating and correcting controllable variances to improve performance.
Hca14 sm ch08
The document discusses:
1) Flexible budgets and variance analysis for overhead costs, including developing variable and fixed overhead rates.
2) Calculating variances for variable manufacturing overhead, including a spending variance and efficiency variance.
3) Fixed manufacturing overhead only has a spending variance, as efficiency is not applicable to a fixed cost.
The document provides an example calculation of variances for variable and fixed manufacturing overhead costs.
Overhead cost variance
The document discusses different types of overhead cost variances. It defines an overhead cost variance as the difference between the amount of overhead applied during production and the actual overhead costs incurred. There are two main types of overhead cost variances - variable overhead cost variance and fixed overhead cost variance.
Variable overhead cost variance has three components - variable overhead cost variance, variable overhead expenditure variance, and variable overhead efficiency variance. Fixed overhead cost variance depends on efficiency, calendar days, and production capacity. It contains fixed overhead expenditure variance and fixed overhead volume variance, which has three sub-variances for efficiency, capacity, and calendar.
Standard costing summary
1. The document discusses various types of standard costing variances for materials, labor, and overhead. It provides formulas to calculate 22 different variances including material cost, price, quantity, and mix variances as well as labor cost, rate, efficiency, and mix variances.
2. Overhead variances covered include variable and fixed overhead cost, expenditure, efficiency, volume, capacity, revised capacity, and calendar variances. Formulas use standard and actual quantities, prices, rates, and overhead amounts to calculate the variances.
3. Short summaries are provided for each variance along with reconciliation formulas showing the relationships between different variances.
Marginal costing
The document provides an introduction to marginal costing. Some key points:
- Marginal costing distinguishes between fixed and variable costs. Variable costs are considered product costs, while fixed costs are treated as period costs.
- Contribution is calculated as sales revenue minus variable costs. Contributions from all products are summed and fixed costs are deducted from the total contribution to determine profit.
- Marginal costing focuses on variable costs and contributions to aid short-term decision making, while absorption costing allocates both fixed and variable costs.
Write a brief response to each discussionWinterstien_6.1Top of.docx
The document discusses flexible and static budgets. It explains that a flexible budget adjusts for changes in volume, while a static budget remains the same regardless of volume. Flexible budgets are more useful for operational budgets in healthcare since patient volume can vary. The document also provides an example of how flexible budgets allow for more accurate variance analysis compared to static budgets when evaluating specific expense metrics and determining areas for improvement.
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Management accounting overhead variance
This document discusses the calculation and analysis of variances in overhead costs. It begins with an introduction to variance analysis and classification of variances as favorable or unfavorable. It then describes the different types of overhead variances including variable overhead variances, fixed overhead variances, and combined overhead variances. Specific formulas are provided for calculating the variable overhead cost variance, variable overhead expenditure variance, fixed overhead cost variance, and other overhead variances. An example is also shown to illustrate the calculation of a variable overhead expenditure variance.
Variance Analysis
Variance analysis compares actual performance to budgets to identify deviations. There are different types of variances including material, labor, and overhead variances. Material variances measure differences in price and quantity used versus standard. Labor variances include rate, efficiency, idle time, mix, and yield. Overhead variances measure differences in variable and fixed overhead expenditures and volumes versus standards. The goal is to control costs by investigating variances and their causes.
Control Ratios and Managerial Usage of Variances
- Variance analysis is the process of analyzing differences between actual and standard costs by subdividing variances and assigning responsibility. It separates controllable and uncontrollable variances.
- Common variances include material, labor, variable overhead, and fixed overhead cost variances. Material variances include price, usage, and mix. Labor variances include rate, efficiency, idle time, and mix.
- Variances are classified as favorable if actual is less than standard and unfavorable if actual exceeds standard. Management should focus on investigating and correcting controllable variances to improve performance.
Hca14 sm ch08
The document discusses:
1) Flexible budgets and variance analysis for overhead costs, including developing variable and fixed overhead rates.
2) Calculating variances for variable manufacturing overhead, including a spending variance and efficiency variance.
3) Fixed manufacturing overhead only has a spending variance, as efficiency is not applicable to a fixed cost.
The document provides an example calculation of variances for variable and fixed manufacturing overhead costs.
Overhead cost variance
The document discusses different types of overhead cost variances. It defines an overhead cost variance as the difference between the amount of overhead applied during production and the actual overhead costs incurred. There are two main types of overhead cost variances - variable overhead cost variance and fixed overhead cost variance.
Variable overhead cost variance has three components - variable overhead cost variance, variable overhead expenditure variance, and variable overhead efficiency variance. Fixed overhead cost variance depends on efficiency, calendar days, and production capacity. It contains fixed overhead expenditure variance and fixed overhead volume variance, which has three sub-variances for efficiency, capacity, and calendar.
Standard costing summary
1. The document discusses various types of standard costing variances for materials, labor, and overhead. It provides formulas to calculate 22 different variances including material cost, price, quantity, and mix variances as well as labor cost, rate, efficiency, and mix variances.
2. Overhead variances covered include variable and fixed overhead cost, expenditure, efficiency, volume, capacity, revised capacity, and calendar variances. Formulas use standard and actual quantities, prices, rates, and overhead amounts to calculate the variances.
3. Short summaries are provided for each variance along with reconciliation formulas showing the relationships between different variances.
Marginal costing
The document provides an introduction to marginal costing. Some key points:
- Marginal costing distinguishes between fixed and variable costs. Variable costs are considered product costs, while fixed costs are treated as period costs.
- Contribution is calculated as sales revenue minus variable costs. Contributions from all products are summed and fixed costs are deducted from the total contribution to determine profit.
- Marginal costing focuses on variable costs and contributions to aid short-term decision making, while absorption costing allocates both fixed and variable costs.
Write a brief response to each discussionWinterstien_6.1Top of.docx
The document discusses flexible and static budgets. It explains that a flexible budget adjusts for changes in volume, while a static budget remains the same regardless of volume. Flexible budgets are more useful for operational budgets in healthcare since patient volume can vary. The document also provides an example of how flexible budgets allow for more accurate variance analysis compared to static budgets when evaluating specific expense metrics and determining areas for improvement.
Understanding SAP production order variance
This document discusses production order variance and standard costs as a way to evaluate performance and increase efficiency. It explains that setting standards and measuring variances from those standards allows companies to identify areas for improvement. The document then provides details on calculating different types of variances, including direct material, direct labor, and manufacturing overhead variances. It describes separating the total variance for each into a price and quantity component to help analyze the sources of unfavorable or favorable variances.
ACCOUNTING PRODMA BANA REVIEWER for class
This document discusses standard costing and variance analysis techniques. It begins by explaining that standard costing involves setting standard costs for items and activities, and comparing actual costs to standards. Variance analysis compares actual costs to standard costs to identify areas where costs are higher or lower than expected. The document then provides details on different types of standard cost variances, including price, efficiency, and usage variances, and whether they are favorable or unfavorable. It also discusses computing and analyzing variances for materials, labor, and factory overhead costs. Finally, it explains absorption costing, which accounts for all direct and indirect costs associated with manufacturing a product.
Cost-Volume-Profit Analysis6©Getty ImagesComstock .docx
Cost-Volume-Profit
Analysis
6
©Getty Images/Comstock Images/Stockbyte/Thinkstock
Learning Outcomes
By the end of this chapter, you will be able to:
• Identify fixed and variable costs for healthcare organizations
• Conduct cost-volume-profit (break-even) analyses in fee-for-service and capitated
environments
smi81240_06_c06_143-166.indd 143 3/7/14 9:43 AM
144
Section 6.1Cost and Volume
Introduction
After a lower than hoped for level of net income in 2012, Chamberlin Skilled Nursing and Reha-
bilitation Center, Inc. is seeking ways to improve profitability. Mary Ellen Lahay, the adminis-
trator at Chamberlin, has envisioned four ways to improve profits: (1) increase the number of
residents, (2) negotiate higher payment rates from insurance companies, (3) reduce the costs
that vary with the number of residents, and (4) reduce overhead and costs that don’t vary
with the number of residents. How feasible are any of these four ways to improve profits?
How much could any of these options improve profits? Clearly, Ms. Lahay has some home-
work to do to examine these options.
This chapter considers the full relationships among costs, volumes, and profits. The cost-
volume-profit relationship is at the core of many analyses in managerial accounting. Finding
ways to change costs and manage volumes of patients and services provided to patients is an
important aspect of managing the finances of any healthcare organization. Understanding
and managing revenues was the focus of Chapter 5.
6.1 Cost and Volume
It seems intuitive that costs and patient volume would be closely related in the operations of
healthcare organizations. If there are more patients, costs must be higher. Is this always the
case? Suppose you are managing an ophthalmology practice where most patients schedule
appointments for their eye visits. One day, just before closing, a patient appears at the front
desk with a request to see the physician. The patient has recently received new eyeglasses
and is experiencing headaches and double vision. The physician sees the patient that day,
performs a diagnosis of the condition, and prescribes a treatment. Will the cost for the prac-
tice be higher that day? Cost for the practice will probably not change due to one unscheduled
patient on one day.
There are some costs that will not increase with patient volume, at least in the short run,
such as the rental cost for the office space. We call these fixed costs. Other costs, such as
supplies used in diagnosis or treatment, increase with the volume of patients. We call these
variable costs. There are still other costs that exhibit characteristics of both fixed and vari-
able costs. One of the tasks of business managers is to understand the relationships between
various costs and volume and to perform analyses that inform financial planning and man-
agement. This chapter will describe variable costs, fixed costs, and combinations of costs
that define the pattern o.
Standard costing
The document discusses standard costing and variance analysis. It provides objectives and explanations of key variances including: direct materials quantity and price variances, direct labor efficiency and rate variances, and variable manufacturing overhead efficiency and rate variances. Formulas are given for calculating each variance and interpreting whether it is favorable or unfavorable. An example calculation is also shown for several variances.
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Variance analysis is used to identify and explain differences between planned and actual outcomes. A variance is the difference between an actual amount and a budgeted or planned amount. Variances can be categorized based on the type of cost (e.g. material, labor), whether they are controllable or uncontrollable, if they are favorable or unfavorable, their nature as basic or sub-variances, and more. Variance analysis helps management identify reasons for deviations and take corrective actions to improve performance and control costs.
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This document discusses standard costing and variance analysis techniques. Standard costing involves setting predetermined standard costs that products should attain under given conditions. Variances measure the difference between actual and standard costs/results and can be classified in various ways, including functionally, based on measurement, results, and controllability. Key variances include material, labor, variable and fixed overhead variances. Standard costing is used for cost control, pricing, performance evaluation, and management objectives.
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The document discusses the advantages of the contribution approach and compares absorption costing and variable costing. It notes that the contribution approach is easy for management to understand, is consistent with other analyses, and emphasizes the impact of fixed costs on profits. It explains that absorption costing requires allocating all manufacturing costs to products, while variable costing treats some costs like overhead as fixed costs not directly assigned to products. Absorption costing product costs can be misleading for decision making.
Variances with examples
The document discusses key concepts in variance analysis including static budgets, flexible budgets, favorable and unfavorable variances, and levels of variance analysis. It provides examples of variances including sales volume variance, price and efficiency variances for direct materials and labor, and production volume variance. Variance analysis is used for performance measurement and evaluation of manager effectiveness and efficiency.
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Marginal cost is the additional cost of producing one more unit. It varies with output and includes variable costs and a share of fixed overhead costs. Marginal costing is a technique that separates total costs into fixed and variable costs. Only variable costs are treated as product costs for inventory valuation and profit calculation. Fixed costs are subtracted from the contribution margin to determine profit. Absorption costing treats both fixed and variable costs as product costs. Contribution is sales revenue minus variable costs and shows how much can contribute to fixed costs and profit. Break-even analysis determines the sales volume needed for total revenues to equal total costs, the point of no profit or loss.
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The document discusses several discounted measures used to evaluate project worth: net present value (NPV), net benefit investment ratio (NBIR), benefit-cost ratio (BCR), and internal rate of return (IRR). It provides the formulas and decision rules for each measure. It notes that while NPV, NBIR, BCR, and IRR are commonly used, IRR can be unreliable in situations with non-conventional cash flows or mutually exclusive projects, and that NPV should be used to resolve conflicts between decision rules.
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Marginal costing is a technique that differentiates between fixed and variable costs. It involves ascertaining marginal cost by focusing only on the variable costs associated with increasing or decreasing output by one unit. Some key benefits of marginal costing include providing clearer insights into the impact of sales fluctuations on profitability and the relative profitability of different products. Marginal costing is useful for managerial decisions related to pricing, order acceptance, make-or-buy analysis, product mix selection, and other areas.
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The difference between the current assets and current liabilities is known as the net working capital. Change in net working capital is the difference between the net working capital for two given reporting periods. Copy the link given below and paste it in new browser window to get more information on Changes in net working capital:- http://www.transtutors.com/homework-help/corporate-finance/financial-statement-analysis/cash-flows/net-working-capital-change/
Please identify hardware device(s) (peripherals) and describe how a NO.docx
Please identify hardware device(s) (peripherals) and describe how a NOS configure and manage the device(s) in a distributed environment. What are the device management techniques out there that are adopted by NOSs in such a networked environment? How do NOSs resolve device conflict when it occurs? (For example, when a system resource has been allocated to two or more network devices).
Solution
The term network operating system is used to refer to two rather different concepts:
A specialised operating system for a network device such as a router, switch or firewall.
An operating system oriented to computer networking, to allow shared file and printer access among multiple computers in a network, to enable the sharing of data, users, groups, security, applications, and other networking functions.[1] Typically over a local area network (LAN), or private network. This sense is now largely historical, as common operating systems generally now have such features included.
There are two types of NOS :
Peer to Peer
In a peer-to-peer network operating system users are allowed to share resources and files located on their computers and access shared resources
from others. This system is not based with having a file server or centralized management source. A peer-to-peer network sets all connected computers
equal; they all share the same abilities to use resources available on the network
The advantages include:
Ease of setup
Less hardware needed, no server need be acquired
The disadvantages include:
No central location for storage
Less security than the client–server model
Client Server
Network operating systems can be based on a client–server model (architecture) in which a server enables multiple clients to share resources.
Client-server network operating systems allow networks to centralize functions and applications in one or more dedicated file servers.
The server is the center of the system, allowing access to resources and instituting security. The network operating system provides
the mechanism to integrate all the components on a network to allow multiple users to simultaneously share the same resources regardless of
physical location
The advantages include:
Centralized servers are more stable.
Security is provided through the server.
New technology and hardware can be easily integrated into the system.
Hardware and the operating system can be specialized, with a focus on performance.
Servers are able to be accessed remotely from different locations and types of systems.
The disadvantages include:
Buying and running a server raises costs.
Dependence on a central location for operation.
Requires regular maintenance and updates.
.
please list two of the devices provided by the text (or other devices-.docx
please list two of the devices provided by the text (or other devices, if you prefer), state what types of evidence you would look for on those devices, and explain what limitations you might have or what hurdles you would have to clear before searching those devices (BOTH as a company IT professional and a law enforcement officer). Identify what, if any, policies would need to be in place for you to search as a private employee, as well as what limits can be placed on the search by police. Please discuss thoroughly, and respond in a substantive, intelligent way to at least one of your fellow classmates
Solution
The law of evidence also known as the rules of evidence , encompasses the rules and legal principles that govern the proof of facts in a legal proceeding. These rules determine what evidence must or must not be considered by the trier of fact (which might be a judge or a jury) in reaching its decision and, sometimes, the weight that may be given to that evidence. The law of evidence is also concerned with the quantum (amount), quality, and type of proof needed to prevail in litigation. The rules vary depending upon whether the venue is a criminal court, civil court, or family court, and they vary by jurisdiction.
The quantum of evidence is the amount of evidence needed; the quality of proof is how reliable such evidence should be considered. Important rules that govern admissibility concern hearsay, authentication, relevance, privilege, witnesses, opinions, expert testimony,identification and rules of physical evidence. There are various standards of evidence or standards showing how strong the evidence must be to meet the legal burden of proof in a given situation, ranging from reasonable suspicion to preponderance of the evidence, clear and convincing evidence, or beyond a reasonable doubt.
There are several types of evidence, depending on the form or source. Evidence governs the use of testimony (e.g., oral or written statements, such as an affidavit), exhibits (e.g., physical objects), documentary material, or demonstrative evidence, which are admissible (i.e., allowed to be considered by the trier of fact, such as jury) in a judicial or administrative proceeding (e.g., a court of law).
When a dispute, whether relating to a civil or criminal matter, reaches the court there will always be a number of issues which one party will have to prove in order to persuade the court to find in his or her favour. The law must ensure certain guidelines are set out in order to ensure that evidence presented to the court can be regarded as trustworthy.
.
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This document discusses production order variance and standard costs as a way to evaluate performance and increase efficiency. It explains that setting standards and measuring variances from those standards allows companies to identify areas for improvement. The document then provides details on calculating different types of variances, including direct material, direct labor, and manufacturing overhead variances. It describes separating the total variance for each into a price and quantity component to help analyze the sources of unfavorable or favorable variances.
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By the end of this chapter, you will be able to:
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environments
smi81240_06_c06_143-166.indd 143 3/7/14 9:43 AM
144
Section 6.1Cost and Volume
Introduction
After a lower than hoped for level of net income in 2012, Chamberlin Skilled Nursing and Reha-
bilitation Center, Inc. is seeking ways to improve profitability. Mary Ellen Lahay, the adminis-
trator at Chamberlin, has envisioned four ways to improve profits: (1) increase the number of
residents, (2) negotiate higher payment rates from insurance companies, (3) reduce the costs
that vary with the number of residents, and (4) reduce overhead and costs that don’t vary
with the number of residents. How feasible are any of these four ways to improve profits?
How much could any of these options improve profits? Clearly, Ms. Lahay has some home-
work to do to examine these options.
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volume-profit relationship is at the core of many analyses in managerial accounting. Finding
ways to change costs and manage volumes of patients and services provided to patients is an
important aspect of managing the finances of any healthcare organization. Understanding
and managing revenues was the focus of Chapter 5.
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It seems intuitive that costs and patient volume would be closely related in the operations of
healthcare organizations. If there are more patients, costs must be higher. Is this always the
case? Suppose you are managing an ophthalmology practice where most patients schedule
appointments for their eye visits. One day, just before closing, a patient appears at the front
desk with a request to see the physician. The patient has recently received new eyeglasses
and is experiencing headaches and double vision. The physician sees the patient that day,
performs a diagnosis of the condition, and prescribes a treatment. Will the cost for the prac-
tice be higher that day? Cost for the practice will probably not change due to one unscheduled
patient on one day.
There are some costs that will not increase with patient volume, at least in the short run,
such as the rental cost for the office space. We call these fixed costs. Other costs, such as
supplies used in diagnosis or treatment, increase with the volume of patients. We call these
variable costs. There are still other costs that exhibit characteristics of both fixed and vari-
able costs. One of the tasks of business managers is to understand the relationships between
various costs and volume and to perform analyses that inform financial planning and man-
agement. This chapter will describe variable costs, fixed costs, and combinations of costs
that define the pattern o.
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aaa aaa variance analysis.ppt
Variance analysis is used to identify and explain differences between planned and actual outcomes. A variance is the difference between an actual amount and a budgeted or planned amount. Variances can be categorized based on the type of cost (e.g. material, labor), whether they are controllable or uncontrollable, if they are favorable or unfavorable, their nature as basic or sub-variances, and more. Variance analysis helps management identify reasons for deviations and take corrective actions to improve performance and control costs.
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The document discusses the advantages of the contribution approach and compares absorption costing and variable costing. It notes that the contribution approach is easy for management to understand, is consistent with other analyses, and emphasizes the impact of fixed costs on profits. It explains that absorption costing requires allocating all manufacturing costs to products, while variable costing treats some costs like overhead as fixed costs not directly assigned to products. Absorption costing product costs can be misleading for decision making.
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The document discusses key concepts in variance analysis including static budgets, flexible budgets, favorable and unfavorable variances, and levels of variance analysis. It provides examples of variances including sales volume variance, price and efficiency variances for direct materials and labor, and production volume variance. Variance analysis is used for performance measurement and evaluation of manager effectiveness and efficiency.
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Marginal cost is the additional cost of producing one more unit. It varies with output and includes variable costs and a share of fixed overhead costs. Marginal costing is a technique that separates total costs into fixed and variable costs. Only variable costs are treated as product costs for inventory valuation and profit calculation. Fixed costs are subtracted from the contribution margin to determine profit. Absorption costing treats both fixed and variable costs as product costs. Contribution is sales revenue minus variable costs and shows how much can contribute to fixed costs and profit. Break-even analysis determines the sales volume needed for total revenues to equal total costs, the point of no profit or loss.
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costing.PPTX
Marginal costing and absorption costing are two methods used to ascertain product costs. Marginal costing only includes variable costs in product costs, while absorption costing includes both fixed and variable costs. Key terms in marginal costing include variable costs, fixed costs, marginal costs, contribution, and break-even point. Formulas are provided to calculate metrics like profit-volume ratio, break-even point, margin of safety, and profits at different production levels using marginal cost principles. Limiting factors that can restrict growth, like material shortages or lack of capacity, are also discussed.
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The document discusses several discounted measures used to evaluate project worth: net present value (NPV), net benefit investment ratio (NBIR), benefit-cost ratio (BCR), and internal rate of return (IRR). It provides the formulas and decision rules for each measure. It notes that while NPV, NBIR, BCR, and IRR are commonly used, IRR can be unreliable in situations with non-conventional cash flows or mutually exclusive projects, and that NPV should be used to resolve conflicts between decision rules.
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This document provides an overview of cost-volume-profit analysis, specifically focusing on cost behavior analysis. It defines and discusses variable costs, fixed costs, and mixed costs. Variable costs change in proportion to changes in activity, while fixed costs remain constant regardless of activity level. The relevant range is the range of activity a company expects to operate in, where variable and fixed costs can be assumed to change linearly with activity. Mixed costs have both variable and fixed components. The document provides examples and graphs to illustrate these cost behavior concepts.
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Marginal costing is a technique that differentiates between fixed and variable costs. It involves ascertaining marginal cost by focusing only on the variable costs associated with increasing or decreasing output by one unit. Some key benefits of marginal costing include providing clearer insights into the impact of sales fluctuations on profitability and the relative profitability of different products. Marginal costing is useful for managerial decisions related to pricing, order acceptance, make-or-buy analysis, product mix selection, and other areas.
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Cost Accounting Presentationn Minhaj University Lahore
Cost Accounting Presentationn Minhaj University Lahore
Cost-Volume-Profit Analysis6©Getty ImagesComstock .docx
Cost-Volume-Profit Analysis6©Getty ImagesComstock .docx
Costi Industriali e Costi Variabili: 4. I vantaggi dell’ approccio della Cont...
Costi Industriali e Costi Variabili: 4. I vantaggi dell’ approccio della Cont...
Break even analysis- A Comprehensive and Clear Description
Break even analysis- A Comprehensive and Clear Description
More from rtodd19
Please identify hardware device(s) (peripherals) and describe how a NO.docx
Please identify hardware device(s) (peripherals) and describe how a NOS configure and manage the device(s) in a distributed environment. What are the device management techniques out there that are adopted by NOSs in such a networked environment? How do NOSs resolve device conflict when it occurs? (For example, when a system resource has been allocated to two or more network devices).
Solution
The term network operating system is used to refer to two rather different concepts:
A specialised operating system for a network device such as a router, switch or firewall.
An operating system oriented to computer networking, to allow shared file and printer access among multiple computers in a network, to enable the sharing of data, users, groups, security, applications, and other networking functions.[1] Typically over a local area network (LAN), or private network. This sense is now largely historical, as common operating systems generally now have such features included.
There are two types of NOS :
Peer to Peer
In a peer-to-peer network operating system users are allowed to share resources and files located on their computers and access shared resources
from others. This system is not based with having a file server or centralized management source. A peer-to-peer network sets all connected computers
equal; they all share the same abilities to use resources available on the network
The advantages include:
Ease of setup
Less hardware needed, no server need be acquired
The disadvantages include:
No central location for storage
Less security than the client–server model
Client Server
Network operating systems can be based on a client–server model (architecture) in which a server enables multiple clients to share resources.
Client-server network operating systems allow networks to centralize functions and applications in one or more dedicated file servers.
The server is the center of the system, allowing access to resources and instituting security. The network operating system provides
the mechanism to integrate all the components on a network to allow multiple users to simultaneously share the same resources regardless of
physical location
The advantages include:
Centralized servers are more stable.
Security is provided through the server.
New technology and hardware can be easily integrated into the system.
Hardware and the operating system can be specialized, with a focus on performance.
Servers are able to be accessed remotely from different locations and types of systems.
The disadvantages include:
Buying and running a server raises costs.
Dependence on a central location for operation.
Requires regular maintenance and updates.
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please list two of the devices provided by the text (or other devices-.docx
please list two of the devices provided by the text (or other devices, if you prefer), state what types of evidence you would look for on those devices, and explain what limitations you might have or what hurdles you would have to clear before searching those devices (BOTH as a company IT professional and a law enforcement officer). Identify what, if any, policies would need to be in place for you to search as a private employee, as well as what limits can be placed on the search by police. Please discuss thoroughly, and respond in a substantive, intelligent way to at least one of your fellow classmates
Solution
The law of evidence also known as the rules of evidence , encompasses the rules and legal principles that govern the proof of facts in a legal proceeding. These rules determine what evidence must or must not be considered by the trier of fact (which might be a judge or a jury) in reaching its decision and, sometimes, the weight that may be given to that evidence. The law of evidence is also concerned with the quantum (amount), quality, and type of proof needed to prevail in litigation. The rules vary depending upon whether the venue is a criminal court, civil court, or family court, and they vary by jurisdiction.
The quantum of evidence is the amount of evidence needed; the quality of proof is how reliable such evidence should be considered. Important rules that govern admissibility concern hearsay, authentication, relevance, privilege, witnesses, opinions, expert testimony,identification and rules of physical evidence. There are various standards of evidence or standards showing how strong the evidence must be to meet the legal burden of proof in a given situation, ranging from reasonable suspicion to preponderance of the evidence, clear and convincing evidence, or beyond a reasonable doubt.
There are several types of evidence, depending on the form or source. Evidence governs the use of testimony (e.g., oral or written statements, such as an affidavit), exhibits (e.g., physical objects), documentary material, or demonstrative evidence, which are admissible (i.e., allowed to be considered by the trier of fact, such as jury) in a judicial or administrative proceeding (e.g., a court of law).
When a dispute, whether relating to a civil or criminal matter, reaches the court there will always be a number of issues which one party will have to prove in order to persuade the court to find in his or her favour. The law must ensure certain guidelines are set out in order to ensure that evidence presented to the court can be regarded as trustworthy.
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Please I need this answered with refrences - Thanks In a database- to.docx
Please I need this answered with refrences . Thanks
In a database, to control security, lock controls are implemented and tested using the ACID test. Explain the following terms for each letter within the ACID method: Atomicity, Consistency, Isolation, Durability.
Solution
ACID properties are an important concept for databases. The acronym stands for Atomicity, Consistency, Isolation, and Durability. The ACID properties of a DBMS allow safe sharing of data.
A transaction in a database system must maintain A tomicity, C onsistency, I solation, and D urability commonly known as ACID properties in order to ensure accuracy, completeness, and data integrity.
Atomicity
his property states that a transaction must be treated as an atomic unit, that is, either all of its operations are executed or none. There must be no state in a database where a transaction is left partially completed. States should be defined either before the execution of the transaction or after the execution/abortion/failure of the transaction.
Features to consider for atomicity:
Consistency
Consistency is the ACID property that ensures that any changes to values in an instance are consistent with changes to other values in the same instance. A consistency constraint is a predicate on data which serves as a precondition, post-condition, and transformation condition on any transaction.
Isolation
In a database system where more than one transaction are being executed simultaneously and in parallel, the property of isolation states that all the transactions will be carried out and executed as if it is the only transaction in the system. No transaction will affect the existence of any other transaction.
As an example, if two people are updating the same catalog item, it\'s not acceptable for one person\'s changes to be \"clobbered\" when the second person saves a different set of changes. Both users should be able to work in isolation, working as though he or she is the only user. Each set of changes must be isolated from those of the other users.
Durability
The database should be durable enough to hold all its latest updates even if the system fails or restarts. If a transaction updates a chunk of data in a database and commits, then the database will hold the modified data. If a transaction commits but the system fails before the data could be written on to the disk, then that data will be updated once the system springs back into action.
Features to consider for durability:
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Please help- thanks- Many government agencies and other organizations.docx
Please help. thanks, Many government agencies and other organizations display warning and consent banners to users logging onto the network. A sample consent banner is shown below. Based on a user’s acceptance of the banner, should the government be authorized to monitor network communications? To search and seize data contained on the information system? Should the government be required to obtain consent, a subpoena or search warrant to search the data? Is it foreseeable that the government could intercept or search a user’s personal data such as personal email or web browsing activity and should that be authorized? Discuss these questions thoroughly in your Conference response, and respond to at least one other student’s original post in a way that adds to the discussion.
Sample banner:
By using this Information System (IS) (which includes any device attached to this IS), you consent to the following conditions:
The U.S. Government (USG) routinely intercepts and monitors communications on this IS for purposes including, but not limited to, penetration testing, Communications Security (COMSEC) monitoring, network operations and defense, personnel misconduct (PM), law enforcement (LE), and counterintelligence (CI) investigations.
At any time, the USG may inspect and seize data stored on this IS.
Communications using, or data stored on, this IS are not private, are subject to routine monitoring, interception, and search, and may be disclosed or used for any USG-authorized purpose.
This IS includes security measures (e.g., authentication and access controls) to protect USG interests--not for your personal benefit or privacy.
Notwithstanding the above, using this IS does not constitute consent to PM, LE or CI investigative searching or monitoring of the content of privileged communications, or work product, related to personal representation or services by attorneys, psychotherapists, or clergy, and their assistants. Such communications and work product are private and confidential. See User Agreement for details.
Solution
Answer:
if various government agencies and the other organization displaying warning and if the user accept the warning banner then i think yes, the government is authorized to monitor the network communications. Government has all the rights, because government has already displayed you the warning, and if after seeing warning message if you are accepting it, then you are giving approval.
Regarding searching data or even seizing data on information system, government should obtain the legal warrant, without that government should not be allowed to seized or even search data on any information systems.
Without taking the user\'s permission or user\'s approval, no one should be authorized to access user\'s data such as email, address, browsing activities.
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Please explain Advanced Persistent Threat!SolutionAnswer- An advanced.docx
Please explain Advanced Persistent Threat!
Solution
Answer-
An advanced persistent threat (APT) is a network attack in which an unauthorized person gains access to a network and stays there undetected for a long period of time. The intention of an APT attack is to steal data rather than to cause damage to the network or organization.
An advanced persistent threat is a set of stealthy and continuous computer hacking processes, often orchestrated by human(s) targeting a specific entity. An APT usually targets organizations and/or nations for business or political motives. APT processes require a high degree of covertness over a long period of time. The \"advanced\" process signifies sophisticated techniques using malware to exploit vulnerabilities in systems. The \"persistent\" process suggests that an external command and control system is continuously monitoring and extracting data from a specific target. The \"threat\" process indicates human involvement in orchestrating the attack.
APT usually refers to a group, such as a government, with both the capability and the intent to target, persistently and effectively, a specific entity. The term is commonly used to refer to cyber threats, in particular that of Internet-enabled espionage using a variety of intelligence gathering techniques to access sensitive information, but applies equally to other threats such as that of traditional espionage or attacks. Other recognized attack vectors include infected media, supply chain compromise, and social engineering. The purpose of these attacks is to place custom malicious code on one or multiple computers for specific tasks and to remain undetected for the longest possible period. Knowing the attacker artefacts, such as file names, can help a professional make a network-wide search to gather all affected systems. Individuals, such as an individual hacker, are not usually referred to as an APT, as they rarely have the resources to be both advanced and persistent even if they are intent on gaining access to, or attacking, a specific target.
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Please explain--- a) why SO2 (g) and H2O (l) formed instead of H2 (g)-.docx
Please explain...
a) why SO2 (g) and H2O (l) formed instead of H2 (g). I thought a metal and an acid would produce a salt and H2 (g)
b) how one could predict these products.
c) why CO2 (g) is formed instead of H2CO3 (aq).
d) why MnO2 (s) does not participate in the reaction and how one could predict when something will be a catalyst.
Are there any general rules to follow to get the right products without just memorizing every possible reaction? If I just have to memorize, could you please give me a website with information on common products to these types of reactions?
[12] Write net equations for each of the reactions below. Use appropriate ionic and molecular formulas and omit formulas for all ions or molecules that do not take part in a reaction. Write structural formulas for all organic substances. You need not balance the equaon is heated strongly with a. A strip of copper metal is heated strongly with concentrated sulfuric acid. b. Solid dinitrogen pentoxide is added to water. c. Lead(II carbonate is added to hydrobromic acid. d. Freshly precipitated manganese(IV) oxide is added to a solution of hydrogen peroxide.
Solution
a). In the given reaction copper does not react with sulphuric acid (H2SO4), because it can not displace hydrogen form acid as it\'s reduction potential is higher than hydrogen, but here H2SO4 is an oxidising agent, redox reaction takes place so it oxidises the metal and itself reduces to SO 2 .
B). nitrogen pentoxide( N2O5) is an anhydride of HNO3, it is very unstable and oxidiser. When it is reacted with H2O it can form HNO3 but in a prolonged way( slowly). the above step is part of mechanism in formation of HNO3.
c)PbCO3 is a metal carboante , it is decomposed to give PbO and CO2(g), so in the given reaction CO 2 is formed.
D) any compound that acst as catalyst does not partcipate in the reaction , it iniciates the reaction only.the nature of catalyst substance doesnot change during whole process of reaction.
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Please don-'t copy from an outside source Briefly discuss the distribu.docx
Please don\'t copy from an outside source
Briefly discuss the distributed database architectures:
replicated database servers
partitioned database servers
cloud-based database servers.
How does security over each of these databases affect the architecture or support of these databases? Also, discuss how you would secure any of these databases; include tools and methods in your response.
Solution
Replicated database server
It become easy and useful to available database if we have replicated database servers
We can replicate relations or we can replicate fragments at one or more than one sites in replicated databse server
We can either create Full replication, No replication and Partial replication
Partitioned database servers
In this server we logically partition the database.
This increases the availbility, and performance of database data retrival
We can use Hash partition, line partition, range partition as a partition tcriteria
Partitioning uses two methods verical and horizontal
Partitioning allows to split tables, indexes into much smaller entities and these splitted entites are called partition in database
Cloud-based databse server
Database server which relies on cloud (ie on a server which resides over internet), bascially uses cloud computing to access database
A database accessible to clients from the cloud and delivered to users on demand via the Internet from a cloud database provider\'s servers
In these database the user app doesnt have to worry about the logical connections ith databse server, if the suer have internet access then the app automatically connect to the databse via network and the app size reduces to a large context
Well the following issues affect the architecture
The security affects the multilevel metadata distribution in distributed database
Moreover sometimes encryption applied also interrupts the data distribution accross sites
How we can secure these databases
By Authenticating each user
By Making proper Identification
and by applying proper encrypting methodology to secure the data transmission
Security tool
Deadlock Detector
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Please distinguish between a malware and a virus- How are they same an.docx
Please distinguish between a malware and a virus. How are they same and how are they different?
Please discuss the differences between HIDS and NIDS
Solution
Malware
The word Malware is short for malicious software, and is a general term used to describe all of the viruses, worms, spyware, and pretty much anything that is specifically designed to cause harm to your PC or steal your information.
Viruses
The term computer virus is often used interchangeably with malware, though the two don\'t actually have the same meaning. In the strictest sense, a virus is a program that copies itself and infects a PC, spreading from one file to another, and then from one PC to another when the files are copied or shared. Most viruses attach themselves to executable files, but some can target a master boot record, autorun scripts, MS Office macros, or even in some cases, arbitrary files. Many of these viruses, like CIH, are designed to render your PC completely inoperable, while others simply delete or corrupt your files—the general point is that a virus is designed to cause havoc and break stuff.
Host intrusion detection systems (HIDS) and network intrusion detection systems (NIDS) are methods of security management for computers and networks. In HIDS, anti-threat applications such as firewalls, antivirus software and spyware-detection programs are installed on every network computer that has two-way access to the outside environment such as the Internet. In NIDS, anti-threat software is installed only at specific points such as servers that interface between the outside environment and the network segment to be protected.
All methods of intrusion detection (ID) involve the gathering and analysis of information from various areas within a computer or network to identify possible threats posed by hackers and crackers inside or outside the organization. Host-based and network-based ID systems have their respective advantages and limitations. The most effective protection for a proprietary network is provided by a combination of both technologies.
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Please answer part c of the question- Thank you- The International Ato.docx
Please answer part c of the question. Thank you.
The International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) has an interactive chart of the nuclides which has a wealth of information. Use the chart to answer the questions below this link should open the chart in a new window or tab. Interactive chart of the nuclides (from the IAEA) In your new window or tab, you should see a colorful diagram that is shaped something like an amoeba. Note that you can click-and-drag in the window to re-position the graph, and you can move and zoom using the controls at the top left (you can also zoom by scrolling up or down in the window). (a) Most of the nuclides shown are given a color, representing the half-life, but some of the nuclides are black. Note that, near the bottom left of the chart, the black ones are found on or near the line Z = N (same number of protons and neutrons). As the atomic number increases, however, the nuclides in black are found below the Z N line, so these black ones have more neutrons than protons. what do the nuclides in black represent? These are stable nuclei. O These are nuclides we have no information about. O These are nuclei that decay via alpha decay O These are the nuclides that play the bad nuclei in the movies. O These are nuclei that decay via the beta-plus process. These are nuclei ht deay by oving offa gamma ray These are nuclei that have extremely short half-lives. O These are nuclei that decay via the beta-minus process O These are nuclei that decay via electron capture. (b) To the right of the chart, you should see a \"Color zones by selector with a pull-down menu. Use that pull-down menu to select \"main decay mode\". Note which nuclides decay via alpha decay beta-minus decay, beta-plus decay, etc. In general, what is true about those nuclides which decay via the beta-minus process? They are found above the most stable nuclei, so that decaying via beta-minus moves the nuclei away from the zone of higher stability. O They have long half-lives O They have short h-ives. O They do not change their number of protons when they decay O They do not change their number of neutrons when they decay They are found above the most stable nuclei, so that decaying via beta-minus moves the nuclei toward the zone of higher stability They are found below the most stable nuclei, so that decaying via beta-minus moves the nuclei toward the zone of higher stability ? They are found below the most stable nuclei, so that decaying via beta-minus moves the nuclei away from the zone of higher stability (c) According to the table, the element tin has how many stable nuclides? (This is more than any other element, in fact.) stable nuclides
Solution
(c) Tin has the most number of nuclides.
According to the table, the element tin has ten (10) stable nuclides.
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Pictorialize a human being as a computer system-SolutionThe human nerv.docx
Pictorialize a human being as a computer system.
Solution
The human nervous system is like the telephone network, cause it do the same thing , all the impulses that a human has respond through all the nerves which are connected to the base of the brain, and all signals and messages go to the brain, and the mind respond by sending an impulse to the given area ,and an action is preformed,then impulses are send back,for new impulses to be send by the brain, so that is why it is like a telephone system. The Human brain acts as the CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT, where each of the actions performed by the other parts of the body are analyzed and the tasks are assigned to various parts of the brain- namely cerebrum and cerebellum.
The Cerebrum can be likened to as the HARD disk of the computer where all the memory is stored. The data stored in the cerebrum can be retrieved easily. The Cerebellum of the brain can be likened to RAM - Random access memory, where the data is only stored for a short period of time.
The major similarities between the human body and the computer system are as follows.
both will malfunction if attacked by virus.
both has a limited memory
both can explore various sites.
both has their own briefcases.
both has their own calculators
both can import and export
both can act as a messenger
both can write a mail
both can paste
both can save
both has their own favorites
both has their own tools
both can play games
When tired and slow both has to refreshed
both carry a address book,note pad and calendar
sometime both require a help
both could be repaired and cured by only by qualified technicians.
Both function and look better with Add-ons
both ask questions and answer questions.
By over usage both get heated up.
Both have network places
Both have choice to run
Both can play music
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Personal Trainer- Inc- owns and operates fitness centers in a dozen Mi.docx
Personal Trainer, Inc. owns and operates fitness centers in a dozen Midwestern cities. The centers have done well, and the company is planning an international expansion by opening a new “supercenter†in the Toronto area. Personal Trainer’s president, Cassia Umi, hired an IT consultant, Susan Park, to help develop an information system for the new facility. During the project, Susan will work closely with Gray Lewis, who will manage the new operation.
Background
During data and process modeling, Susan Park developed a logical model of the proposed system.
She drew an entity-relationship diagram and constructed a set of leveled and balanced DFDs.
Now Susan is ready to consider various development strategies for the new system. She will investigate traditional and Web-based approaches and weigh the pros and cons of in-house development versus other alternatives. Before you begin, you should review the background information and facts contained in Chapters 2, 4, and 5 of the case study.
Tasks
1. Susan has been asked to prepare a system requirements document and deliver a presentation to the management team. What should be the main elements of the system requirements document?
2. Based on the suggestions in Part A of the Systems Analyst’s Toolkit, what visual aids should Susan use during her presentation?
Solution
1)Ans-
The main elements of the system requirements should be:
1) Budget consideration.
2) The objective of the software system.
3) Describe the transactions the system will process.
4) Information the users and managers need from the system.
5) Consider security issue
2)Ans-
Susan should use power point as a visual aid, some flip charts, overhead transparencies, videos, slides, to improve her presentation. She should also prepare a contingency plan in case anything was to happen to her presentation.
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Peruse the readings by Bennis and Nanus- Schein- and Ulrich and Lake-.docx
Peruse the readings by Bennis and Nanus, Schein, and Ulrich and Lake. Are these concepts employed in your company today? Why or Why not?
Solution
The concepts that have been proposed by Bennis and Nanus, Schein, and Ulrich and Lake are widely used in organizations since they give a clear picture of the following:
1. Gaining attention through vision
2. Meaning through communication
3. Trust through positioning
4. Deployment of self through
The key concepts stressed by all the above experts are about being leaders, followers and mainly about the visioning process. The concepts are widely used in the oranizations these days as vision gives clarity to leaders as to what their key actions should be oriented with. The vision of the company will drive individuals to become leaders and to lead the group. If the employees are able to relate themselves with the company and with the goal of the company then they will be able to guide the team towards achieving the goal.
Bennis (1989) proposed that a role of the leader is to give direction to vision and ideas so that followers can work on achieving the vision. In addition to Bennis, Ulrich et al. (1999) called for leaders to set direction so that the vision could become a reality. Kotter (1990) and Kanter (1995) both independently called for similar leadership efforts in that the leader should establish a direction. This can best be done by helping the followers see what must be done in the short and intermediate-term through strategies and tactics to achieve the vision.
According to Ulrich the leader sets the purpose and direction of the organization which is almot evident in all the organizations these days. Further he insisted that leaders should have three elements which are having ethics, emphasizing ethics, and enforcing ethics.
The concepts that were suggested by the above mentioned experts are employed in the concern since it serves as a guide to understand what the leader should do and how a leader should shoulder responsibilities.
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Why do some authors view investment cash flow sensitivity as a symptom.docx
Why do some authors view investment cash flow sensitivity as a symptom of underinvestment while others see it as symptoms of overinvestment?
Solution
Answer:
Investment cash flow sensitivity, some autohers consider asymmetric information theory which supposes that the information is not equally distributed between managers and suppliers of external finance, and other refer to agency theory.An assumption of asymmentric information theory is that managers act in the best intersts of existing sharehonders and extrenal investors can not assess the quality of investment project.Managers will prefer internal funds to finance new projects.This implies a positive relationship between the availabitility of cash flow and investment. Second in some cases managers will prefer to underinvest rather than to look for new investors. consquently investment cash flow senstivity can be a symptom of underinvestment.According to agency theory however manager a re assumed to take actions that are not in shareholders interest.To increase their power, manager undertake the highet level of investment.as a result, they may use a firm\'s free cash flows in unprofitable project.Investment cash flow sensitivity is then a symptom of overinvestment.
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Why do some converging technologies raise special ethical and social i.docx
Why do some converging technologies raise special ethical and social issues?
Solution
Because
1. Human costs and de-valuing work: Consider the levels of automation undergoing will increase the performance but at the cost of diminishing the work’s intellectual and emotional value.For e.g The levels of automation found in fast-food restaurants , assembly line or warehouse fulfillment centers, where work is de-humanized, worker growth is diminished, and the value of rewarding work is stripped away.
2. De-Skilling : Development of powerful support systems that augment human intelligence in demanding environments provides the positive benefits by reduction in errors and improve safety but the gains from technology will outweigh the loss of skills.Automation can create a situation where skilled operators can be replaced be less-skilled operators. For example, some aircraft systems, such as the Boeing Dreamliner and the  F-35 Lighting II, have become so complicated that they challenge the human capacity to fly them without assistance from an “intelligent†assistant.
3.The erosion of privacy : Technologies have been developed to remotely monitor the activities of the elderly allow parents to monitor every movement of their children – what they’re doing at home but continous monitoring has opposite effect, instead leaving one feeling the loss of highly valued privacy and dignity because of non-stop monitoring.
4. The dangers of distraction: The convergence of technologies can tax our attention spans in a way that threatens the limits of human capabilities.With the availability of GPS screens, entertainment monitors, handsfree cellphone and advanced stereo systems having multiple mechanisms to control them, delivers high value and pleasure to the driver along with passengers,but they divide the operator’s attention and distracting him or her from the stated purpose of driving, leading to life- threatening situations
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Why do the outer stars in our galaxy not slow down- as Keplers laws of.docx
Why do the outer stars in our galaxy not slow down, as Kepler’s laws of motion would predict?
Solution
Kepler\'s Laws were derived for the planets orbiting the Sun in our solar system. And they work for any situation in which you have one discrete object with a mass far greater than any of the the objects that orbit it. But with galaxies you have a very different situation. The mass of a galaxy is not all concentrated at the center. It\'s spread out among all the constituents of the galaxy, across hundreds of thousands of light years. As explained here, even the supermassive black hole at the center of the Milky Way isn\'t massive enough to greatly affect the orbits of the stars in our galaxy (except for those very close to the center).
In practice, and this is especially true for galaxies\' stars, the paths are not perfect ellipses. There is often some precession (a slow change in position) of the orbiting object\'s path, causing it to never repeat the exact same orbit about the central mass.
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Why are concentrated interests and diffuse costs important in predicti.docx
Why are concentrated interests and diffuse costs important in predicting legislative outcomes
Solution
But personal interest is no longer a safe criterion if individual interests are not left to counteract and control each other. If one individual, or one class, can call in the aid of authority to ward off the effects of competition, it acquires a privilege and at the cost of the whole community; it can then make sure of profits not altogether due to the productive services rendered, but composed in part of an actual tax upon consumers for its private profit; which tax it commonly shares with the authority that thus unjustly lends its support. The legislative body has great difficulty in resisting the importunate demands for this kind of privileges; the applicants are the producers that are to benefit thereby, who can represent, with much plausibility, that their own gains are a gain to the industrious classes, and to the nation at large, their workmen and themselves being members of the industrious classes, and of the nation. - Jean-Baptiste Say
The taxes would be paid by the people over the whole country, but the benefits would go to the few people in those particular locations. This type of spending is a rather gross waste of resources that worsened over the years as the government has been allowed to do more particularized things. - James M. Buchanan
So, in one country, the fruit of labor is taken from the workman by taxes, under pretence of the welfare of the state; in another, by privileges, declaring labor a royal concession, and making one pay dearly for the right to devote himself to it. The same abuse is reproduced under forms more indirect, but not less oppressive, when, by means of custom-duties, the state shares with the privileged industries the benefits of the taxes imposed on non-privileged classes. - J
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Who are organizational stakeholders and what types of responsibilities.docx
Who are organizational stakeholders and what types of responsibilities does an organization have to them?
Solution
Organizational Stakeholders: Organizational stakeholder is a person or group having interest or relations with an organization. The est exaples of organizational stakeholders are board of directors , employees, government, shareholders, community and other interested parties.
Type of responsiblity depends upon the type of stakeholder for example organization\'s responsibility towards its employees is to compansate them resonably, to hear their grievences and to motivate them for achieving goals of an organization.
Resposibility towards creditors is to meet and respect credit terms committed with the creditor. Responsibility towords government is to follow its laws and rules governing oganizational operations. Responsibility towards directors is to provide them the complete details regarding the operations and functons of the organization.
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Who are the principle stake holders of the company- Did Dole treat the.docx
Who are the principle stake holders of the company? Did Dole treat them differently, and if so, why? what were the key challenges for the company in managing the relationships with those different stakeholders groups?(case study-Dole\'s DBCP Legacy)
Solution
We will establish and maintain an effective system which governs our corporate entities to ensure that management is both transparent and accountable to our internal and external stakeholders. We will implement systems of compliance to ensure that we properly observe and respect the laws and regulations of each country in which we operate. We will respect and adhere to the principles of the United Nations Global Compact.(*1) We will not tolerate any form of bribery, corruption, dishonest marketing, or insider trading. We will conduct all transactions in accordance with these principles, promoting fair and open competition in the marketplace. We will employ best practices in risk management in financial, environmental and social arena to continuously earn the trust of our stakeholders. We will maintain a good, mutually cooperative relationship with governments and their administrative bodies. We will not involve ourselves in nor have contact with any anti-social movement or group that promotes activities which are illegal or threatening to public order and safety
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Which type of network covers a contiguous geographic area- such as an.docx
Which type of network covers a contiguous geographic area, such as an office building, or a group of buildings in close probability to each other? LAN MAN WAN All of the above what is an obstacle to IT integration? People Process Technology All the above E-mail messages may be stored on which of the following computers? Sender\'s computer Sender\'s server Recipient\'s server All of the above Which of the following PROVIDEs the use of software application over the internet for a fee? Application service Provider Software Application Suppler Software Resources Provider Software Application Provider
Solution
Please find the answers below:
11) MAN : MAN occupies coverage in between LANs and WANs. MAN has distance coverage and data rate higher than LAN, but less than WAN. This is the major difference between LAN and MAN. MAN overlaps to some extent to geographical coverage requirement of WAN.
12) All of the above
13) Recipient\'s server
14) Application software provider
.
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Which space is the most abundant in 1.0 M of wak acid HCN solution? Assume that Ka for HCN IS 10^-10. A) HCN B) H+ C) CN- D) OH-
Solution
HCN(aq) ----------> H^+ (aq) + CN^- (aq)
I 1 0 0
C -x +x +x
E 1-x +x +x
Ka = [H^+][CN^-]/[HCN]
10^-10 = x*x/1-x
10^-10 *(1-x) = x^2
x = 1*10^-6
[H^+] = x = 1*10^-6M
[CN^-] = x = 1*10^-6M
[HCN] = 1-x = 1-0.000001 = 0.99M
[OH^-] = Kw/[H^+]
= 1*10^-14/10^-6 = 10^-8 M
HCN is the most abundant
A) HCN >>>>answer
.
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