The document discusses how news media can both uphold and violate social norms, and the role that news satire plays in restoring social norms. It explores how news satire like The Daily Show uses irony and satire to critique news coverage and expose contradictions between the social values implied in news stories and the actions of their subjects. The document also examines how irony works through reconstructed meaning and clues, and how news satire can speak "truth" by revealing idealized social values that have been violated.
Children Rights Essay. Rights of Children in Australia. Legal and non-legal r...Caitlin Adams
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Read the following essay from Becoming a Critical Thinker (p. 129).
Create
a 1-2 page (title page and references page not included) paper in APA format to substantiate your viewpoint (pro or con as it relates to the essay).
Base
your paper on the W.I.S.E approach (from Becoming a Critical Thinker, Chapter 2). Look for errors in thinking and explore viewpoints that are different from those expressed in the essay. Conduct research to support your viewpoint and include three references in your paper.
How the Media Distort Reality
TV and movie apologists are forever telling us that we have no business criticizing them because they are only holding a mirror up to reality. Many people buy that explanation, but they shouldn’t.
It would be more accurate to say the media hold a magnifying glass to carefully selected realities—namely, the most outrageous and sensational events of the day, such as the tragic deaths of John F. Kennedy Jr. and Princess Diana, or the trials of celebrities such as O.J. Simpson, Kobe Bryant, and Michael Jackson.
Consider how this happens. The first platoon of media people report the latest sensational story as it unfolds, squeezing each new development for all the airtime or newsprint it will yield. Meanwhile, agents and attorneys are negotiating the sale of movie and TV rights to the story. The sleazier the story, the greater
the payoff
. After the movie is produced, every situation comedy, detective show, and western drama builds an episode around the successful theme.
In this way a single despicable, disgusting act—real or imagined—can generate months of sensational media fare.
In short, the media exploit our social problems for ratings, feed us a steady
diet
of debasing material,
celebrate
irresponsible behavior, and then have the audacity to blame parents and teachers for the social problems that result.
.
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In the vast landscape of cinema, stories have been told, retold, and reimagined in countless ways. At the heart of this narrative evolution lies the concept of a "remake". A successful remake allows us to revisit cherished tales through a fresh lens, often reflecting a different era's perspective or harnessing the power of advanced technology. Yet, the question remains, what makes a remake successful? Today, we will delve deeper into this subject, identifying the key ingredients that contribute to the success of a remake.
Skeem Saam in June 2024 available on ForumIsaac More
Monday, June 3, 2024 - Episode 241: Sergeant Rathebe nabs a top scammer in Turfloop. Meikie is furious at her uncle's reaction to the truth about Ntswaki.
Tuesday, June 4, 2024 - Episode 242: Babeile uncovers the truth behind Rathebe’s latest actions. Leeto's announcement shocks his employees, and Ntswaki’s ordeal haunts her family.
Wednesday, June 5, 2024 - Episode 243: Rathebe blocks Babeile from investigating further. Melita warns Eunice to stay clear of Mr. Kgomo.
Thursday, June 6, 2024 - Episode 244: Tbose surrenders to the police while an intruder meddles in his affairs. Rathebe's secret mission faces a setback.
Friday, June 7, 2024 - Episode 245: Rathebe’s antics reach Kganyago. Tbose dodges a bullet, but a nightmare looms. Mr. Kgomo accuses Melita of witchcraft.
Monday, June 10, 2024 - Episode 246: Ntswaki struggles on her first day back at school. Babeile is stunned by Rathebe’s romance with Bullet Mabuza.
Tuesday, June 11, 2024 - Episode 247: An unexpected turn halts Rathebe’s investigation. The press discovers Mr. Kgomo’s affair with a young employee.
Wednesday, June 12, 2024 - Episode 248: Rathebe chases a criminal, resorting to gunfire. Turf High is rife with tension and transfer threats.
Thursday, June 13, 2024 - Episode 249: Rathebe traps Kganyago. John warns Toby to stop harassing Ntswaki.
Friday, June 14, 2024 - Episode 250: Babeile is cleared to investigate Rathebe. Melita gains Mr. Kgomo’s trust, and Jacobeth devises a financial solution.
Monday, June 17, 2024 - Episode 251: Rathebe feels the pressure as Babeile closes in. Mr. Kgomo and Eunice clash. Jacobeth risks her safety in pursuit of Kganyago.
Tuesday, June 18, 2024 - Episode 252: Bullet Mabuza retaliates against Jacobeth. Pitsi inadvertently reveals his parents’ plans. Nkosi is shocked by Khwezi’s decision on LJ’s future.
Wednesday, June 19, 2024 - Episode 253: Jacobeth is ensnared in deceit. Evelyn is stressed over Toby’s case, and Letetswe reveals shocking academic results.
Thursday, June 20, 2024 - Episode 254: Elizabeth learns Jacobeth is in Mpumalanga. Kganyago's past is exposed, and Lehasa discovers his son is in KZN.
Friday, June 21, 2024 - Episode 255: Elizabeth confirms Jacobeth’s dubious activities in Mpumalanga. Rathebe lies about her relationship with Bullet, and Jacobeth faces theft accusations.
Monday, June 24, 2024 - Episode 256: Rathebe spies on Kganyago. Lehasa plans to retrieve his son from KZN, fearing what awaits.
Tuesday, June 25, 2024 - Episode 257: MaNtuli fears for Kwaito’s safety in Mpumalanga. Mr. Kgomo and Melita reconcile.
Wednesday, June 26, 2024 - Episode 258: Kganyago makes a bold escape. Elizabeth receives a shocking message from Kwaito. Mrs. Khoza defends her husband against scam accusations.
Thursday, June 27, 2024 - Episode 259: Babeile's skillful arrest changes the game. Tbose and Kwaito face a hostage crisis.
Friday, June 28, 2024 - Episode 260: Two women face the reality of being scammed. Turf is rocked by breaking
Matt Rife Cancels Shows Due to Health Concerns, Reschedules Tour Dates.pdfAzura Everhart
Matt Rife's comedy tour took an unexpected turn. He had to cancel his Bloomington show due to a last-minute medical emergency. Fans in Chicago will also have to wait a bit longer for their laughs, as his shows there are postponed. Rife apologized and assured fans he'd be back on stage soon.
https://www.theurbancrews.com/celeb/matt-rife-cancels-bloomington-show/
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As a movie director, I am often asked about the process of creating an indie film. It's a journey of passion, perseverance, and planning, and today, I'm going to take you through it.
Maximizing Your Streaming Experience with XCIPTV- Tips for 2024.pdfXtreame HDTV
In today’s digital age, streaming services have become an integral part of our entertainment lives. Among the myriad of options available, XCIPTV stands out as a premier choice for those seeking seamless, high-quality streaming. This comprehensive guide will delve into the features, benefits, and user experience of XCIPTV, illustrating why it is a top contender in the IPTV industry.
Scandal! Teasers June 2024 on etv Forum.co.zaIsaac More
Monday, 3 June 2024
Episode 47
A friend is compelled to expose a manipulative scheme to prevent another from making a grave mistake. In a frantic bid to save Jojo, Phakamile agrees to a meeting that unbeknownst to her, will seal her fate.
Tuesday, 4 June 2024
Episode 48
A mother, with her son's best interests at heart, finds him unready to heed her advice. Motshabi finds herself in an unmanageable situation, sinking fast like in quicksand.
Wednesday, 5 June 2024
Episode 49
A woman fabricates a diabolical lie to cover up an indiscretion. Overwhelmed by guilt, she makes a spontaneous confession that could be devastating to another heart.
Thursday, 6 June 2024
Episode 50
Linda unwittingly discloses damning information. Nhlamulo and Vuvu try to guide their friend towards the right decision.
Friday, 7 June 2024
Episode 51
Jojo's life continues to spiral out of control. Dintle weaves a web of lies to conceal that she is not as successful as everyone believes.
Monday, 10 June 2024
Episode 52
A heated confrontation between lovers leads to a devastating admission of guilt. Dintle's desperation takes a new turn, leaving her with dwindling options.
Tuesday, 11 June 2024
Episode 53
Unable to resort to violence, Taps issues a verbal threat, leaving Mdala unsettled. A sister must explain her life choices to regain her brother's trust.
Wednesday, 12 June 2024
Episode 54
Winnie makes a very troubling discovery. Taps follows through on his threat, leaving a woman reeling. Layla, oblivious to the truth, offers an incentive.
Thursday, 13 June 2024
Episode 55
A nosy relative arrives just in time to thwart a man's fatal decision. Dintle manipulates Khanyi to tug at Mo's heartstrings and get what she wants.
Friday, 14 June 2024
Episode 56
Tlhogi is shocked by Mdala's reaction following the revelation of their indiscretion. Jojo is in disbelief when the punishment for his crime is revealed.
Monday, 17 June 2024
Episode 57
A woman reprimands another to stay in her lane, leading to a damning revelation. A man decides to leave his broken life behind.
Tuesday, 18 June 2024
Episode 58
Nhlamulo learns that due to his actions, his worst fears have come true. Caiphus' extravagant promises to suppliers get him into trouble with Ndu.
Wednesday, 19 June 2024
Episode 59
A woman manages to kill two birds with one stone. Business doom looms over Chillax. A sobering incident makes a woman realize how far she's fallen.
Thursday, 20 June 2024
Episode 60
Taps' offer to help Nhlamulo comes with hidden motives. Caiphus' new ideas for Chillax have MaHilda excited. A blast from the past recognizes Dintle, not for her newfound fame.
Friday, 21 June 2024
Episode 61
Taps is hungry for revenge and finds a rope to hang Mdala with. Chillax's new job opportunity elicits mixed reactions from the public. Roommates' initial meeting starts off on the wrong foot.
Monday, 24 June 2024
Episode 62
Taps seizes new information and recruits someone on the inside. Mary's new job
Experience the thrill of Progressive Puzzle Adventures, like Scavenger Hunt Games and Escape Room Activities combined Solve Treasure Hunt Puzzles online.
From the Editor's Desk: 115th Father's day Celebration - When we see Father's day in Hindu context, Nanda Baba is the most vivid figure which comes to the mind. Nanda Baba who was the foster father of Lord Krishna is known to provide love, care and affection to Lord Krishna and Balarama along with his wife Yashoda; Letter’s to the Editor: Mother's Day - Mother is a precious life for their children. Mother is life breath for her children. Mother's lap is the world happiness whose debt can never be paid.
Young Tom Selleck: A Journey Through His Early Years and Rise to Stardomgreendigital
Introduction
When one thinks of Hollywood legends, Tom Selleck is a name that comes to mind. Known for his charming smile, rugged good looks. and the iconic mustache that has become synonymous with his persona. Tom Selleck has had a prolific career spanning decades. But, the journey of young Tom Selleck, from his early years to becoming a household name. is a story filled with determination, talent, and a touch of luck. This article delves into young Tom Selleck's life, background, early struggles. and pivotal moments that led to his rise in Hollywood.
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Early Life and Background
Family Roots and Childhood
Thomas William Selleck was born in Detroit, Michigan, on January 29, 1945. He was the second of four children in a close-knit family. His father, Robert Dean Selleck, was a real estate investor and executive. while his mother, Martha Selleck, was a homemaker. The Selleck family relocated to Sherman Oaks, California. when Tom was a child, setting the stage for his future in the entertainment industry.
Education and Early Interests
Growing up, young Tom Selleck was an active and athletic child. He attended Grant High School in Van Nuys, California. where he excelled in sports, particularly basketball. His tall and athletic build made him a standout player, and he earned a basketball scholarship to the University of Southern California (U.S.C.). While at U.S.C., Selleck studied business administration. but his interests shifted toward acting.
Discovery of Acting Passion
Tom Selleck's journey into acting was serendipitous. During his time at U.S.C., a drama coach encouraged him to try acting. This nudge led him to join the Hills Playhouse, where he began honing his craft. Transitioning from an aspiring athlete to an actor took time. but young Tom Selleck became drawn to the performance world.
Early Career Struggles
Breaking Into the Industry
The path to stardom was a challenging one for young Tom Selleck. Like many aspiring actors, he faced many rejections and struggled to find steady work. A series of minor roles and guest appearances on television shows marked his early career. In 1965, he debuted on the syndicated show "The Dating Game." which gave him some exposure but did not lead to immediate success.
The Commercial Breakthrough
During the late 1960s and early 1970s, Selleck began appearing in television commercials. His rugged good looks and charismatic presence made him a popular brand choice. He starred in advertisements for Pepsi-Cola, Revlon, and Close-Up toothpaste. These commercials provided financial stability and helped him gain visibility in the industry.
Struggling Actor in Hollywood
Despite his success in commercials. breaking into large acting roles remained a challenge for young Tom Selleck. He auditioned and took on small parts in T.V. shows and movies. Some of his early television appearances included roles in popular series like Lancer, The F.B.I., and Bracken's World. But, it would take a
Meet Crazyjamjam - A TikTok Sensation | Blog EternalBlog Eternal
Crazyjamjam, the TikTok star everyone's talking about! Uncover her secrets to success, viral trends, and more in this exclusive feature on Blog Eternal.
Source: https://blogeternal.com/celebrity/crazyjamjam-leaks/
Meet Dinah Mattingly – Larry Bird’s Partner in Life and Loveget joys
Get an intimate look at Dinah Mattingly’s life alongside NBA icon Larry Bird. From their humble beginnings to their life today, discover the love and partnership that have defined their relationship.
As a film director, I have always been awestruck by the magic of animation. Animation, a medium once considered solely for the amusement of children, has undergone a significant transformation over the years. Its evolution from a rudimentary form of entertainment to a sophisticated form of storytelling has stirred my creativity and expanded my vision, offering limitless possibilities in the realm of cinematic storytelling.
Modern Radio Frequency Access Control Systems: The Key to Efficiency and SafetyAITIX LLC
Today's fast-paced environment worries companies of all sizes about efficiency and security. Businesses are constantly looking for new and better solutions to solve their problems, whether it's data security or facility access. RFID for access control technologies have revolutionized this.
Reporters, journalists constrained & empowered by their sources and audiences Journalists & sources “buying and selling”, seeking access to each other News weighted to sources who are eager to provide news: businesses, government, organizations Sources create media events to generate news for journalists to report Sources “focus journalists’ attention on social values, order”
Reporters, journalists constrained & empowered by their sources and audiences Journalists & sources “buying and selling”, seeking access to each other News weighted to sources who are eager to provide news: businesses, government, organizations Sources create media events to generate news for journalists to report Sources “focus journalists’ attention on social values, order”
Ethnocentrism: “American news values its own nation above all” (p. 42); Altruistic democracy: “…the news implies that politics should follow a course based on the public interest and public service” (p. 43); Responsible capitalism: competition and prosperity are good as long as unreasonable profits or exploitation does not occur; Small-town pastoralism: upholding “rural and anti-industrial values” (p. 48); Individualism: preservation of individual freedoms; and Moderation: discouraging excesses and extremes. In news stories, news values take the form of stories about “threats to various kinds of order, as well as measures taken to restore order” (Gans, 1979, p. 52), which Gans describes as “concern for social cohesion” (p. 58), including social, moral, natural, and technological order. As described above, news focuses on national leaders. Gans concludes these leaders shape social processes. Who are they? Obedient public officials of upper and upper-middle class backgrounds who are older white males (pp. 60-62).
News socially constructed by those who disseminate news (journalists, reporters, editors) and news subjects (knowns, unknowns, and their representatives) The daily output of the news media constitutes a chronicling function. “Chronicling repairs the myth on a day-to-day basis, assuring us of continued order and normality while plotting the parameters of this normality”
News is a culturally determined, structured narrative in which audiences embed their beliefs and values, the stories it tells in mass media should chronicle the revelations of problems (threats to and violations of these values) and their resolutions (actions taken to restore values). News serves several functions for society. First, it provides information about current affairs. More significantly, news is a way for society to store, retrieve, and share information about the world. In this way, it creates a sense of order and helps to understand and makes sense of what is happening in the world around us. If news is a source of information and creates a sense of order, then it is reasonable to say that it is also a storing house for values shared by society. If news embodies a society’s values, then it serves a mythological function for society.
The prevailing structures of power and can also violate these values. Many people in American society are systematically disempowered by economic and political structures and processes that favor organizations and power Polling data offers statistical evidence that their trust in the federal government has eroded. Ladd (1999) analyzed surveys conducted by the University of Michigan’s National Election Studies. The poll asked, “How much do you think you can trust the government in Washington to do what is right – just about always, most of the time, or only some of the time?” In 1958, 73% of respondents answered most or always, but that number had fallen to 21% by 1994 (pp. 94-98). In a 2006 interview, Larry King asked Jon Stewart, host of The Daily Show , a series of questions about whether political foibles make him happy. Stewart responded that when government officials and others responsible for public affairs “[become] inspiring and [move] towards people’s better nature and [begin] to solve problems in a rational way rather than just a way that [involves] political dividends,” “ We are free to say anything we like, but if we wish to be understood, we have to follow the rules” (Colby, 1966, p. 798). As a result, people may try to make information fit pre-determined schemata to the point of stereotyping, making up information, and omitting details.
The information processed and transmitted by mass media in the news legitimize their subjects and ideas (Bird & Dardenne, 1988/1997; Lazarsfeld & Merton, 1948/1960; Meyrowitz, 1985; Shupe & Hadden, 1995; Silk, 1995). Lazarsfeld and Merton note that the legitimizing function of the mass media employs circular logic: “If you really matter, you will be at the focus of mass attention and, if you are at the focus of mass attention, then surely you must really matter” (p. 498). Despite its dubious reasoning, mass media can and do give status to their subjects. Lazarsfeld and Merton (1948/1960) noted that advances in education and mass communication revealed a “gap between literacy and comprehension. People read more but understand less” (pp. 505-06). They felt a need to cultivate critical thought about information and ideas presented to mass audiences. The information available through mass media may exert a “narcotizing dysfunction” on audiences, numbing them to inaction with knowledge. This causes concern because “It is not in the interest of modern complex society to have large masses of the population politically apathetic and inert” because they are busy information-gathering instead of participating in public affairs.
More recently, Norris (2000) asserts that audiences “are critically and actively sifting, discarding, and interpreting the available information. A more educated and literate public is capable of using the more complex range of news sources and party messages to find the information they need to make practical political choices” (p. 17). Gans (2003) labels this activity as the “The Informing Effect” (p. 73). People manage the flow of information coming to them – how and when it comes, using a combination of news sources, opinion leaders such as friends or family, or non-news media, including The Daily Show (Gans, p. 73-74; PRCPP, 2007, p. 14). McLuhan (1966) adds that both television and news promotes audience involvement. There exists a dynamic relationship, “a virtuous circle,” between news media and their audiences. The news media can positively affect involvement in public affairs by informing audiences and encouraging dialogue and participation (pp. 30, 317). News is a mosaic of “the community in action.”
The news satirist is one who can present a unified whole from the fragmentary reports of scattered journalists from scattered news organizations making trained, objective observations of the people and places whose actions and events and reporting their observations as news. Ben Karlin, executive producer of The Daily Show and The Colbert Report , explains, “By definition, we exist as a reaction to the press in terms of commenting off of what they are doing or what they’re not doing” “ The clown,” says McLuhan, “is the integral man who mimes the acrobat in an elaborate drama of incompetence” (p. 183). Eric Burns, journalist and host of Fox News Watch , a weekly media roundtable on the Fox News Channel, said that The Daily Show “tells you the truth in a manner, not only humorous, but if you analyze it, pretty hard-hitting. It points out the fakery of the political statement, the facetiousness of certain things that on a regular newscast would be presented without comment because that’s what journalists are supposed to do. So apart from the humor […] it just presents truth at deeper level
Irony is an intentional incongruity between the literal meaning and an intended meaning (or meanings) by an author in a work. According to Booth (1974), irony feeds both “the conviction that ‘there is more here than meets the eye’ and the suspicion that there is less” while “pretending to only feed the second.” Satire is a genre that uses elements of irony and ridicule to criticize humans’ moral failings. A satirist may also use wit, humor, sarcasm, representation, exaggeration, and non-sequitur to lower the audience’s esteem of the subject of satire. Often, silence can be as deafening as what is said. The tone of satire varies from amusement to scorn
Irony and satire are distinct from each other. In comparing irony and satire, irony can be viewed as a trope, a morally neutral, rhetorical device compared to satire, a genre chosen by an author to communicate an intended message to his or her audience.
). In a series of experiments, researchers found that ironic criticism was more effective than literal criticism, allowing the sender of criticism to appear less aggressive and receiver of criticism to save face.
Jack (1954) states, “Satire is born of the impulse to protest: it is protest become art” Beneath the mechanics of the satirical work, there is a “moral design” that is both entertaining and instructive about societal norms Cuddon (1998): “ The satirist is thus a kind of self-appointed guardian of standards, ideals and truth; of moral as well as aesthetic values, who takes it upon himself to correct, censure and ridicule the follies and vices of society and thus to bring contempt and derision upon aberrations from a desirable and civilized norm.”
Author writes a work, intentionally placing an incongruity into the work. Literal reading: Audience reads the work, noticing an incongruity in the text Deconstruction: Audience deconstructs the work to find author’s intent Intended reading: Audience reconstructs the text intended by the author Result: Audience has high affinity for audience because
“ Irony is commonly employed as a ‘wink’ that the listener or reader is expected to notice so that he or she may be ‘in on the secret’” (Murfin & Ray, 1997, p.176). The key question becomes how authors and readers achieve irony together (Booth, 1974, p. xiv). In A Rhetoric of Irony , Booth probes the potential for irony to communicate meaning. Irony is a “meeting of the minds,” both author and audience. “It is always good […] for two minds to meet in symbolic exchange; it is always good for an irony to be grasped when intended, always good for readers and authors to achieve understanding” (p. 204). Artistic metaphors are useful in describing the relationship between author and audience. Irony is alternately an “intricate intellectual dance” that allows people to “know each other in ways only extended conversation could have otherwise have revealed“ When successfully performed by an author and interpreted by a reader or viewer, irony can foster a deep, meaningful connection between them. Irony engages authors and audiences in the act of community-building, where the primary emotion is “joining, of finding and communing with kindred spirits.” Irony builds a connection because the reader assumes the author wrote with him in mind (Booth, 1974, p. 28). For irony to succeed as a rhetorical act, it depends both the intent of the author in using irony in the work and the ability of the reader to catch the proper clues to realize that the work is ironic (Booth, 1974, p. 91). The engagement between author and reader depends on an agreement of commonalities. These commonalities constitute a “world they never made” and include a common language (vocabulary and grammar) and cultural experience (meaning and values). These are “built into patterns of shared literary expectations – the grooves of genre, the trajectories of aroused expectations and gratifications” (p. 100). Most importantly, it includes a common experience of literary genre and this is what determines whether the work is ironic. “Every reader must be sensitive in detecting and recounting ironic readings” (p. 1).
Booth (1974) chooses to describe the audience’s process of reconciling an ironic incongruity as a “reconstruction” (p. 33). There are four steps in reconstructing an irony. First, the reader is required to reject the literal meaning. Clues help the reader recognize incongruity between the literal meaning and potential interpreted meanings. Alternate interpretations and explanations, all incongruous with what the literal meaning “says,” come to the reader in a flood. The reader begins to try out these alternate interpretations. The reader must also make decisions about the author’s knowledge and beliefs. Finally, the reader chooses with security and confidence, a new, interpreted meaning (pp. 9-14). This metaphor of reconstruction is not a pulled plank revealing a deeper meaning but tearing down a building and reconstructing a new one. The movement is a leap or climb, “always toward an obscured point that is intended as wiser, wittier, more compassionate, subtler, truer, more moral, or at least obviously vulnerable to further irony” (p. 36). “All non-literal language, every ‘abnormal’ way of saying anything, invites us to reject a lower literal interpretation and climb to a better one” (p. 40). The final judgment is shared by all readers.
A third type of clue is conflicts of facts within the work. While it might be carelessness on the part of the author, it may be irony. Booth identifies three possible structures: a plausible but false voice, then introduction of contradictions to this voice, which leads to a correct voice being heard. For an author of an ironic work, this rhetorical trick can draw in an audience member by employing enthymeme, coaxing audiences to interact with the work by creating a text that completes the argument made by the rhetoric. Another clue to irony is a clash of style, “recognizing different ways of saying…identical messages” (p. 68). Modern humorists specialize in these stylistic shifts. This is most obvious in parody, a “mocking imitation by one author of another author’s style” (pp. 71-72). In the Poetics , Aristotle notes that humans are the most imitative creatures on earth, finding both education and entertainment in acts of imitation. Acts of imitation are natural to humans and learning, says Aristotle, “is the greatest of pleasures” (trans. 1984, 1448b 13). If an audience viewing an imitation, including a satire or parody, is familiar with the original, they might take delight in the act of imitation. If they are not, they will be impressed with the artist’s work as if it were an original (1448b 4-23). The stylistic ironic clue exposes which readers are experienced in identifying irony, as being well-read prepares us to enjoy subtleties and richness of parody. It also opens the ironist and the readers who “get it” to be labeled as “morally elitist” playing “a game for snobs” (p. 72). The final kind of ironic clue is a conflict of belief. The reader becomes alert when a conflict arises between the beliefs expressed in the text and the beliefs we hold and suspect the author holds. When this incongruence develops, the reader must then consider a convincing reading for the given context. When considering whether a work is ironic, Booth (1974) identifies contextual clues that can help readers. First, readers must consider their past experience with the moral and intellectual position the author presents in the work and ask themselves if the people they respect hold this position. Readers must also consider the credibility of the author, asking what is known about the beliefs of the author.
Lampoons both the news and its subjects to reveal truths about how society ought to be.
This presentation has revealed that news satires expose the mythological function of news by revealing violations of social values expressed implicitly in news stories. These satires speak “truth” by exposing idealized social values that have been violated by subjects of news stories or by those who report the news. News serves several functions for society. First, it provides information about current affairs. More significantly, news is a way for society to store, retrieve, and share information about the world. In this way, it creates a sense of order and helps to understand and makes sense of what is happening in the world around us. If news is a source of information and creates a sense of order, then it is reasonable to say that it is also a storing house for values shared by society. If news embodies a society’s values, then it serves a mythological function for society. News satires use the rhetorical trope of irony to enter into an enthymematic dialogue with their audiences. A news satire will use stable irony to create an incongruity between its literal and intended meaning. As audiences read the literal text, they recognize the incongruity and undergo a process of reconstructing the text to arrive at the intended meaning of the news satire. By creating the intended text through reconstruction, the audience completes the argument as the authors of the news satire had intended. A satire is a form of social critique, correcting moral failings in society. If news satire is a genre of satire directed at exposing idealized social values that have been violated by subjects of news stories or by those who report the news, and if news satires use irony as a rhetorical device to engage audiences through enthymeme and if news has a mythological function by helping audiences order their world, then news satires flourish where either subjects in the news or the news itself violates idealized social values implied by new stories. These idealized social values will be exposed by news satires.