micromobility
when
attacks
US National Household Travel Survey 2017
VEHICLE TRIPS 220,430,000,000
VEHICLE MILES OF TRAVEL (VMT) 2,105,882,000,000 mi
PERSON TRIPS 371,152,000,000
PERSON MILES OF TRAVEL (PMT) 3,970,287,000,000 mi
2.1
Trillion miles
3.9
Trillion miles
Car Trip Distance Distribution (US) (n=748,918)
OneWayTrips(%)
0%
1%
2%
3%
4%
5%
6%
7%
8%
9%
10%
11%
12%
13%
Trip Distance (miles)
1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 40 43 46 49 52 55 58 61 64 67 70 73 76 79
One-way Trips (%)
Lognormal approximation
𝝻 Location parameter 1.65
𝞂 scale parameter 0.95
Arithmetic Mean 8.2
Median 5.2
Mode 2.1
Arithmetic Std. Dev. 7.8
Geometric Mean 5.21
Geometric Std. Dev 2.59
2/3 Min 2.01
2/3 Max 13.46
95% Min 0.78
95% Max 34.81
US Car
Miles/trip
(MEASURED)
TripsProbability
0
5
10
15
20
0 1.5 3 4.5 6 7.5 9 10.5 12 13.5 15 16.5 18 19.5
Trip Distance Probability
Log-normal Approximation
NYC Taxi
New York CITI Bike n = 42.7 million
Miles/trip
TripsProbability
Probability Density Functions
0
0.03
0.06
0.09
0.12
0.1
0.6
1.1
1.6
2.1
2.6
3.1
3.6
4.1
4.6
5.1
5.6
6.1
6.6
7.1
7.6
Log-normal Approximations
0
0.03
0.06
0.09
0.12
0.1
0.6
1.1
1.6
2.1
2.6
3.1
3.6
4.1
4.6
5.1
5.6
6.1
6.6
7.1
7.6
Miles/trip
(MEASURED, EUCLIDEAN)
New York CITI Bike n = 42.7 million
(MEASURED, EUCLIDEAN)
TripsProbability
0
0.03
0.06
0.09
0.12
Miles
0.1
0.6
1.1
1.6
2.1
2.6
3.1
3.6
4.1
4.6
5.1
5.6
6.1
6.6
7.1
7.6
0
0.03
0.06
0.09
0.12
0.1
0.6
1.1
1.6
2.1
2.6
3.1
3.6
4.1
4.6
5.1
5.6
6.1
6.6
7.1
7.6
TripsProbability0
0.024
0.048
0.072
0.096
0.12
-3 -2.5 -2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
0
0.024
0.048
0.072
0.096
0.12
-3 -2.5 -2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
ln(Distance)
Boston Hubway n = 3.3 million
Miles/trip
TripsProbability
Miles/trip
(MEASURED, EUCLIDEAN)
Probability Density Functions
0
0.04
0.08
0.12
0.16
0.1
0.6
1.1
1.6
2.1
2.6
3.1
3.6
4.1
4.6
5.1
5.6
6.1
6.6
7.1
7.6
Log-normal Fit
0
0.025
0.05
0.075
0.1
0.1
0.6
1.1
1.6
2.1
2.6
3.1
3.6
4.1
4.6
5.1
5.6
6.1
6.6
7.1
7.6
Chicago Divvy n = 11.5 million
Miles/trip
TripsProbability
Miles/trip
(MEASURED, EUCLIDEAN)
Probability Density Functions
0
0.025
0.05
0.075
0.1
0.1
0.6
1.1
1.6
2.1
2.6
3.1
3.6
4.1
4.6
5.1
5.6
6.1
6.6
7.1
7.6
Log-normal Fit
0
0.025
0.05
0.075
0.1
0.1
0.6
1.1
1.6
2.1
2.6
3.1
3.6
4.1
4.6
5.1
5.6
6.1
6.6
7.1
7.6
DC Capital Bike Share n = 5.7 million
Miles/trip
TripsProbability
Miles/trip
(MEASURED, EUCLIDEAN)
Probability Density Functions
0
0.023
0.045
0.068
0.09
0.1
0.6
1.1
1.6
2.1
2.6
3.1
3.6
4.1
4.6
5.1
5.6
6.1
6.6
7.1
7.6
Log-normal Approximations
0
0.023
0.045
0.068
0.09
0.1
0.6
1.1
1.6
2.1
2.6
3.1
3.6
4.1
4.6
5.1
5.6
6.1
6.6
7.1
7.6
Zürich E-Bike Sharing
Miles/trip
TripsProbability
Miles/trip
(MEASURED, EUCLIDEAN)
0
0.018
0.035
0.053
0.07
0.1
0.5
0.9
1.3
1.7
2.1
2.5
2.9
3.3
3.7
4.1
4.5
4.9
5.3
5.7
6.1
6.5
6.9
7.3
7.7
8.1
8.5
8.9
9.3
9.7
PDF
0
0.018
0.035
0.053
0.07
0.1
0.5
0.9
1.3
1.7
2.1
2.5
2.9
3.3
3.7
4.1
4.5
4.9
5.3
5.7
6.1
6.5
6.9
7.3
7.7
8.1
8.5
8.9
9.3
9.7
Log-Normal Approximation Z Bikes
-0.3
-0.2
-0.1
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
2017-07-NE
2017-06-NE
2017-05-NE
2017-04-NE
2017-03-NE
2017-02-NE
2017-01-NE
2016-12-NE
2016-11-NE
2016-10-NE
2016-09-N
2016-08-N
2016-07-NE
2016-06-N
2016-04-NE
2016-03-N
2016-02-N
2016-01-NE
2015-12-NE
2015-11-NE
2015-10-NE
2015-09-N
2015-08-N
2015-07-NE
2015-06-N
2015-05-N
2015-04-NE
2015-03-N
2015-02-N
2015-01-NE
2014-12-NE
2014-11-NE
2014-09-N
2014-08-N
2014-07-NE
2014-06-N
2014-05-N
2014-03-N
2014-02-N
2014-01-NE
2013-12-NE
2013-11-NE
2013-10-NE
2013-09-N
2013-08-N
2013-07-NE
<𝝻, 𝞂> parameters Seasonal variance Boston v. NYC
𝞂
𝝻
Boston
NYC
NYC
Boston
Swiss Modal Distributions
0%
8%
15%
23%
30%
0.01.0
3.04.0
6.07.0
9.010.0
12.013.0
15.016.0
18.019.0
21.022.0
24.025.0
27.028.0
30.031.0
33.034.0
36.037.0
39.040.0
42.043.0
45.046.0
48.049.0
51.052.0
54.055.0
57.058.0
60.061.0
63.064.0
66.067.0
69.070.0
72.073.0
75.076.0
78.079.0
81.082.0
84.085.0
87.088.0
90.091.0
93.094.0
96.097.0
99.0100.0
CH 1 CHWalking CH 1
0%
4%
8%
12%
16%
0.01.0
3.04.0
6.07.0
9.010.0
12.013.0
15.016.0
18.019.0
21.022.0
24.025.0
27.028.0
30.031.0
33.034.0
36.037.0
39.040.0
42.043.0
45.046.0
48.049.0
51.052.0
54.055.0
57.058.0
60.061.0
63.064.0
66.067.0
69.070.0
72.073.0
75.076.0
78.079.0
81.082.0
84.085.0
87.088.0
90.091.0
93.094.0
96.097.0
99.0100.0
2 CHCycling 2
0%
1%
3%
4%
5%
0.01.0
3.04.0
6.07.0
9.010.0
12.013.0
15.016.0
18.019.0
21.022.0
24.025.0
27.028.0
30.031.0
33.034.0
36.037.0
39.040.0
42.043.0
45.046.0
48.049.0
51.052.0
54.055.0
57.058.0
60.061.0
63.064.0
66.067.0
69.070.0
72.073.0
75.076.0
78.079.0
81.082.0
84.085.0
87.088.0
90.091.0
93.094.0
96.097.0
99.0100.0
3 CHSmall moped 3
0%
1%
2%
2%
3%
0.01.0
3.04.0
6.07.0
9.010.0
12.013.0
15.016.0
18.019.0
21.022.0
24.025.0
27.028.0
30.031.0
33.034.0
36.037.0
39.040.0
42.043.0
45.046.0
48.049.0
51.052.0
54.055.0
57.058.0
60.061.0
63.064.0
66.067.0
69.070.0
72.073.0
75.076.0
78.079.0
81.082.0
84.085.0
87.088.0
90.091.0
93.094.0
96.097.0
99.0100.0
5 CHMotorcycle driver 5
0%
1%
2%
2%
3%
0.01.0
3.04.0
6.07.0
9.010.0
12.013.0
15.016.0
18.019.0
21.022.0
24.025.0
27.028.0
30.031.0
33.034.0
36.037.0
39.040.0
42.043.0
45.046.0
48.049.0
51.052.0
54.055.0
57.058.0
60.061.0
63.064.0
66.067.0
69.070.0
72.073.0
75.076.0
78.079.0
81.082.0
84.085.0
87.088.0
90.091.0
93.094.0
96.097.0
99.0100.0
7 CHCar driver 7
0%
1%
2%
2%
3%
0.01.0
3.04.0
6.07.0
9.010.0
12.013.0
15.016.0
18.019.0
21.022.0
24.025.0
27.028.0
30.031.0
33.034.0
36.037.0
39.040.0
42.043.0
45.046.0
48.049.0
51.052.0
54.055.0
57.058.0
60.061.0
63.064.0
66.067.0
69.070.0
72.073.0
75.076.0
78.079.0
81.082.0
84.085.0
87.088.0
90.091.0
93.094.0
96.097.0
99.0100.0
8 CHCar passenger 8
Addressable Market in Trip Distances for Various Modes
0.1mi.
1mi.
10mi.
100mi.
1000mi.
10000mi.
WalkUK
ZHWalking
ikes(NYCCitiBike)
-bike(NereZurich)
ZHschoolbus
ZHCycling
ZHTram/metro
NYCTaxi
CHWalking
CHTaxi
PersonalBicycle
etransport(Uber?)
BusinLondon
ZHCardriver
ZHCarpassenger
rlocalbusEngland
Taxi/minicabUK
USCar
CHMicromobility
ZHTrain
ublictransportUK
vanpassengerUK
CardriverUK
MotorcycleUK
ndonUnderground
CHCycling
ike(max.25km/h)
CHTram/metro
CHSmallmoped
CHOther
CHschoolbus
SurfaceRailUK
ar/Funicular/skilift
otorcycle(<50cc)
late(max45km/h)
Motorcycledriver
CHCardriver
torcyclepassenger
CHBus(Postauto)
CHCarpassenger
CHBoat
CHTruck
Bus(longdistance)
CHTrain
Non-localbusUK
assengerAirTravel
CHAircraft
2/3 Min
2/3 Max
Median
95% Min
95% Max
MICROMOBILITY
Car Trip Distance Distribution (US) (n=748,918)
0%
1%
2%
3%
4%
5%
6%
7%
8%
9%
10%
11%
12%
13%
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 33 35 37 39 41 43 45 47 49 51 53 55 57 59 61 63 65 67 69 71 73 75 77 79
Lognormal approximation
US Car
US Car Trips <31, >30mi. Vehicle Trips Distribution (US) (n=748,918)
OneWayTrips(count)
0
10,000,000,000
20,000,000,000
30,000,000,000
40,000,000,000
50,000,000,000
60,000,000,000
70,000,000,000
80,000,000,000
Trip Distance (miles)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31
US Car VMT VMT Distribution (US) (n=748,918)
VehicleMilesTraveled
0
100,000,000,000
200,000,000,000
300,000,000,000
400,000,000,000
500,000,000,000
600,000,000,000
700,000,000,000
Trip Distance (miles)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31
US Car VMT Buckets VMT BUCKETS (US) (n=748,918)
VehicleMilesTraveled
0
100,000,000,000
200,000,000,000
300,000,000,000
400,000,000,000
500,000,000,000
600,000,000,000
700,000,000,000
800,000,000,000
900,000,000,000
1,000,000,000,000
1,100,000,000,000
Trip Distance (miles)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31
1,067,622,603,274
612,861,811,859
425,397,584,867
VMT Distribution (US) (n=748,918)
VehicleMilesTraveled
0
100,000,000,000
200,000,000,000
300,000,000,000
400,000,000,000
500,000,000,000
600,000,000,000
700,000,000,000
Trip Distance (miles)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31
US Car VMT Buckets VMT BUCKETS (US) (n=748,918)
VehicleMilesTraveled
0
100,000,000,000
200,000,000,000
300,000,000,000
400,000,000,000
500,000,000,000
600,000,000,000
700,000,000,000
800,000,000,000
900,000,000,000
1,000,000,000,000
1,100,000,000,000
Trip Distance (miles)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31
1,067,622,603,274
1,038,259,396,726
0
100,000,000,000
200,000,000,000
300,000,000,000
400,000,000,000
500,000,000,000
600,000,000,000
700,000,000,000
Trip Distance (miles)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31
1.1
Trillion miles
1.0
Trillion miles
How Much Does a Mile Cost?
PRICING VMT IN NYC
$0.00
$3.00
$6.00
$9.00
$12.00
$15.00
$18.00
TRIP DISTANCE
0.5 1 1.5 2 3
$0.50
IRS DEDUCTION
Taxi
Citibike
MICROMOBILIT Y
$0.00
$0.75
$1.50
$2.25
$3.00
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
US Revenue Buckets Dollar BUCKETS (US) (n=748,918)
PersonDollar-Miles
0
100,000,000,000
200,000,000,000
300,000,000,000
400,000,000,000
500,000,000,000
600,000,000,000
700,000,000,000
800,000,000,000
900,000,000,000
1,000,000,000,000
1,100,000,000,000
1,200,000,000,000
1,300,000,000,000
1,400,000,000,000
1,500,000,000,000
Trip Distance (miles)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31
$1,111,051,834,588
$1,408,549,860,197
0
100,000,000,000
200,000,000,000
300,000,000,000
400,000,000,000
500,000,000,000
600,000,000,000
700,000,000,000
800,000,000,000
Trip Distance (miles)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31
$1.1
Trillion
$1.4
Trillion
SMALL DISTANCES IN SMALL
VEHICLES
ELECTRIC EARLY,
AUTONOMOUS LATE
AUTONOMOUS EARLY,
ELECTRIC LATE
2026: 40 million units/yr
Micromobility market will grow fastest
LARGE DISTANCES IN
LARGE VEHICLES
The Unbundling is Coming

When Micromobility Attacks

  • 1.
  • 2.
    US National HouseholdTravel Survey 2017 VEHICLE TRIPS 220,430,000,000 VEHICLE MILES OF TRAVEL (VMT) 2,105,882,000,000 mi PERSON TRIPS 371,152,000,000 PERSON MILES OF TRAVEL (PMT) 3,970,287,000,000 mi 2.1 Trillion miles 3.9 Trillion miles
  • 3.
    Car Trip DistanceDistribution (US) (n=748,918) OneWayTrips(%) 0% 1% 2% 3% 4% 5% 6% 7% 8% 9% 10% 11% 12% 13% Trip Distance (miles) 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 40 43 46 49 52 55 58 61 64 67 70 73 76 79 One-way Trips (%) Lognormal approximation 𝝻 Location parameter 1.65 𝞂 scale parameter 0.95 Arithmetic Mean 8.2 Median 5.2 Mode 2.1 Arithmetic Std. Dev. 7.8 Geometric Mean 5.21 Geometric Std. Dev 2.59 2/3 Min 2.01 2/3 Max 13.46 95% Min 0.78 95% Max 34.81 US Car
  • 4.
    Miles/trip (MEASURED) TripsProbability 0 5 10 15 20 0 1.5 34.5 6 7.5 9 10.5 12 13.5 15 16.5 18 19.5 Trip Distance Probability Log-normal Approximation NYC Taxi
  • 5.
    New York CITIBike n = 42.7 million Miles/trip TripsProbability Probability Density Functions 0 0.03 0.06 0.09 0.12 0.1 0.6 1.1 1.6 2.1 2.6 3.1 3.6 4.1 4.6 5.1 5.6 6.1 6.6 7.1 7.6 Log-normal Approximations 0 0.03 0.06 0.09 0.12 0.1 0.6 1.1 1.6 2.1 2.6 3.1 3.6 4.1 4.6 5.1 5.6 6.1 6.6 7.1 7.6 Miles/trip (MEASURED, EUCLIDEAN)
  • 6.
    New York CITIBike n = 42.7 million (MEASURED, EUCLIDEAN) TripsProbability 0 0.03 0.06 0.09 0.12 Miles 0.1 0.6 1.1 1.6 2.1 2.6 3.1 3.6 4.1 4.6 5.1 5.6 6.1 6.6 7.1 7.6 0 0.03 0.06 0.09 0.12 0.1 0.6 1.1 1.6 2.1 2.6 3.1 3.6 4.1 4.6 5.1 5.6 6.1 6.6 7.1 7.6 TripsProbability0 0.024 0.048 0.072 0.096 0.12 -3 -2.5 -2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 0 0.024 0.048 0.072 0.096 0.12 -3 -2.5 -2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 ln(Distance)
  • 7.
    Boston Hubway n= 3.3 million Miles/trip TripsProbability Miles/trip (MEASURED, EUCLIDEAN) Probability Density Functions 0 0.04 0.08 0.12 0.16 0.1 0.6 1.1 1.6 2.1 2.6 3.1 3.6 4.1 4.6 5.1 5.6 6.1 6.6 7.1 7.6 Log-normal Fit 0 0.025 0.05 0.075 0.1 0.1 0.6 1.1 1.6 2.1 2.6 3.1 3.6 4.1 4.6 5.1 5.6 6.1 6.6 7.1 7.6
  • 8.
    Chicago Divvy n= 11.5 million Miles/trip TripsProbability Miles/trip (MEASURED, EUCLIDEAN) Probability Density Functions 0 0.025 0.05 0.075 0.1 0.1 0.6 1.1 1.6 2.1 2.6 3.1 3.6 4.1 4.6 5.1 5.6 6.1 6.6 7.1 7.6 Log-normal Fit 0 0.025 0.05 0.075 0.1 0.1 0.6 1.1 1.6 2.1 2.6 3.1 3.6 4.1 4.6 5.1 5.6 6.1 6.6 7.1 7.6
  • 9.
    DC Capital BikeShare n = 5.7 million Miles/trip TripsProbability Miles/trip (MEASURED, EUCLIDEAN) Probability Density Functions 0 0.023 0.045 0.068 0.09 0.1 0.6 1.1 1.6 2.1 2.6 3.1 3.6 4.1 4.6 5.1 5.6 6.1 6.6 7.1 7.6 Log-normal Approximations 0 0.023 0.045 0.068 0.09 0.1 0.6 1.1 1.6 2.1 2.6 3.1 3.6 4.1 4.6 5.1 5.6 6.1 6.6 7.1 7.6
  • 10.
    Zürich E-Bike Sharing Miles/trip TripsProbability Miles/trip (MEASURED,EUCLIDEAN) 0 0.018 0.035 0.053 0.07 0.1 0.5 0.9 1.3 1.7 2.1 2.5 2.9 3.3 3.7 4.1 4.5 4.9 5.3 5.7 6.1 6.5 6.9 7.3 7.7 8.1 8.5 8.9 9.3 9.7 PDF 0 0.018 0.035 0.053 0.07 0.1 0.5 0.9 1.3 1.7 2.1 2.5 2.9 3.3 3.7 4.1 4.5 4.9 5.3 5.7 6.1 6.5 6.9 7.3 7.7 8.1 8.5 8.9 9.3 9.7 Log-Normal Approximation Z Bikes
  • 11.
  • 13.
    Swiss Modal Distributions 0% 8% 15% 23% 30% 0.01.0 3.04.0 6.07.0 9.010.0 12.013.0 15.016.0 18.019.0 21.022.0 24.025.0 27.028.0 30.031.0 33.034.0 36.037.0 39.040.0 42.043.0 45.046.0 48.049.0 51.052.0 54.055.0 57.058.0 60.061.0 63.064.0 66.067.0 69.070.0 72.073.0 75.076.0 78.079.0 81.082.0 84.085.0 87.088.0 90.091.0 93.094.0 96.097.0 99.0100.0 CH1 CHWalking CH 1 0% 4% 8% 12% 16% 0.01.0 3.04.0 6.07.0 9.010.0 12.013.0 15.016.0 18.019.0 21.022.0 24.025.0 27.028.0 30.031.0 33.034.0 36.037.0 39.040.0 42.043.0 45.046.0 48.049.0 51.052.0 54.055.0 57.058.0 60.061.0 63.064.0 66.067.0 69.070.0 72.073.0 75.076.0 78.079.0 81.082.0 84.085.0 87.088.0 90.091.0 93.094.0 96.097.0 99.0100.0 2 CHCycling 2 0% 1% 3% 4% 5% 0.01.0 3.04.0 6.07.0 9.010.0 12.013.0 15.016.0 18.019.0 21.022.0 24.025.0 27.028.0 30.031.0 33.034.0 36.037.0 39.040.0 42.043.0 45.046.0 48.049.0 51.052.0 54.055.0 57.058.0 60.061.0 63.064.0 66.067.0 69.070.0 72.073.0 75.076.0 78.079.0 81.082.0 84.085.0 87.088.0 90.091.0 93.094.0 96.097.0 99.0100.0 3 CHSmall moped 3 0% 1% 2% 2% 3% 0.01.0 3.04.0 6.07.0 9.010.0 12.013.0 15.016.0 18.019.0 21.022.0 24.025.0 27.028.0 30.031.0 33.034.0 36.037.0 39.040.0 42.043.0 45.046.0 48.049.0 51.052.0 54.055.0 57.058.0 60.061.0 63.064.0 66.067.0 69.070.0 72.073.0 75.076.0 78.079.0 81.082.0 84.085.0 87.088.0 90.091.0 93.094.0 96.097.0 99.0100.0 5 CHMotorcycle driver 5 0% 1% 2% 2% 3% 0.01.0 3.04.0 6.07.0 9.010.0 12.013.0 15.016.0 18.019.0 21.022.0 24.025.0 27.028.0 30.031.0 33.034.0 36.037.0 39.040.0 42.043.0 45.046.0 48.049.0 51.052.0 54.055.0 57.058.0 60.061.0 63.064.0 66.067.0 69.070.0 72.073.0 75.076.0 78.079.0 81.082.0 84.085.0 87.088.0 90.091.0 93.094.0 96.097.0 99.0100.0 7 CHCar driver 7 0% 1% 2% 2% 3% 0.01.0 3.04.0 6.07.0 9.010.0 12.013.0 15.016.0 18.019.0 21.022.0 24.025.0 27.028.0 30.031.0 33.034.0 36.037.0 39.040.0 42.043.0 45.046.0 48.049.0 51.052.0 54.055.0 57.058.0 60.061.0 63.064.0 66.067.0 69.070.0 72.073.0 75.076.0 78.079.0 81.082.0 84.085.0 87.088.0 90.091.0 93.094.0 96.097.0 99.0100.0 8 CHCar passenger 8
  • 15.
    Addressable Market inTrip Distances for Various Modes 0.1mi. 1mi. 10mi. 100mi. 1000mi. 10000mi. WalkUK ZHWalking ikes(NYCCitiBike) -bike(NereZurich) ZHschoolbus ZHCycling ZHTram/metro NYCTaxi CHWalking CHTaxi PersonalBicycle etransport(Uber?) BusinLondon ZHCardriver ZHCarpassenger rlocalbusEngland Taxi/minicabUK USCar CHMicromobility ZHTrain ublictransportUK vanpassengerUK CardriverUK MotorcycleUK ndonUnderground CHCycling ike(max.25km/h) CHTram/metro CHSmallmoped CHOther CHschoolbus SurfaceRailUK ar/Funicular/skilift otorcycle(<50cc) late(max45km/h) Motorcycledriver CHCardriver torcyclepassenger CHBus(Postauto) CHCarpassenger CHBoat CHTruck Bus(longdistance) CHTrain Non-localbusUK assengerAirTravel CHAircraft 2/3 Min 2/3 Max Median 95% Min 95% Max MICROMOBILITY
  • 16.
    Car Trip DistanceDistribution (US) (n=748,918) 0% 1% 2% 3% 4% 5% 6% 7% 8% 9% 10% 11% 12% 13% 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 33 35 37 39 41 43 45 47 49 51 53 55 57 59 61 63 65 67 69 71 73 75 77 79 Lognormal approximation US Car
  • 17.
    US Car Trips<31, >30mi. Vehicle Trips Distribution (US) (n=748,918) OneWayTrips(count) 0 10,000,000,000 20,000,000,000 30,000,000,000 40,000,000,000 50,000,000,000 60,000,000,000 70,000,000,000 80,000,000,000 Trip Distance (miles) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31
  • 18.
    US Car VMTVMT Distribution (US) (n=748,918) VehicleMilesTraveled 0 100,000,000,000 200,000,000,000 300,000,000,000 400,000,000,000 500,000,000,000 600,000,000,000 700,000,000,000 Trip Distance (miles) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31
  • 19.
    US Car VMTBuckets VMT BUCKETS (US) (n=748,918) VehicleMilesTraveled 0 100,000,000,000 200,000,000,000 300,000,000,000 400,000,000,000 500,000,000,000 600,000,000,000 700,000,000,000 800,000,000,000 900,000,000,000 1,000,000,000,000 1,100,000,000,000 Trip Distance (miles) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 1,067,622,603,274 612,861,811,859 425,397,584,867 VMT Distribution (US) (n=748,918) VehicleMilesTraveled 0 100,000,000,000 200,000,000,000 300,000,000,000 400,000,000,000 500,000,000,000 600,000,000,000 700,000,000,000 Trip Distance (miles) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31
  • 20.
    US Car VMTBuckets VMT BUCKETS (US) (n=748,918) VehicleMilesTraveled 0 100,000,000,000 200,000,000,000 300,000,000,000 400,000,000,000 500,000,000,000 600,000,000,000 700,000,000,000 800,000,000,000 900,000,000,000 1,000,000,000,000 1,100,000,000,000 Trip Distance (miles) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 1,067,622,603,274 1,038,259,396,726 0 100,000,000,000 200,000,000,000 300,000,000,000 400,000,000,000 500,000,000,000 600,000,000,000 700,000,000,000 Trip Distance (miles) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 1.1 Trillion miles 1.0 Trillion miles
  • 21.
    How Much Doesa Mile Cost? PRICING VMT IN NYC $0.00 $3.00 $6.00 $9.00 $12.00 $15.00 $18.00 TRIP DISTANCE 0.5 1 1.5 2 3 $0.50 IRS DEDUCTION Taxi Citibike MICROMOBILIT Y $0.00 $0.75 $1.50 $2.25 $3.00 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
  • 22.
    US Revenue BucketsDollar BUCKETS (US) (n=748,918) PersonDollar-Miles 0 100,000,000,000 200,000,000,000 300,000,000,000 400,000,000,000 500,000,000,000 600,000,000,000 700,000,000,000 800,000,000,000 900,000,000,000 1,000,000,000,000 1,100,000,000,000 1,200,000,000,000 1,300,000,000,000 1,400,000,000,000 1,500,000,000,000 Trip Distance (miles) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 $1,111,051,834,588 $1,408,549,860,197 0 100,000,000,000 200,000,000,000 300,000,000,000 400,000,000,000 500,000,000,000 600,000,000,000 700,000,000,000 800,000,000,000 Trip Distance (miles) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 $1.1 Trillion $1.4 Trillion
  • 23.
    SMALL DISTANCES INSMALL VEHICLES ELECTRIC EARLY, AUTONOMOUS LATE AUTONOMOUS EARLY, ELECTRIC LATE 2026: 40 million units/yr Micromobility market will grow fastest LARGE DISTANCES IN LARGE VEHICLES The Unbundling is Coming