2. WHAT IS COMPUTER PROGRAMMING
Computer Programming is a way of giving computers instructions about what they
should do next. These instructions are known as code, and computer programmers
write code to solve problems or perform a task.
WHAT IS A PROGRAM
A PROGRAM is written as a series of human understandable computer
instructions that can be read by a compiler and linker.
3. 1ST COMPUTER THAT MADE
The first mechanical computer, The Babbage Difference Engine, was designed by
Charles Babbage in 1822. But somewhat popular was the Analytical Engine built
in 1837.
FATHER OF COMPUTER
Charles Babbage was considered to be the father of computing after his concept, and then later the
invention of the Analytical Engine in 1837. The Analytical Engine contained an ALU (arithmetic logic unit),
basic flow control, and integrated memory; hailed as the first general-purpose computer concept.
Unfortunately, because of funding issues, this computer was not built while Charles Babbage was alive.
ADA LOVELACE
Why is Ada Lovelace famous? Ada Lovelace is considered the first computer programmer. Even though she wrote
about a computer, the Analytical Engine, that was never built, she realized that the computer could follow a series
of simple instructions, a program, to perform a complex calculation.
Lovelace was tasked with translating an article written on the works of Babbage from French to English. These
notes included methods on how codes could be used to communicate with a machine to produce meaningful
characters, such as letters and numbers, and steps to create a looping process, which programmers continue to
use today.
Ada Lovelace was the first computer programmer. She published extensive notes about Charles Babbage's
Analytic Engine in 1843. Computer language is based on Binary Code. Binary numbers make use of only 2
characters, on and off, 1 and 0.
Ada Lovelace was the first computer programmer. She published extensive notes about Charles Babbage’s
Analytic Engine in 1843.
Computer language is based on Binary Code. Binary numbers make use of only 2 characters, on and off, 1 and 0
4. 1ST PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE
The oldest programming language is Fortran, which was first commercially
released in 1957. A group of programmers at IBM, under the direction of John
Backus, first created the programming language.
WHAT IS FORTRAN?
Fortran is a general-purpose, compiled imperative programming language that is
especially suited to numeric computation and scientific computing. Fortran was
originally developed by IBM in the 1950s for scientific and engineering
applications, and subsequently came to dominate scientific computing.
WHAT IS IBM
IBM is best known for producing and selling computer hardware and software, as
well as cloud computing and data analytics. The company has also served as a
major research and development corporation over the years, with significant
inventions like the floppy disk, the hard disk drive, and the UPC barcode.
IBM (International Business Machines Corporation) is a multinational technology
company headquartered in Armonk, N.Y. It was founded in 1911 as the Computing-
Tabulating-Recording Company (CTR) and was later renamed to IBM in 1924.
5. WHAT IS FORTRAN USED FOR?
FORTRAN was designed for scientists and engineers, and has dominated this
field. For the past 30 years FORTRAN has been used for such projects as the
design of bridges and aeroplane structures, it is used for factory automation
control, for storm drainage design, analysis of scientific data and so on.
More than 50 years after its debut, Fortran, the first high-level computer language,
is still used every day: in Doppler radar weather forecasts or atmospheric and
oceanic studies, as well as simulating nanoparticles, genomes, DNA and atomic
structures.
6. WHAT IS BINARY CODE?
a coding system using the binary digits 0 and 1 to represent a letter, digit, or other
character in a computer or other electronic device.
A binary code represents text, computer processor instructions, or any other data
using a two-symbol system
Binary is a base-2 number system representing numbers using a pattern of ones
and zeroes.
Early computer systems had mechanical switches that turned on to represent 1,
and turned off to represent 0. By using switches in series, computers could
represent numbers using binary code. Modern computers still use binary code in
the form of digital ones and zeroes inside the CPU and RAM.’
Binary numbers consist of a series of eight "bits," which are known as a "byte." A
bit is a single one or zero that makes up the 8 bit binary number. Using ASCII
codes, binary numbers can also be translated into text characters for storing
information in computer memory.
7. How Binary Numbers Work
Converting a binary number into a decimal number is very simple when you
consider that computers use a base 2 binary system. The placement of each
binary digit determines its decimal value. For an 8-bit binary number, the values
are calculated as follows:
Bit 1: 2 to the power of 0 = 1
Bit 2: 2 to the power of 1 = 2
Bit 3: 2 to the power of 2 = 4
Bit 4: 2 to the power of 3 = 8
Bit 5: 2 to the power of 4 = 16
Bit 6: 2 to the power of 5 = 32
Bit 7: 2 to the power of 6 = 64
Bit 8: 2 to the power of 7 = 128
8. ASCII CODE
Converting a binary number into a decimal number is very simple when you
consider that computers use a base 2 binary system. The placement of each
binary digit determines its decimal value. For an 8-bit binary number, the values
are calculated as follows:
Bit 1: 2 to the power of 0 = 1
Bit 2: 2 to the power of 1 = 2
Bit 3: 2 to the power of 2 = 4
Bit 4: 2 to the power of 3 = 8
Bit 5: 2 to the power of 4 = 16
Bit 6: 2 to the power of 5 = 32
Bit 7: 2 to the power of 6 = 64
Bit 8: 2 to the power of 7 = 128
10. ASCII CODE
ASCII stands for American Standard Code for Information Interchange.
Computers can only understand numbers, so an ASCII code is the numerical
representation of a character such as 'a' or '@' or an action of some sort.
ASCII was actually designed for use with teletypes and so the descriptions are
somewhat obscure. If someone says they want your CV however in ASCII format,
all this means is they want 'plain' text with no formatting such as tabs, bold or
underscoring - the raw format that any computer can understand. This is usually so
they can easily import the file into their own applications without issues.
Notepad.exe creates ASCII text, or in MS Word you can save a file as 'text only'
11. Binary Code and Storing Information
All of the documents you write, web pages you view, and even the video games
you play are all made possible thanks to the binary number system.
Binary code allows computers to manipulate and store all types of information to
and from computer memory. Everything computerized, even the computers inside
your car or your mobile phone, make use of the binary number system for
everything you use it for.
