What is the function of a gene List the four forces of evolutio.pdf
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What is the function of a gene? List the four \"forces\" of evolution. Explain what each one means Solution Answer: 9. A gene is a fragment of DNA that encodes for a particular protein, i.e, specifies the sequence of amino acids in a protein. 10. The four forces of evolution are: a. Mutation: Mutations are heritable changes in the DNA sequence. It occurs randomly and helps in making new alleles and even new genes. b. Migration: Individuals immigrating into a population can bring with them novel alleles or even novel genes. Individuals emigrating from a small population can take with them their novel alleles. This can be a random or a non random process. c. Genetic drift: Allele frequencies change in a small population due to random events unrelated to the alleles. Example: Lightning starts a forest fire which just happens to kill more blue-eyed squirrels than brown-eyed squirrels. Genetic drift also encompasses concepts of \"population bottleneck\" and \"founder effect.\" This is a random process. d. Selection: Allele frequencies change in a population because some alleles convey a reproductive advantage to the individuals bearing them, in the local environment. Selection encompasses natural selection (nature acts as the selecting agent), sexual selection / mate selection (members of one sex are selected by members of the other sex in the population) and artificial selection (human beings select the members that are to breed). This is a nonrandom process. A gene that is not in equilibrium is likely being impacted by mutation, natural selection, gene flow, or genetic drift..
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Example OneDiscuss how new discoveries in genetics are contr.docx
Example One
Discuss how new discoveries in genetics are contributing to our understanding of the HIV virus
and how some folks exposed to HIV have been able to escape developing AIDS.
The HIV virus daily infects 14,000 people, however some individuals’ odds of contracting the
virus are very low. Dr. Donald Mosier of the Script Institute was puzzled by this and launched a
genetic study to determine why certain individuals are resistant to the HIV virus. What Dr.
Mosier discovered was the resistant people inherited a deletion mutation that gave them
protection. Within the deletion mutation, the receptor CCR5, is excluded. This deleted section
of the CCR5 receptor functions as a lock, therefore people born with the mutation will not get
the HIV virus. Those individuals that are homozygous – have two copies of the same deletion
gene, are immune to the virus and are protected. Individuals that are heterozygous – have two
different genes – have some protection from HIV because their body have half the “locks.” Dr.
Mosier further studied populations and discovered the deleted mutation was higher in certain
parts of the world and among Caucasians.
Explain the genetic connection between phenotype and genotype discovered by Mendel in the
19th century.
Genetics helps to understand human diversity, not only in today’s world but in the past as well.
When studying genetics it is important to understand the relationship between phenotype and
genotype. A phenotype is defined as an observable physical characteristic whereas a genotype
is the set of specific genes an organism carries (Allen, Anton, Stanford 60). In the video lesson,
Anne Stone commented the phenotype can be impacted by the environment. For example, if
there is not sufficient food or there is disease, this can impact an individual’s height which is a
phenotype. Anthropologist Geneticist Joanna Mountain explained a phenotype can be
“measurements and anything we can describe about a person from appearance to metabolism.”
Utilizing the garden pea plant to conduct his experiment, Gregor Mendel was able to recognize
traits were passed on from parents to offspring. He knew traits were inherited but did not know
how this inheritance worked. Mendel’s Principles of Segregation which states in an organism,
alleles occurs in pairs and when gametes sex cells get produced, alleles separate so each
gamete contains one member of each pair. Further experiments by Mendel lead him to
conclude in a unit of inheritance, meaning offspring received receive genes from each parent.
Theses principles laid the foundation for future scientists to study inheritance.
Vocabulary
Phenotype – observable characteristics; expression of genetic instructions; something you can
measure
Genotype – genetic make-up of an individual; every person has a unique genotype made of
genes inherited from parents
Recessive – a masked trait or covered up
Dominant – mask recessive characteristics
P ...
Population genetics
Population genetics is a sub field of genetics that deals with genetic differences within and between populations, and is a part of Evolutionary biology.
Recommended
Example OneDiscuss how new discoveries in genetics are contr.docx
Example One
Discuss how new discoveries in genetics are contributing to our understanding of the HIV virus
and how some folks exposed to HIV have been able to escape developing AIDS.
The HIV virus daily infects 14,000 people, however some individuals’ odds of contracting the
virus are very low. Dr. Donald Mosier of the Script Institute was puzzled by this and launched a
genetic study to determine why certain individuals are resistant to the HIV virus. What Dr.
Mosier discovered was the resistant people inherited a deletion mutation that gave them
protection. Within the deletion mutation, the receptor CCR5, is excluded. This deleted section
of the CCR5 receptor functions as a lock, therefore people born with the mutation will not get
the HIV virus. Those individuals that are homozygous – have two copies of the same deletion
gene, are immune to the virus and are protected. Individuals that are heterozygous – have two
different genes – have some protection from HIV because their body have half the “locks.” Dr.
Mosier further studied populations and discovered the deleted mutation was higher in certain
parts of the world and among Caucasians.
Explain the genetic connection between phenotype and genotype discovered by Mendel in the
19th century.
Genetics helps to understand human diversity, not only in today’s world but in the past as well.
When studying genetics it is important to understand the relationship between phenotype and
genotype. A phenotype is defined as an observable physical characteristic whereas a genotype
is the set of specific genes an organism carries (Allen, Anton, Stanford 60). In the video lesson,
Anne Stone commented the phenotype can be impacted by the environment. For example, if
there is not sufficient food or there is disease, this can impact an individual’s height which is a
phenotype. Anthropologist Geneticist Joanna Mountain explained a phenotype can be
“measurements and anything we can describe about a person from appearance to metabolism.”
Utilizing the garden pea plant to conduct his experiment, Gregor Mendel was able to recognize
traits were passed on from parents to offspring. He knew traits were inherited but did not know
how this inheritance worked. Mendel’s Principles of Segregation which states in an organism,
alleles occurs in pairs and when gametes sex cells get produced, alleles separate so each
gamete contains one member of each pair. Further experiments by Mendel lead him to
conclude in a unit of inheritance, meaning offspring received receive genes from each parent.
Theses principles laid the foundation for future scientists to study inheritance.
Vocabulary
Phenotype – observable characteristics; expression of genetic instructions; something you can
measure
Genotype – genetic make-up of an individual; every person has a unique genotype made of
genes inherited from parents
Recessive – a masked trait or covered up
Dominant – mask recessive characteristics
P ...
Population genetics
Population genetics is a sub field of genetics that deals with genetic differences within and between populations, and is a part of Evolutionary biology.
Recombination Final.ppt
Recombination
Breaking and rejoining of two parental DNA molecules to produce new DNA molecules
Types of recombination
Definition of recombination
Gene Conversion – Characteristics
Holliday model
Holliday junction cleavage
Mobile DNA Element-Transposable !
Origin of Junk DNA Hypothesis
Types of Junk DNA
Mobile DNA Element: Overview
Rate of Transposition, Induction and Defence
Classification of Transposons
Transposable Elements in Bacteria
Mobile Genetic Elements in Eukaryotes
Drosophila Transposons
Human Retrotranspons
Transposons as Mutagens
Genetic Transformation using Transposons
Transposons and Genome Organization
Transposable Elements and Evolution
Transposons and Diseases
DNA Methylation & C Value.pdf
The Role of Methylation in Gene Expression & The law of DNA constancy and C-value paradox
Allied american university bio 130 module 5
Get professional solution for assignment help,homework help,easy writing help,and Thesis Writing for all Universities in USA,UK,and Australia.
1) Describe the genetic code in your own words, and the three coding.pdf
1) Describe the genetic code in your own words, and the three coding systems in which DNA
affects phenotype.Describe each process separetly .
2) Describe, in your own words, evolution and how it produces and redistributes variation?
explian each of the four merchanisms of evolution separately.
3) Explain (from an evoluionary point of view) why tuberculosis was not eradicated after the
discovery of antibiotics. What is the current status of tuberculosis treatment? and why are there
increasing problems with treating tuberculosis in different regions of the worldd?
Solution
1.Like every operating things have there specific sequences,our DNA too has a specific sequence
which are called as \'code\'.It is said as \'genetic code\' because it contains all the infoormation of
our genes(characterstics) of our ancestors.These genetic codes are further translated into proteins
by living cells in our body.
Three coding systems in which DNA affects phenotype are:
(i)Mutation-The mutations are called mismatches beacause they are positions ehere the
nucleotide that is inserted into the daughter polynucleotide doesnot match,by base pairing the
nucleotide at corresponding position in the template DNA.If in case the mismatch is obtained
inside the daughter double helix then one of its granddaughter molecules produced during the
next round of DNAreplication will carry a permanent double stranded version of the mutation.
(ii)DNA repair-Every day the genomes face a lot of damages and that doubles when the errors
that occur when the genome replicates.These damages need efficient repair systems.The repair
systems will help the genome to maintain its essentiality of the cellular functions.
(iii)Recombination-The genomes will undergo very slight changes,if the recombination wont
occur.The several accumulation of mutations over a span of time will result in small scale
alteration in the nucleotide sequence of the genome.But the role of recombination is to
restructing the genome.
2.A period or process by which a living organism goes through different variations since ages is
called as evolution.
Production is something that is produced to come in use of human.The nature starts producing its
raw material into an useful way so that humans can sustain in the present environment.
Redistribution occurs in evolution to achieve greater social equality.This particular thing helps in
distributing all types of genes in order to sustain in the environment.
THe four mechanisms are:
(i)Natural selection-Natural selection is the idea that only the strong can survive.This means that
each generation must pass on anew trait.For example giraff having longer neck. This makes it
easier to reach to the leaves on the top of the tree.But before,the ancestors of giraff were not
having longer necks.
(ii)Geographical isolation-ex-storm,The isolation of the species may led to adapting to different
environments due to geographical isolation.
(iii)Mutation-In whicch a particular phenotype is favour.
In a plaque assay, a microbiologist counts 20 plaques on a plate. Ho.pdf
In a plaque assay, a microbiologist counts 20 plaques on a plate. How many plaque-forming
units can be assumed to have been present in the original bacterium-virus mixture on the plate, if
there was no dilution of the mixture prior to plating?
2
10
20
40
Solution
2^number of generations * initial number of bacteria = total no. of bacteria present after n
generations.
assuming no. of generations is 1(not specified in the question),
21 * y =20
2y=20
y=20/2=10
so, the initial count must be 10..
How is Cladophora morphologically similar to Spirogyra How is it di.pdf
How is Cladophora morphologically similar to Spirogyra? How is it different?
Solution
Answer
Morphological Similarities
Both occur in fresh water ponds, pools and lakes. Plant body in both cases is Filamentous,
Multicellular, uniseriate
Morphological dissimilarities
Cladophora is attached to the substratum by rhizoids and is profusely branched whereas
Spiropgyra is free floating and unbranched
Cells of Cladophora are multinucleate whereasSpiropgyra has Unicleate cells
Plant body of Cladophora is rough where as that of Spiropgyra is silky and slippary
Discoid chloroplast are present in Cladophora and spiral in Spirogyra.
How did greek medicine influence medicine todaySolutionGrek m.pdf
How did greek medicine influence medicine today?
Solution
Grek medicine is considered as the foundation of modern medicine.It was the greek culture that
first applied the method of scientific thinking in the healing process.The doctors that were
produced in the greek culture were of the same level as that of today\'s modern doctors.Greek
medicine was based on the idea of logic and reasoning and this soon spread to other parts of the
world such as India and western nations where the same logic and reasoning was used in
medicine.One of the best known figures in greek medicine is Hippocrates who is considered as
the father of medicine and the founder of Hippocratic Oath.This oath is taken even today by
doctors before the start of their medical career.Greek medicine changed the spiritual treatment
methods to a system based method based on logic, observation, use of herbs for treatment,
surgery etc which is followed by today\'s doctors as well and has thus influenced the modern
ways of disease treatment.Today\'s research techniques and advancements in modern medicine
have their roots in greek medicine..
More Related Content
Similar to What is the function of a gene List the four forces of evolutio.pdf
Recombination Final.ppt
Recombination
Breaking and rejoining of two parental DNA molecules to produce new DNA molecules
Types of recombination
Definition of recombination
Gene Conversion – Characteristics
Holliday model
Holliday junction cleavage
Mobile DNA Element-Transposable !
Origin of Junk DNA Hypothesis
Types of Junk DNA
Mobile DNA Element: Overview
Rate of Transposition, Induction and Defence
Classification of Transposons
Transposable Elements in Bacteria
Mobile Genetic Elements in Eukaryotes
Drosophila Transposons
Human Retrotranspons
Transposons as Mutagens
Genetic Transformation using Transposons
Transposons and Genome Organization
Transposable Elements and Evolution
Transposons and Diseases
DNA Methylation & C Value.pdf
The Role of Methylation in Gene Expression & The law of DNA constancy and C-value paradox
Allied american university bio 130 module 5
Get professional solution for assignment help,homework help,easy writing help,and Thesis Writing for all Universities in USA,UK,and Australia.
1) Describe the genetic code in your own words, and the three coding.pdf
1) Describe the genetic code in your own words, and the three coding systems in which DNA
affects phenotype.Describe each process separetly .
2) Describe, in your own words, evolution and how it produces and redistributes variation?
explian each of the four merchanisms of evolution separately.
3) Explain (from an evoluionary point of view) why tuberculosis was not eradicated after the
discovery of antibiotics. What is the current status of tuberculosis treatment? and why are there
increasing problems with treating tuberculosis in different regions of the worldd?
Solution
1.Like every operating things have there specific sequences,our DNA too has a specific sequence
which are called as \'code\'.It is said as \'genetic code\' because it contains all the infoormation of
our genes(characterstics) of our ancestors.These genetic codes are further translated into proteins
by living cells in our body.
Three coding systems in which DNA affects phenotype are:
(i)Mutation-The mutations are called mismatches beacause they are positions ehere the
nucleotide that is inserted into the daughter polynucleotide doesnot match,by base pairing the
nucleotide at corresponding position in the template DNA.If in case the mismatch is obtained
inside the daughter double helix then one of its granddaughter molecules produced during the
next round of DNAreplication will carry a permanent double stranded version of the mutation.
(ii)DNA repair-Every day the genomes face a lot of damages and that doubles when the errors
that occur when the genome replicates.These damages need efficient repair systems.The repair
systems will help the genome to maintain its essentiality of the cellular functions.
(iii)Recombination-The genomes will undergo very slight changes,if the recombination wont
occur.The several accumulation of mutations over a span of time will result in small scale
alteration in the nucleotide sequence of the genome.But the role of recombination is to
restructing the genome.
2.A period or process by which a living organism goes through different variations since ages is
called as evolution.
Production is something that is produced to come in use of human.The nature starts producing its
raw material into an useful way so that humans can sustain in the present environment.
Redistribution occurs in evolution to achieve greater social equality.This particular thing helps in
distributing all types of genes in order to sustain in the environment.
THe four mechanisms are:
(i)Natural selection-Natural selection is the idea that only the strong can survive.This means that
each generation must pass on anew trait.For example giraff having longer neck. This makes it
easier to reach to the leaves on the top of the tree.But before,the ancestors of giraff were not
having longer necks.
(ii)Geographical isolation-ex-storm,The isolation of the species may led to adapting to different
environments due to geographical isolation.
(iii)Mutation-In whicch a particular phenotype is favour.
Similar to What is the function of a gene List the four forces of evolutio.pdf (19)
1) Describe the genetic code in your own words, and the three coding.pdf
1) Describe the genetic code in your own words, and the three coding.pdf
Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms And The Causes And Effects...
Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms And The Causes And Effects...
More from info324235
In a plaque assay, a microbiologist counts 20 plaques on a plate. Ho.pdf
In a plaque assay, a microbiologist counts 20 plaques on a plate. How many plaque-forming
units can be assumed to have been present in the original bacterium-virus mixture on the plate, if
there was no dilution of the mixture prior to plating?
2
10
20
40
Solution
2^number of generations * initial number of bacteria = total no. of bacteria present after n
generations.
assuming no. of generations is 1(not specified in the question),
21 * y =20
2y=20
y=20/2=10
so, the initial count must be 10..
How is Cladophora morphologically similar to Spirogyra How is it di.pdf
How is Cladophora morphologically similar to Spirogyra? How is it different?
Solution
Answer
Morphological Similarities
Both occur in fresh water ponds, pools and lakes. Plant body in both cases is Filamentous,
Multicellular, uniseriate
Morphological dissimilarities
Cladophora is attached to the substratum by rhizoids and is profusely branched whereas
Spiropgyra is free floating and unbranched
Cells of Cladophora are multinucleate whereasSpiropgyra has Unicleate cells
Plant body of Cladophora is rough where as that of Spiropgyra is silky and slippary
Discoid chloroplast are present in Cladophora and spiral in Spirogyra.
How did greek medicine influence medicine todaySolutionGrek m.pdf
How did greek medicine influence medicine today?
Solution
Grek medicine is considered as the foundation of modern medicine.It was the greek culture that
first applied the method of scientific thinking in the healing process.The doctors that were
produced in the greek culture were of the same level as that of today\'s modern doctors.Greek
medicine was based on the idea of logic and reasoning and this soon spread to other parts of the
world such as India and western nations where the same logic and reasoning was used in
medicine.One of the best known figures in greek medicine is Hippocrates who is considered as
the father of medicine and the founder of Hippocratic Oath.This oath is taken even today by
doctors before the start of their medical career.Greek medicine changed the spiritual treatment
methods to a system based method based on logic, observation, use of herbs for treatment,
surgery etc which is followed by today\'s doctors as well and has thus influenced the modern
ways of disease treatment.Today\'s research techniques and advancements in modern medicine
have their roots in greek medicine..
Gather information about TinyOS and prepare short report about it.pdf
Gather information about TinyOS and prepare short report about it?
Solution
Introduction:it is an implnted and element founded operating system and policy for less power
wireless equipments .
it is seen in smartdust,personal area network,smart meters and wireless sensor networks.it is
inscribed in programming language nesc .it started creating among the berkely,intel research and
crossbow technology.it is issued as a open source and free software governed with a BCD
license.
Applying TinyOS: It was completely non-blocking.the software modules are in bulit in TinyOS.
with the help of interfaces the modules are joined with each other.it offers interfaces and
modules for often abstraction like sensing,routing and storage.it offers tasks and same as defered
procedure call and interrupt handler.tasks operate in first in first out manner.
corelated benefits are offered to uttter a growth of policies to operate with TinyOS.In TinyOS the
scheduler keeps the processor in sleep mode if no task in the line.the TinyOS associates
statistically with proframm code with the help of a GNU tool chain.
Goals to be adjusted for a TinyOS:1.Permit gaint concurrency
2.runs with finite resources.
3.alter to hardware development.
4.enhances a broad extent of applications.
5.be vigorous..
Foundation of EthicsWhat does Mill say is the ultimate sanction of.pdf
Foundation of Ethics
What does Mill say is the ultimate sanction of the greatest happiness morality (or utilitarianism)?
What is its basis; how did it develop? Also say a bit about how it works. (Approximately 100
words total) from John Stuart Mill\'s Utilitarianism
Please do not provide answers from others since its consider a plagiarism.
Thanks
Solution
Mill was Bentham\'s godson. He believed that happiness,not pleasure should be the standard of
utility. Mill agreed with the utility principle but had an issue with the quantitative element.He
wanted to reformulate the theory and to present that pleasures are not all of equal value. Mill
argues that moral theories are divided between two distinct approaches:
a) The intuitive and
b) The Inductive schools.
He adds that the principle of utility should be seen as a tool for generating secondary moral
principles,ehich promote general happiness.
Development of Utilitarianism: The theory developed through differentt phases.Some of the
important phases are given by phillosphers with tehir views are:
1. Classical Approach by Bentham: His theory can be divide into three parts: Hedonistic
Utilitarianism , the principle of utility and th eutility or Hedonic Calculus.
2. Henry Sidgwick\'s: It is one of the most well known works in utilitarian moral philosophy, and
deservedly so. It offers a defense of utilitarianism, though some writers (Schneewind 1977) have
argued that it should not primarily be read as a defense of utilitarianism. In The
MethodsSidgwick is concerned with developing an account of “…the different methods of Ethics
that I find implicit in our common moral reasoning…” These methods are egoism, intuition
based morality, and utilitarianism.
3.Ideal Utilitarianism byG. E. Moore: He strongly disagreed with the hedonistic value theory
adopted by the Classical Utilitarians. Moore agreed that we ought to promote the good, but
believed that the good included far more than what could be reduced to pleasure. He was a
pluralist, rather than a monist, regarding intrinsic value. For example, he believed that ‘beauty’
was an intrinsic good. A beautiful object had value independent of any pleasure it might generate
in a viewer. Thus, Moore differed from Sidgwick who regarded the good as consisting in some
consciousness.
Working of Mill\'s theory:
Mill developed a system of higher and lower pleasures. to pursue pleasures of the intellect were
\'higher\' tha,say, the pursuits of pleasures of the body.Mill wanted to reformulate the utilitarian
theory to reflect tthe fact that pleasures are not all of equal valuue. He also wanted to take human
naure into account.
Mill argues that the principle of utility should be seen as a tool for generating secondary moral
principles which promote general happiness. Thus most of our actions will be judged according
to these secondary principles.
Mill argues that everything we desire becomes part of happiness.Thus happiness becomes a
complex phenomenon composed of many par.
Explain what single human development most contributed to the evolut.pdf
Explain what single human development most contributed to the evolution of the human malaria
parasite. Be sure to include some details of how this event(s) resulted in the dissemination of
malaria. Think about current human activities that are further contributing to the evolution of
Malaria.
PLEASE ASAPPP!!! NOT COPIED MATERIAL PLEASE
Solution
It has been conclusively proven that the human malaria parasite is transmitted by Anopheles
mosquito. It has also been discovered that before entering the blood stream, the malaria parasite
underwent development in the liver. Hence, the gestational period during which the liver
development of the human fetus takes place, is an important contributor to the evolution of
human malaria parasite.
A warm environment can be a big contributor to the mosquito population. Global warming due
to high incidence of fossil fuel usage by humans, seems to be a likely contributor to the rise in
the mosquito population..
Case Study 4 Understanding a Development Miracle China business deci.pdf
Case Study 4 Understanding a Development Miracle: China business decisions/But China has
also adopted active- higher skill and technology content, and it embarked An Extraordinary
Performance rom 1978 to 2011, the economy of China dented achievement for 19% of global
population China\'s income per cap- s of incr se to 9% a year, an any economy in history, let on
its period of rapid growth around 1980, more alone the world\'s most popuióuis nation, with over
than a decade before significant trade liberalization. But often overlooked is that/China\'s ita by
2012 was approaching six times what it was in productivity growth was also very high.
Moreover, 1978, when reforms began. Growth was three times much of China\'s growth in the
1980s and early 1990s the rate that would be considered respectable by was due to nural
township and village enterprises the recent standards of most low-income countries. which had a
qhasi-cooperative and quasi-municipally Shina has also experienced the world\'s most owned
character. There has been less privatization dramatic reductions in poverty. The World Bank\'s of
state-owned enterprises than in most developing most recent estimate is that Just 12% of China\'s
countries. In the meantime, countre sin Africa Latin population lives on less than$1.25 per day
(27% America, and elsewhere that have most closely fol- below $2 per day). This means that
hundreds of lowed the free-market model have generally not done millions fewer people were
bving in extreme pov- particularly well. While all schools may find some- erty in a span of just
three decades. Reductions in thing in Chinate let them claim it as vindication of extreme poverty
in China are far faster and greater their favored development policies, it is also clear than
anywhere else in the world that if China were performing dismally, each could (and likely
would) find reasons why its own theories, including free-market theory, predicted such a failure
Debate on Sources of Success For such a stunning record, the roots of China\'s suc- There have
been many special explanations for cess remain a source of disagreementy The Chinese China\'s
remarkable success. Many of them contain experience seems to change everything-but does part
of the truth, but such dramatic success is more it? And if so, in what ways? Success has a thou-
than the sum of these parts. Let us review some of sand fathers, and all the major traditional and
new the explanations. China as their most important case in point. China schools of thbught on
development want to claim Regional \"Demonstrations.\" The presence of regional
\"demonstration\" models, has been is hailed as an example of the benefits of markets, crucial.
Japan was emulated\"by other countries trade, and globalization. Yet by conventional mea- in the
East Asian region. Hong Kong provided sures, institutions in China remain quite weak. For an
additional example for China, as did China\'s example, the World Bank\'s 2013 \"Pase of Doing
.
5. An analog filer has system fnction Ha(s)--a (a) (10 pts,) Comvert .pdf
5. An analog filer has system fnction Ha(s)--a (a) (10 pts,) Comvert this analog filter into a
digital iker by means of the bilineasr filter by means of the bilinear trasformation method with T,
= 0.1. (b) (5 pts.) Is this filter FIR or IIR? (c) (5 pts.) Find the poles of this digital filher
Solution
Hundreds if not thousands of different kinds of filters have been developed to meet the needs of
various applications. Despite this variety, many filters can be described by a few common
characteristics. The first of these is the frequency range of their pass band. A filter\'s pass band is
the range of frequencies over which it will pass an incoming signal. Signal frequencies lying
outside the pass band are attenuated. Many filters fall into one of the following response
categories, based on the overall shape of their pass band.
Low-pass filters pass low-frequency signals while blocking high-frequency signals. The pass
band ranges from DC (0 Hz) to a corner frequency FC.
High-pass filters pass high-frequency signals while blocking DC and low-frequency signals. The
pass band ranges from a corner frequency (FC) to infinity.
Band-pass filters pass only signals between two given frequencies, blocking lower and higher
signals. The pass band lies between two frequencies, FL and FH. Signals between DC and FL are
blocked, as are signals from FH to infinity. The pass band of these filters is often characterized
as having a bandwidth that is symmetric around a center frequency.
Band-stop filters block signals occurring between two given frequencies, FL and FH. The pass
band is split into a low side (DC to FL) and a high side (FH to infinity). For this reason, it\'s
often simpler to specify a band-stop filter by the width and center frequency of its stop band.
Band-stop filters are also called notch filters, especially when the stop band is narrow.
Figure 1 shows how each of these filters operates on a swept-frequency input signal.
Figure 1. Filters are usually characterized by their frequency-domain performance. The effects
of a few common filter types on a swept-frequency input signal are shown here.
In the examples, the signal increases continuously in frequency, from a low frequency to a high
frequency. When the signal frequency is within the filter\'s pass band, the filter passes the signal.
As the signal moves out of the pass band, the filter begins to attenuate the signal.
Note that the transition from the pass band to the stop band is a gradual process, where the
filter\'s response decreases continuously. Although you can make this transition arbitrarily sharp
(at the cost of filter complexity), it can never be instantaneous, at least not in filters physically
realizable with today\'s technology.
The Bode and Phase Plots
Bode plots describe the behavior of a filter by relating the magnitude of the filter\'s response
(gain) to its frequency. An example of this type of plot is shown in Figure 2.
Figure 2. Filter responses are plotted on Bode plots, wh.
About 71 of young adult Internet users ( ages 18 to 29) use social-.pdf
About 71% of young adult Internet users ( ages 18 to 29) use social- networking sites. Suppose
that a sample survey contacts an SRS of 1500 young adult Internet users and calculates the
proportion p ˆ in this sample who use social-networking sites.
Solution
Sol) n=1500 and p=0.71
1) P hat =0.71
2) Mean=np =0.71*1500=1065
3) standard deviation of p hat =sqrt(pq/n)= 0.0117.
A certain ROM has 32 words x 16 bit structure. The input lines to th.pdf
A certain ROM has 32 words x 16 bit structure. The input lines to the ROM are A, B, C, D, and
E. If E is the LSB, what binary input sequence would we enter to select the 10th word stored
inside the ROM?
Solution
32 words x 16 bit
it says the no of word(32) in size of bit(16) can store in the ROM.
the address for the store value will form By ABCDE vector value start from 0(00000)
to31(11111).
to access the 10th word(the binaryvalue for 10 is 01010) we need to enter
A=0,B=1,C=0,D=1,E=0
inside the ROM.
________________stakeholders are the ones who most directly interact.pdf
________________stakeholders are the ones who most directly interact with the company and
who are vital for making it a going concern
Solution
Stakeholders are of two types - Internal stakeholder and External stakeholder
Internal Stakeholder are the ones who work directly within the business such as employees,
owners, directors and investors.
External Stakeholder are the ones who are associated with the company not directly working
within the business but are responsible in some way in the business such as customers, suppliers,
creditors, and the government.
Internal stakeholder such as employees, mangers and owners are the ones who direectly interact
with the company and vital for making it going concern..
4) Devin invests $27,000 in a savings account that earns 2.15 compou.pdf
4) Devin invests $27,000 in a savings account that earns 2.15% compounded quarterly. Find the
balance after 6 years. (6 points)
Solution
Quarterly rate = 2.15/4 = .5375%
Number of quarters = 6*4= 24
Balance after 6 years =FVF .5375%,24 * Amount invested
= 1.13730*27000
= $ 30707.10
**find FVF from future value table.
Write out a checklist for construction of a good graphic. For Ja.pdf
Write out a checklist for construction of a \"good graphic\". For Jane\'s plant experiment, add
details of the chart she should use to display the data she has gathered
Solution
For janes plant experiment add details of the chart she should use to display the data she has
gathered
Plant species type of data type of chart
type of data
type of chart
Plant species
Nominal data (presence or absence of speices)
Bar charts
Length of exposure
Interval data
histogram.
Weekly height measurement
Ordinal data
Bar chart
Write a check list for construction of a good graphic
1. Checking the data
2. descrcibing encodings
3. Labelling the axes
4. Include units
5. Include sources
6. Consider audience for presentation
type of data
type of chart
Plant species
Nominal data (presence or absence of speices)
Bar charts
Length of exposure
Interval data
histogram.
Weekly height measurement
Ordinal data
Bar chart.
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Which TCP/IP Application layer protocol provides IP address resolution for domain names?
A. DHCP
B. DNS
C. SMTP
D. SNMP
Solution
B is correct. DNS resolves an IP address for a domain name.
A, C, and D are incorrect. A is incorrect because DHCP provides automatic dynamic address
allocation inside a network segment. C is incorrect because SMTP provides e-mail transmission
between clients and servers. D is incorrect because SNMP provides network and configuration
management services..
why do so many genes (20-30 of all genes) encode transport prot.pdf
why do so many genes (20-30% of all genes) encode transport proteins
why do so many genes (20-30% of all genes) encode transport proteins
why do so many genes (20-30% of all genes) encode transport proteins
Solution
Transport proteins play a vital role in transport of ions, small molecules and other proteins avross
the membranes. All these are vital for the growth and survival of the cell and organism. Some
proteins are synthesized at one place but become active at another site. They must be carried to
the specific site for this. For all the above functions lists number of transport proteins are
necessary. Hence most genes code for these..
Why is the NFP at the venous end a negative number filtration occur.pdf
Why is the NFP at the venous end a negative number? filtration occurs not reabsorption fluid
moves from the capillary to the interstitial space the intercellular fluid moves out of the
capillaries reabsorption occurs not filtration The sole layer of the capillary is a continuation of
the: muscle layer neural layer connective layer epithelial layer A inactive person has a higher
chance of having oedema problems than a active person due to venous now issues. True False
Solution
Q 25. Answer : Reabsorption takes place hence the negative number
when reabsorption is occurring, the NFP (Net filteration pressure ) is a negative number.
Q26. Answer : Epithelial layer
the capillaries are made up of endothelial cells.
Q27. Answer : true
Oedema is nothing but Edema which causes swelling of the Joints, caused due to the non
movement or inactiveness.
What are 3 changes that occur in dendritic cells once they become ‘a.pdf
What are 3 changes that occur in dendritic cells once they become ‘activated?’
Solution
When the dentritic cell becomes activated, they migrate to the lymph nodes where they interact
with T cells and B cells to initiate and shape the adaptive immune response.
1. When the cell comes onto contact with an antigen, they become activated and move into the
lymph node.
2. They upregulate cell-surface receptors which act as co-receptors in T-cell activation. This
enhances their ability to activate T cells.
3. They upregulate the chemotactic receptor that induces the dendritic cell to travel through the
blood stream to the spleen or through the lymphatic system to a lymph node..
Which of the following traits is considered MendelianSelect one.pdf
Which of the following traits is considered Mendelian?
Select one:
a. A trait which is caused by linked genes
b. A trait which is caused by a single gene
c. A trait which is caused by environmental factors
d. A trait which is multifactorial
Solution
The following traits which is considered Mendelian is the trait which is caused by linked genes..
What are three risks of not including best HR practices into the man.pdf
What are three risks of not including best HR practices into the management of a project?
Solution
HR polocies consist of the risk factors related to manpower and its turnover to complete a
project. specifically they focused on how to acquire quality manpower and how can retain them
by fulfilling their obligaitons and at the same time by following the organisational rules and
norms.
there are many risk factors where a HR polocy does not includes: political risk, financial risk and
marketability risk.
political risk can be arise because of the political conditions existed in the particualr nation. when
new governements comes into power they may change the existing polocies.
financial risk includes acquiring the financial capital and requirements to meet the obligations of
the project.
if the sales people are not able to market that particular project, it is going to be fail in the
market. and the product or service is going to become a failure in the market..
When a persons score on one variable is used to make predictions abo.pdf
When a persons score on one variable is used to make predictions about a person\'s score on
another variable, the procedure is called
a) a correlation
b) hypothesis testing
c) bivariate prediction
d) multicollinearity
Solution
c) bivariate prediction is the only term describing regression/prediction. Rest are just statistical
measures without prediction..
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