What Is The Babbini Reflex

What Is The Babbini Reflex
Reflexes are responses that occur when the body receives a certain stimulus. Although there is a
specific reflex that could be a sign that a child over the age of two or an adult could have a central
nervous system disorder and it's call the Babinski reflex. The Babinski reflex is one of the normal
reflexes found in infants. It occurs when the sole of the foot has been firmly stroked. The big toe
then moves upward or toward the top surface of the foot and the other toes fan out. It's normal for
children up to two years old and could disappear as early as 12 months. The Babinski sign is an
important neurologic examination based upon what the big toe does when the sole of the foot is
stimulated. If the big toe goes up, that may mean trouble.
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Use Of Automatic Mode Of A Dslr ( Digital Single Lens...
Introduction
Imagine yourself standing on one of the seven wonders in the world. Surrounded by the symbolic
scenery you wish to seal up the beauty forever, but you're struggling due to a lack of knowledge of
how to function a DSLR (digital single lens reflex) camera. This user guide will teach you how to
use a DSLR camera from the fundamentals, along with in–depth knowledge of the profession
functions using the three most important pillars in photography; Aperture, Shutter speed and ISO.
Automatic Mode
1.1 What is Automatic Mode
Automatic mode is when the camera self–selects the most appropriate settings for the chosen
situation. It determines for you all of the functions such as shutter speed, aperture, ISO, white
balance (WB), etc. All that is required for you to do then is point and shoot. [1]
1.2 How to Access and Operate Automatic Mode
1. Turn on your camera
2. Twist the mode dial until the green symbol 'auto' lines up with the white marker and your LCD
screen displays the correct mode. (Figure 1,2)
3. Select a target and press the shutter button to capture.
Programme Mode
2.1 What is Programme Mode
Above we have discussed about the most basic mode–auto mode. Programme mode is one step more
complicated than auto mode. It also self–selects the shutter speed, aperture, WB and etc for a given
situation but the ISO is able to be manually manipulated.
2.2 How to Access and Operate Programme mode
1. With your camera turned on, twist the mode dial so that the

An Integration Center Of The Reflex Arc
An integration center in the reflex arc is a neuropathway that creates a reflex action to activating
neurons to skip the spinal cord and protect your brain. The nerve cells can be categorized by their
connections, structure, and neurotransmitters. The structural classification is depending on shape
and size of the cell body, its dendritic tree, axon length, and the nature of the connections it makes.
The neurons with one, two, or more than two neurites, are unipolar, bipolar, and multipolar
respectively. Most of neurons in vertebrate nervous systems are multipolar, but there are significant
exceptions. For illustration, bipolar neurons in the retina synapse with sensory neurons, and
photoreceptors in the dorsal root ganglion are explained as pseudo–unipolar as they begin life as
bipolar cells but their two neurites fuse. The unipolar neurons dominate in invertebrates. Collaterals
a small side branch, as of a blood vessel or nerve. A neuronal pool is a group of interconnected
neurons with specific functions. A pool may be diffuse, involving neurons in several regions of the
brain, or localized, with neurons restricted to one specific location in the brain or spinal cord.
However, the proper function of the circuit of the stretch reflex also relies on convergence and
divergence. A single sensory has multiple branches that diverge and make synaptic connections with
many individual motor neurons. Therefore, when the muscle contracts as a result of the neurologist's
tapper, it

A Study On The Mammalian Diving Reflex
Introduction: The mammalian diving reflex represents a primary physiological mechanism to
maximize underwater excursions in air–breathing animals. Traditionally, the oxygen–conserving
reflex consists of three metabolic and cardiovascular adjustments: (1) notable bradycardia; (2)
selective peripheral vasoconstriction; and (3) increased blood flow to the viscera (Kawakami et al.,
1967). Previous studies have observed such a response in birds and mammals, generalizing the
considerable reduction of heart rate, or 'diving bradycardia,' as indicative of the response (Butler,
1982). The evolutionary success of these diving animals relies partly on the functional significance
of reducing metabolic demands to prologue underwater survival. Although ... Show more content on
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Moreover, Gooden (1994) describes apnea as an essential element to the diving reflex; it ensures not
only the prevention of water inhalation, but also acts as an energy–saving device through decreasing
nerve stimulation to the diaphragm and intercostals. Therefore, heart rate will be monitored under
both experimental conditions and compared to the resting rate and apneic–resting rate. As a
profound autonomic phenomenon, further establishment of the diving reflex in humans will shed
light on the preservation of the reflex and its role in the survival during 'near–drowning' experiences.
Only by examining the physiological response in humans can we appreciate the evolutionary
significance of this innate neural circuitry.
Methods:
An untrained 22–year–old male human subject was chosen. A PT–104 pulse plethysmograph was
wrapped around his dominant (right) index finger. Connected through a IXTA data acquisition unit,
heart rate was monitored on LabScribe. The recordings were measured with ten seconds of leeway
at the beginning and end to allow baseline pulse recovery. Digital marks labeled the time interval of
the described action. First the subject's heart rate was measured during a resting phase for twenty
seconds. He was encouraged to relax and remain inactive in order to confirm an accurate baseline
reading. For the apneic condition, the subject repeated this

The Reflex Of A Reflex
Sometimes people go to a doctor appointment and they get their knee with a small rubber hammer?
Or they go to the eye doctor and had them put drops in their eyes to dilate their pupils? These are all
in some way connected to a reflex.
Reflexes A reflex is an involuntary, or nearly instantaneous movement in response to a change in the
environment. Reflexes are done without having to think about it. All healthy people are born with
most reflexes that can help to protect themselves from harm.
Reaction versus Reflexes Reactions and reflexes are two different types of responses. A reaction is a
choice that is made by mentally making a decision. On the contrary, a reflex is instinctive and
automatic. A reaction goes through the sensory ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The grasp appears at birth but only continues for another five or six months. This reflex occurs if a
finger is placed on their open palm. The infant 's hand will close around the finger and trying to
remove the finger causes the grip to tighten. Newborn infants have strong grasps and can almost be
lifted up if both hands are grasping fingers! The moro reflex, also called the startle reflex, is likely to
occur if the following happen: the infant 's head suddenly shifts in position, the temperature changes
abruptly, they are startled by a sudden noise, or the sensation of falling takes place. Even the baby 's
own cry may cause this reflex! The legs and head extend while the arms jerk up and out with the
palms up and thumbs flexed. The step reflex is sparked when the sole of the foot touch a hard
surface. The infant then lifts one foot, then the other, as if walking.
Children and Adult Reflexes Many infant reflexes continue into toddlerhood and some stay with
people all of our lives. Adults and children have reflexes such as the following: the accommodation
reflex, acoustic reflex, pupillary light reflex, brachioradialis reflex, deep tendon reflex, and patellar
reflex. These reflexes can help our bodies to stay protected and safe.
Accommodation Reflex The accommodation reflex is an action of the eye in response to focusing on
a object, whether it is looking at a near object and then focusing on a far object or vice versa. This

What Is The Startle Reflex?
The quick reaction following an intense and unexpected sensory stimulation is known as the startle
reflex: a diffuse protective response common to all mammals3. Although the startle reflex has
enjoyed a great deal of interest because of the many attentional, affective, and motor processes that
affect its manifestation4,5, there is a core research question about its functionality that remains
unanswered. This question relates to the functional role of the physiological processes that outlast
the overt reflex response itself. As recently pointed out by Blumenthal6, the most generally accepted
function of the startle reflex is to interrupt any ongoing process in the brain so that neural resources
can be allocated to process the source of the intense

Reflexes And Reflex
Anthony Cusumano 11/29/15
Ms. Ashkenazy
F–Period
Measuring Reflexes and Reactions
Abstract: The purpose of this lab was to test how reflexes and compare them with our lab partner by
measuring them in various experiments. All of the students tested their reactions by using many
different experiments such as catching a ruler without moving your arm, hitting a student under the
knee, how long it takes them to complete a puzzle, the ping pong reflex test, and the pupil response.
For the ruler experiment one student placed their hand on the ledge of a table while the other
dropped the ruler, wherever the student caught it depends on how good their reflexes are. The knee
reflex was test by using a hammer. One student would ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
To complete the ping pong reflex one student would lightly throw a ping pong at the other and they
will observe their reaction to it. Finally the pupil response reflex was completed by having one
student close their eyes for 30 seconds and then the other student would see how their eye changed.
Introduction: Reflexes are actions that occur after a response without having to think about doing it.
Reflexes are very important to have because they keep us aware of what is happening. For example
if you touch a hot stove your body is telling you that its hot which would then help prevent you from
burning. A reflex arc is a neural pathway that commands a reflex action.
Reflex arcs tell our body to use our reflexes and are very important to us. While completing all of
the experiments in lab our body used reflexes and everyone's reaction time varied.
Hypothesis: If my reaction time to all of the experiments are high then that means I have good
reflexes?
Pre Lab Questions:
1. What is the difference between a reflex arc and a nonreflex arc? In a reflex arc, a sensory neuron
transfers impulses from the skin and then brings

A Case of Cerebrovascular Accident Essay
A Case of Cerebrovascular Accident by David F. Dean, Department of Biology, Spring Hill College
Case Presentation Samuel Dexter is a –year–old African–American man who is both a husband
and father. He is moderately obese (bmi of ), and has smoked two packs of cigarettes a day for
the past  years. He awakes one morning with weakness on his right side. He is a bit confused,
sees double, and his speech is slurred. When he attempts to walk to the bathroom, he stumbles a few
times and falls once. His wife suspects that he has suffered a stroke and calls . Emergency
personnel arrive within minutes of her call and transport Samuel to the emergency room of the
nearest hospital. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
What is a stroke? Describe the mechanism(s) by which strokes occur. A stroke is the sudden death of
brain cells in a localized area due to inadequate blood flow. Without blood to supply oxygen and
nutrients and to remove waste, brain cells quickly begin to die. In certain regions of the brain, this
affected area could cause paralysis, speech impairment, memory loss, coma, or even death .
Define the term collateral blood flow, and describe how this and other factors affect the
development of stroke. Collateral blood flow is an enlarged vessel that opens to cause a detour
around a blockage. When an artery in the brain is block (ie; TIA) open collateral vessels can allow
blood to bypass the blockage to restore blood flow to the affected area. . List the risk factors that
predispose an individual to suffer a stroke. What are the five warning signs that indicate an
individual is having a stroke? Which of the risk factors and warning signs did Mr. Dexter possess
based on the clinical history? Some controllable risk factors are: high blood pressure, high
cholesterol, diabetes, smoking, alcohol, obesity, circulation issues. Uncontrollable risk factors are:
age,

1.1 Explain the pattern of development in the first three...
From birth to the age of 3 children progress greatly, considering they are born with only simple
reflexes and are helpless and dependent on adults to feed and care for them.
At birth babies are born with many actions that are done without thinking, these are called reflexes,
and many of these reflexes are carried out in order to survive.
To ensure a baby can feed they have a swallowing and sucking reflex. To help a baby find food they
move their head to look for a nipple or teat if their cheek or mouth is touched this is called rooting.
Babies have a grasping reflex by where they will automatically grab whatever is placed in their hand
if it touches their palm. If there is a loud sound or bright light babies will perform their startle ...
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They can now focus on objects and toys and explore them by using their mouth and fingers. Babies
start to show that they understand a little of what is been said to them and lift arms to show that they
want to be picked up. They are beginning to try and feed themselves by grabbing the spoon and
should be enjoying their food. Teeth are now beginning to come through which can be painful at
times. By this age babies are getting stronger and should be able to sit with support and should be
able to roll over form their back to their fronts. They should now be settled into a routine and will
nap and play throughout the day.
At 9 months babies should now be crawling or finding other ways of getting around, they will sit
and spend a lot of time playing and exploring their surroundings, babies can now pick up and handle
things and begin to feed using their fingers. Their language should now be developing; their
babbling is now more tuneful and long strings of sounds are put together. They can now understand
some simple words such as drink or bath and may get excited when they hear them. At around 8
months they may cry when they are left with a stranger and will try their hardest to be with their
parents. Around this age babies will now understand that objects and people around them do not
disappear but continue to exist when they can no longer see them. This development is important
and

Example Of The Rood Approach
5. Rood approach
Rood approach was first introduced by Margaret Rood in the 1950's which become center of origins
for many facilitation techniques used in this century. This approach came from the reflex of motor
control, also it builds up an arrangement of helpful activities to enhance cutaneous incitement for
patients who have neuromuscular dysfunctions adjacent to proprioceptive manoeuvers like situating,
joint pressure, joint distraction and the general utilization of reflexes, extend, and protection. The
best accentuation is given on interceptive applications, for example, tapping, stroking, brushing,
icing, warmth, weight, and vibration to fulfill ideal solid activity.
Firstly, the little amount force to apply more than ligament or muscle ... Show more content on
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Task–oriented approach
Task–oriented approach is often suggested as a preferred neurorehabilitation intervention to enhance
the work by polishing motor behavior. This approach is based on system model of motor behavior
and environment factors on motor performance. Task oriented approach patients is mainly having
neurological conditions like a cerebral vascular accident and traumatic brain injury which result to
shifts in multiple body function such as mental, sensory, and neuromusculoskeletal and movement–
related functions.
Task–oriented approach uses a top–down, client–centered, and occupation–focused approach to
evaluation and treatment. The evaluation process starts with the decision of role performance and
occupational performance. Then the therapist detects the patient performing challenging and
meaningful tasks, and determines the patterns that can be stable.
The therapist identifies the crucial person factors that intrude with task performance which known as
control parameters, control parameters are personal or environmental variables that are reflection to
constrain movement into desirable patterns and have the potential to shift behavior to a new pattern.
For example, therapists observe client and identify the following control parameters such as amount
of trunk support, level of attention to tasks, amount of energy, and incorporation of right hand, all of
control parameters referred to assessment

Reflex and Pic Essay
Preeclampsia Top of Form Initial History and Assessment At 0600 Jennie is brought to the Labor
and Delivery triage area by her sister. The client complains of a pounding headache for the last 12
hours unrelieved by acetaminophen (Tylenol), swollen hands and face for 2 days, and epigastric pain
described as bad heartburn. Her sister tells the nurse, "I felt like that when I had toxemia during my
pregnancy." Admission assessment by the nurse reveals: today's weight 182 pounds, T 99.1° F, P 76,
R 22, BP 138/88, 4+ pitting edema, and 3+ protein in the urine. Heart rate is regular, and lung
sounds are clear. Deep tendon reflexes (DTRs) are 3+ biceps and triceps and 4+ patellar with 1 beat
of ankle clonus.[pic][pic] The nurse applies the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Pathophysiology of Preeclampsia There is no definitive cause of preeclampsia, but the
pathophysiology is distinct. The main pathogenic factor is poor perfusion as a result of arteriolar
vasospasm. Function in organs such as the placenta, liver, brain, and kidneys can be depressed as
much as 40 to 60%. As fluid shifts out of the intravascular compartment, a decrease in plasma
volume and subsequent increase in hematocrit is seen. The edema of preeclampsia is generalized.
Virtually all organ systems are affected by this disease, and the mother and fetus suffer increasing
risk as the disease progresses. Preeclampsia develops after 20 weeks gestation in a previously
normotensive woman. Elevated blood pressure is frequently the first sign of preeclampsia. The
client also develops proteinuria. While no longer considered a diagnostic measurement of
preeclampsia, generalized edema of the face, hands, and abdomen that is not responsive to 12 hours
of bedrest is often present. Preeclampsia progresses along a continuum from mild to severe
preeclampsia, HELLP syndrome, or eclampsia. A client may present to the labor unit anywhere
along that continuum. 3. What is the pathophysiology responsible for Jennie's complaint of a
pounding headache and the elevated DTRs? [pic]A) Cerebral edema. [pic]B) Increased perfusion to
the brain. [pic]C) Severe anxiety. [pic]D) Retinal arteriolar spasms. Jennie's sister is very

Knee Jerk Reflex
When you hit the patella tendon a kick reflex is produced which is also known as the knee jerk
(knee reflex). The main reason why hitting the patella tendon results in muscle contraction is so that
the muscle is protected from unwanted harm such as being yanked vigorously or hyper extended.
The muscle group that contracts in this reflex is the quadriceps muscles, so when a muscle spindle is
stretched an impulse is instantly sent to the human's spinal cord and a rapid response to contract the
specific muscle is admitted. Due to the impulse not having to travel all the way to the brain only up
the spinal cord and back this results in a very rapid reflex, only taking about 1–2 milliseconds to
occur (Marieb ; Hoehn;, 2010). When the patella is ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The impulse is also instantly received to contract the muscle. The knee jerk is a reflex arc, this is a
nerve pathway that is highly involved in a reflex action, also including a sensory nerve and motor
nerve with a synapse in–between Just like action potential propagation the impulse conduction only
travels in one direction. The receptors are the starting point of the dendrites of the sensory neurons,
the impulse conduction regularly starts in the receptors (Patton; Thibodeau;, 2016). The sensory
receptors that are in the knee jerk is located in the quadriceps muscles. During the knee reflex only
the motor and sensory neurons are involved. The nerve which is generated by stimulation of the
stretch receptors travels along the sensory dendrite to its cell body are located in the dorsal root
ganglion, a dorsal root ganglion is a cluster of nerve cell bodies which is located in the PNS (Patton;
Thibodeau;, 2016). The ganglion root ganglion is also known as the spinal ganglion due to its
location (near the spinal

Nvq Level 2 Childcare, Unit 004
Unit 004– Child and Young person development
Outcome 1
1.1
At birth surprisingly a child has intellectually learned to do things already such as smell their mother
and recognise her voice. They have also learnt that when they cry it lets people know that they need
help and within the first few days of life they learn to use their senses particularly touch, taste and
sound. At infancy a child is expected to weigh around 3.5kg or 7 1/2lbs and 50cm long. Bonding is
very important socially and emotionally for both mother and baby, helps relationship in later life
because they become closer. The babies reflexes are now improving, some of them are automatic
responses. E.g. sucking a nipple or a bottle. Grasp reflex is when a ... Show more content on
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When the child doesn't get what they want frustration is defiantly now shown and when they enjoy
something they will show you that they are happy. When a child is going through childhood they
still continue to grow at a steady rate, the rate that they grow at can vary due to genetic gene from
their mum and dad and also from the diet, if the child is given the right food with lots of vitamins
and calcium which helps bones grow stronger it will enable them to grow faster. The main muscles
in the body such as the legs grow longer and the muscle mass increases because they need to be able
to run around and do activities. This can be helped by more exercise so they get used to having the
experience of running around and having plenty of sleep so that they are able to get up and do these
things without becoming too tired. Starting to enjoy physical activity such as outdoor activities, p.e,
at these ages they love being outside and being energetic and having the chance to run round and
interact with different objects. Now the child's small muscle control improves for example the use
and grasp of their hands, giving them play do to play with or providing them with the right
equipment and helping them improve individually. At this age the child would have started school so
manipulative development improves, for example they will be taught to use a knife and fork
properly at

Reflex Sympathetic Disease
Background of CRPS: Reflex Sympathetic Disease (RSD), now known as Complex Regional Pain
Syndrome (CRPS), is a peripheral condition in which localized or diffuse pain, associated swelling,
discoloration, abnormally sensitive, and useless extremity occur.1,2,3,6,7,8,9 Originally it was first
described as a complication of gunshot wounds in the American Civil War.2 Often times there is a
history of trauma to the affected area, but sometimes the trauma is so insignificant it is overlooked
by the patient, especially since symptoms may occur up to 6 months after injury.1 Other causes such
as stroke, shingles, cerebrovascular accident, myocardial infarction and other neurological disorders
can also be triggers as well.1,2,4 The International Association ... Show more content on
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In one study on RSD in children, treatment consisted of transcutaneous electric nerve stimulator for
one hour four times daily.9 The patients were instruct to place pads over the vascular supply to the
extremity and to adjust the voltage to a level of comfort.9 The patients were also taught
physiotherapy and were encouraged to exercise the affected extremity at home on a daily bases as
much as their pain would permit.9 The signs and symptoms of RSD improved with transcutaneous
electric nerve stimulation in nine out of ten patients.9 The gate control theory is thought to be the
reason why transcutaneous electric nerve stimulation appears to be effective in reducing pain.9
Transcutaneous electric nerve stimulation combined with daily home–based physical therapy has
been shown to be an effective treatment the successfully manage RSD in pediatric

An Analysis Of Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy Syndrome
It is quite shocking how a single day can change multiple lives in just one instant. Unfortunately,
this was true the night of my mother's accident. A simple fall that should not have taken more than a
few months to recover led to our discovery of her neurological disorder, Reflex Sympathetic
Dystrophy Syndrome. Not only did this event alter my daily life, but it also shaped my short and
long term education. In the short term, my mother's injury required me to consider my course load
and perspective colleges differently. She is not able to walk well on her own, so I assist her with
daily activities, make sure that she still has interaction with others, and get her out of the house for
mental stimulation. Thus, St. Petersburg College

3 Reflex Arcs Research Paper
A three–neuron reflex arc consists of a receptor, a sensory (afferent) neuron, and a motor (efferent)
neuron. The reflex arc is designed to help keep the body safe, and is the mechanism that permits
immediate responses to danger related stimuli. A conduction pathway of a reflex arc consists of the
motor neuron innervation of the peripheral nervous system, and at least one association neuron from
the central nervous system. After the conduction pathway, an impulse follows. The reflex arc is
composed of a sensory receptor, sensory nerve, integrating center, motor nerve, and effector organ.
The sensory receptor detects the presence of a stimulus in the skin, muscle, or other organ. The
sensory neuron, which is also the afferent neuron, carries sensory information to the central nervous
system. The integrating center is found only in gray matter of the central nervous system in the brain
or spinal cord. This is where information is processed, and the motor command to stimulate the
effector is initiated. The motor neuron, also called the efferent neuron, carries the motor command to
the effector organ. Finally, the effector organ carries out the response to the stimulus, which may be
to a muscle, gland or adipose tissue. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
A simple reflex arc would be you touching a hot pan and automatically pulling your hand away,
whereas a more complex reflex arc would be you stepping on a sharp object, you might pull your
foot away quickly after you step on the object, then you might fall over depending on what you
other leg is doing. Although, the interneuron also would synapse with motor neurons that control the
muscles of your other leg to adjust your position so you do not fall. Then the interneurons synapses
with other neurons will carry information about what just happened to the cerebellum and the
cerebrum so you can become cautious of what happen and take the appropriate action that needs to
be

Reflex Systems Case Essay
Reflex System sold exercise equipment to high school and colleges and to smaller– and medium–
size businesses for recreation centers. It has 310 salespeople and its low prices won a lot of sales,
but follow–up service was uneven. The new customer relationship management software (CRM)
system promised to resolve those problems and the CEO ordered the installation of the system
immediately.
Henry Rankin was responsible for the technical implementation of the system for the western and
eastern sales offices in L.A. and Chicago and was given ten weeks by boss, Nicole Dyer, the Senior
Vice President for Information Technology. His possible promotion in two years, when his boss
retires, depended on his success with the project.
Henry's ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This reason why I wouldn't want him to exhaust him or is his team is because it can lead to
breakdowns, stress, and lack of sleep, flaws in their work or physically problems.
Rankin display Type A behavior. He is very responsible, and he likes his job position. He wants to
be a leader. Henry likes to feel powerful and he likes to have control on everything. This is a good
and bad feature. Good, because this is feature for good leader. Bad, because it's can cause stress–
related problems for him and his work team. Rankin is under time pressure. This task demand is
very stressful. Henry is trying to push his team to the limit. It is a big pressure for him and his
coworkers. This cause conflicts between Henry and his team. Employees believe that Henry does
not understand them. And that he is focus only on his project and his performance.
Henry Rankin really needs a break. He has to calm dawn, take some rest, relax and then finish his
project. His team needs this even more. They don't sleep well and they are stressed. By fatigue
comes to conflicts between them. I think that it was a big issue for Sally Phillips. This could help
her to made decision of leaving the company. People have to feel important at work. They like to be
a part of a team, but one that will understand their needs. Henry could be friendlier for his
coworkers. They would be more relaxed around him. Manager's attitudes make a tremendous

The Effect Of Reflex On Children 's Health
Introduction:
Reflex can defined as "an automatic and often inborn response to a stimulus that involves a nerve
impulse passing inward from a receptor to a nerve center and thence outward to an effector (as a
muscle or gland) without reaching the level of consciousness" (Merriam–Webster) or more simply
put–an reaction to an action that our bodies do to return to homeostasis without us having to think
about it. Reflexes play an extremely important role in remaining healthy and protecting us from
being harmed without having to take the time to think about it. For example, infants have a suck
reflex that causes them to start sucking when the roof of their mouths are stimulated; this reflex is
obviously important because if infants did not have this reflex, they could die of starvation since
they would not be able to draw milk from their mother's breast (this is actually a problem with
premature infants as the suck reflex does not develop until between the 32nd and 36th week of
pregnancy) (Stanford Children's Health). There are two main types of reflexes– the simpler
monosynaptic reflexes (or spinal reflexes) that can act without any input from the brain and the
more complex superficial reflexes which still requiring some processing from the brain. A reflex
consists of five main components, which as a group are called the "reflex arc." Component one is
the sensory receptor, which receives stimulus and then sends an and impulse to the second
component, the afferent pathway. The

Why Do Infant Reflexes
Infant Reflexes
Reflexes are the infant's most obvious organized patterns of behavior. A reflex is an unlearned,
involuntary, automatic response to a particular form of stimulation. A wide variety of reflexes are
seen in infants during the last four months of prenatal life and the first four months after birth.
Reflexes also occur subcortically, which means "below the level of cortex of the brain." (282 MD)
Reflexive movements are therefore without direct involvement of the higher brain centers. Reflexes
are an important role to infants, they are used for protection, nutrition, survival and development of
voluntary movement. Reflexes are an interesting subject that I learned in my motor development
class this semester as well as in this lifespan development class. I found it fascinating that we as
humans use reflexes to survive and eventually they help us learn to function.
PART A:
Reflexes play apart in infant's everyday lives. "In normal healthy infants, the infant reflexes
typically do not last much beyond their first birthday." ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
"Stereotypies are characterized by patterned, stereotyped, highly intrinsic, and apparently
involuntary movements of the legs, feet, arms, hands, torso, and head." (302 MD) Stereotypies are
like reflexes in that they are important for voluntary movement in later life. Stereotypies are often
simple extensions, flexions, and rotations that are repeated. Rhythmic kicking is an example when
the infant is in a supine or prone position. This is developmentally significant, because it precedes
voluntary movement in the legs, which contributes to walking in the future. "Stereotypies are typical
during the first year of life." (302 MD) Reflexes and stereotypies are different in that stereotypies
stimuli is unknown and in reflexes the stimulus is

Childhood Observation Paper
The sun is out. It is a gorgeous spring day in the desert. There are sounds of children laughing at the
swing set, and dogs lapping at water nearby. The smell of the burgers on the grill makes my mouth
water as I approach the park bench. I set down the neatly wrapped gift that will soon be torn apart
by an eager child. I approach the group of friends laughing as I am greeted with a warm hug. For my
observation, I attended a one–year–old birthday party on Saturday, April 23rd from 10 am to 1 pm at
Luckie Park. I observed several people at different life stages that I will discuss. Infancy stage was
represented through Liam at three months, and Johnny at one year. Lilian, seven years old, is in the
childhood stage. I observed Erin as the young ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Our social clock is especially different, as we tend to marry and have children earlier in life. She
demonstrated the intimacy versus isolation stage of Erikson's theory well. Especially in the military,
it is easy to isolate yourself. She reached out to everyone there and has clearly formed deep
relationships with people here. Her interactions with people on the same level showed a high
emotional intelligence. Her interactions with people on different stages were developmentally
appropriate. Most interestingly was the difference in her interactions with Lilian and Liam. She
clearly favors the infancy stage, possibly nostalgic of when Johnny was that age, over middle

Patellar Lab Report Essay
Introduction There are two groups of reflexes in the human body, with two ways to categorize each
of them. Reflexes can either be inborn and connected through the nervous system, or they can be
learned through practice. Another way to explain a reflexive category would be autonomic reflexes
or somatic reflexes. Autonomic reflexes are those which are unaware to us and act on visceral
organs of the body, whereas somatic reflexes involve skeletal muscle stimulation. Both types of
reflexes are put into effect via the nervous system. (1)
The Patellar reflex, or Knee–Jerk reflex, is used to test the nervous tissue in the spinal cord from
L2–L4. The patellar reflex is known as a "reflex arc". It is a negative feedback circuit that is made of
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
At the same time the subject's patellar tendon was sharply tapped.
The final element that was tested against the baseline reflex was the influence of fatigue on the
strength of the reflex response. This was achieved by having the subject run up and down three
levels of stairs three times in the Frost building stairwell of Holyoke Community College. The
subject immediately came back to the original sitting position on the edge of the lab bench with legs
dangling freely, and the patellar tendon was tapped once more.
One subject was used, and was seated in the same position for each of the three tests performed.
Because the patellar reflex is immediate, a video was taken during each tap with the hammer to
visually compare the strength differences for each influence that was put into effect. This provided a
steady, unwavering result with the option of repeated viewing for the conclusion of the experiment.
After all three stages of the experiment were completed, the videos were reviewed for comparison
between the baseline reflex and the three changing factors, along with any discrepancies and
problematic areas that may have altered the results. The strength of the reflex was recorded as either
equal to, more vigorous than, or less vigorous than the baseline reflex and the results were put into a
simple chart.
Results
When testing the effects of muscle

Patellar Reflex Case Study
Matt recently got hired for a new job that requires him to get a physical exam prior to starting work.
During the exam, the physician checked the reflexes of his lower limb to test for peripheral
neuropathies, including his knee and his ankle. Explain the anatomy of the knee joint. Include bones
(and projections of bones), ligaments, tendons, cartilaginous structures, arteries, and nerves. What
levels of spinal nerves would need to be intact in order for Matt to still have a patellar (knee–jerk)
reflex? Explain the mechanism of the patellar reflex. Include the muscles and nerves involved. What
would an absence of a patellar reflex or diminished patellar reflex entail? What is the clinical term
for the absence/decrease of this reflex? What ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The bone that is held in place by tendons and ligaments in the knee joint is the patella. The job of
the tendons in the knee joint is to attach the bones to the muscles, and the job of the ligaments is to
attach different bones together. All these structures help the knees to function and move (Knee).
What helps the leg to move forward is when the patellar reflex is initiated and the tapping of the
knee bends which then causes the muscles of the quadriceps to contract. This movement is also
called the "knee jerk" (Knee Jerk). If there is an issue with the nerves, there could be a decrease or
an absence that could be damaged along the chain. Hyporeflexia is what that is called. This is
usually seen in individuals who have had an injury in the spinal cord at T5 or above (Automatic).
Levels S1 and S2 need to be healthy in order for Matt to have an ankle jerk reflex. To see the
contraction of the foot you would have to relax the foot and strike the tendon for it to kick.
Hypothyroidism, a disorder or a disease could be an indication of an absence of the reflex. You can
assess the function of the motor and sensory pathways by doing those

The Conditioned Reflex
Have you ever met someone who can instantly fall asleep minutes after they get into bed, while you
struggle constantly to fall asleep, and wonder how they do it? There are many easy ways to fall
asleep almost instantly at night, but this method is one of the easiest ways to fall asleep. The
Conditioned Reflex Thanks to Pavlov, a Russian scientist, the experiment that was The Conditioned
Reflex, which consisted of ringing a bell and feeding dogs. After the experiment went on for some
time, he found that at the sound of the bell, the dogs would begin to salivate, knowing that they
would be fed. How Does This Experiment Relate to Sleep? The Conditioned Reflex experiment
relates to humans because it can be induced the same way that hunger

Lewis Life Span Observation
On October 5, 2016, our Life–Span Development class had the opportunity to observe the physical,
cognitive, and social development of Lewis, a three month old male infant. The observation was
conducted at Dordt College in Room CL 1143 and the infant's parent consented to participate in the
live observation. From the instant that Lewis and his mother walked into the classroom, the pair
exemplified Santrock's concept of bonding (Santrock, 2014). The front facing carrier sling allowed
the infant to benefit from the physical contact of being secured against his mother's chest. The
carrying device also served to satisfy what Freud would call the Oral Stage, as he theorized that
"infants become attached to the person or object that provides them ... Show more content on
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Lewis didn't show any signs of a reflexive or a social smile during the observation, but his mother
said that he is easily able to giggle in response to external stimuli in various forms (Santrock, 2014).
Lewis is exposed to ample stimuli for social development that not all infants his age have the
opportunity to be experienced by like he does. This factor comes in the form of his lifestyle with two
older siblings, as described by Santrock on page 179 (Santrock, 2014). "Birth order might be a
strong predictor of behavior," contributing to why Lewis's temperament was described as extremely
laid back, a quality that wasn't as prevalent in his other siblings (Santrock, 2014, p. 179). Perhaps
because of his naturally high exposure to social stimuli, Lewis displayed a healthy reaction to the
Strange Situation, defined by Santrock as, "a measure of infant attachment in which the infant
experiences a series of introductions, separations, and reunions with the caregiver." When Lewis's
mother handed him to a student, thus causing an object permanence discrepancy in which his mother
disappeared and he was abruptly exposed to a stranger, Lewis still remained calmly

The Reflex-Hierarchical Model
1) How do the reflex–hierarchical and systems model of motor control differ?
The reflex–hierarchical model assumes that the central nervous system (CNS) is organized
hierarchically, with higher centers controlling lower centers. According to this model, movements
are elicited by sensory input or controlled by a central motor program that utilizes open and closed–
loop controls. The person utilizes a generalized motor program and adapts it to fit the needs of the
task and environment. Unlike the reflex–hierarchical model, the systems model assumes that
movements are organized by functional needs or goals and that movements arise from the
interaction of multiple systems, hence the name systems model. These systems are self–organizing
and heterarchical ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Cerebellar lesions of the CNS can result in intention tremors, dysmetria (errors in depth perception),
dyssynergia (broken movements), dysdiadochokinesia, adiadochokinesia, ataxia (uncoordinated
movements), and ataxic gait as commonly seen with the conception of alcohol. Lesions of the basal
ganglia may result in resting tremors, cogwheel rigidity, hypokinesia, festinating gait (small, fast,
shuffling gait), athetosis, dystonia, hemiballismus, and chorea, the dance–like movements seen in
those with Huntington's disease (Radomski & Lathan, 2014, p.

Preeclampsia: A Nursing Approach. Kytcia J.Guillen Morales.
Preeclampsia: A Nursing Approach
Kytcia J. Guillen Morales
The University of Texas at Arlington College of Nursing & Health Innovation
In partial fulfillment of the requirements of
N4441 Nursing Care of the Childbearing Family
Marti J. Hesse, RN, MSN/Ed, OB Clinical Assistant Professor
February 3, 2017
Preeclampsia: A Nursing Approach
Preeclampsia is one of the most common hypertensive disorders that occur during pregnancy.
According to Ricci (2013), "Preeclampsia can be described as a multisystem, vasopressive disorder
that targets the cardiovascular, hepatic, renal, and central nervous systems." This disease can be
either mild or severe, and it can also progress to eclampsia if not treated properly. According to Arun
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
According to Ricci (2013), "The woman will be asked to monitor her blood pressure daily (every 4
to 6 hours while awake) and report any increased readings; she will also measure the amount of
protein found in urine using a dipstick and will weigh herself for any weight gain". Patient at this
point has developed mild edema at this point in the disease, but it will be important to monitor for
signs and symptoms of worsening of the disease. If severe preeclampsia is noted due to ineffective
interventions and treatment, then a more vigorous treatment is needed. First, the patient is admitted
to the hospital because this disease may be a danger to her life and the life of the fetus. It is
recommended to be admitted because nurses and healthcare professionals can monitor closely and
act if something happens. The treatment depends on person by person and fetal age. "The woman in
labor with severe preeclampsia typically receives oxytocin to stimulate uterine contractions and
magnesium sulfate to prevent seizure activity" (Ricci, 2013, p. 628). Magnesium sulfate should be
monitored to ensure it is at therapeutic levels (4 to 7 mEq/L) because high levels can lead to
respiratory distress and cardiac arrest. "Delivery of the fetus and placenta remains the only definitive
treatment for preeclampsia to prevent maternal and fetal complications from disease progression"
(Feulner, 2015, p. 56). This will depend on many factors including the severity of the

Elisha's Trigger Reflex
Elisha Gold was raised in Gulfport, Mississippi and returned home after a few years to showcase his
artwork at Jefferson Davis Campus Fine Arts Gallery. Elisha's sculptures are very fascinating and
beautifully made one in particular that caught my attention was the Trigger Reflex. Elisha's
representational art work consists of repurposing used material such as steel combining it with
human characteristics thus creating a symmetric biomechanical narrative. My eyes were drawn
immediately to this particular piece by Elisha called "Trigger Reflex," because of its originality and
use of handguns. The piece is stunning and what makes this piece stand out was the color bronze it
had. The color of the cast bronze compliments most everything and is a perfect look for any home or
business. The form of this piece was asymmetrical although it kind of looked a bit symmetrical
because the gun and human proportions were almost an absolute match. The 3d shape also helps to
look at the piece in many different ways. The scale of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This piece was now more focused on the entire body of a ballerina. The proportions again were
précised as the handle of the gun curved to make the image of the right arm and torso, making it
look more like a women's body form. The color again is fascinating to me the very warm tomes that
the bronze gives it is lovely. I believe the focal point of Elisha's sculptures is the handguns, it really
draws you into the piece wanting to know more about it. As Elisha mentioned during the art show
his love for weapons is huge and he loves to use them in many of his projects. I think its incredible
the use he gives them who would have thought a handgun could resemble a women's thigh or upper
body

The Stapedial Or Acoustic Reflex ( Ar )
ABSTRACT:
The Stapedial or Acoustic Reflex (AR) is the contraction of the stapedius muscle in response to an
adequately loud sound. Bilateral reflex pathways are involved in this occurrence. The aim of the
study was to compare the test–retest variability on an individual, following a short interval, after the
initial test, and also to compare the ARs with pure–tone thresholds. The subject had a normal
hearing sensitivity, with bilateral "A" type tympanogram, which indicated normal functioning of the
middle–ear, and bilateral AR thresholds within normal limits. It was delineated that AR was elicited
with requisite intense acoustic signal and this test can be used as a diagnostic tool in collaterally
with pure–tone audiometry.
INTRODUCTION:
When a sufficiently intense acoustic signal is presented to either of the ears, stapedius muscle in
both the ears contract, as a response to this sound. This phenomenon is termed as AR.
Stapes, the smallest middle ear ossicle is attached with a small striated muscle (stapedius muscle) on
the side. In response to a loud sound, this muscle contracts, pulling the stapes laterally, which in turn
reduced the force by which the footplate of the stapes propels against the oval window. This action
permits a considerable protection against "loud" and "stable" background noise, but not against
sudden loud sounds (e.g.: bomb–blast).
There are several theories stating the need for AR.
 Protection theory: states that AR protects the cochlear

Developmental Milestones in the First Two Years of Life
Developmental Milestones in the First Two Years of Life
Many of us have had the opportunity to observe infants and how they develop through time, whether
it is our children, siblings, or just a family friend we can all agree it is extremely interesting to watch
children grow. I am currently about 8 months pregnant and I feel it is very important for me to
understand how my daughter–to–be will develop. It is important for parents especially to know how
a child should grow and mature so they know if their children are on the right track or not. Without
knowing how a child is supposed to develop one may never know if their child has a developmental
disability or not. The best way to diagnose a developmental disability is the parents ... Show more
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The second sub–stage is primary circular reactions that occur around one to four months of age. In
this stage infants start to organize schemes for sensory and motor activities, actions are voluntarily
repeated, but the infant actions are still centered on bodily experiences and instinct satisfaction. The
third sub–stage is when the baby starts to focus on the external world and secondary circular
reactions; this happens around four to eight months. Babies also develop schemes for repeating
actions with interesting effects on things and people in the world during this sub–stage. The fourth
sub–stage is coordinating the secondary circular reactions around eight to twelve months. In this
stage infants can organize a series of mental structures for various actions and develop intentionality
of behavior, they can separate schemes for means and ends, and facilitate the accomplishment of
simple goals. The fifth sub–stage is when the external–oriented attention generates and tertiary
circular reactions, this is from twelve to eighteen months. Around this time infants grow into
toddlers and they seek discovery of new information about how things and people work. The
final/sixth sub–stage is pretty important and several development milestones occur, this is eighteen
to twenty four months. In this sub–stage object permanence is acquired and toddlers understand
objects continue to exist independent from self–generated actions and sensory experiences. (Petrill,

Samuel's Edema And The Lymphatic System
I. The system that is being attacked is the Lymphatic System. Samuel has edema or another word for
this is lymphedema. Edema is a type of lymphatic obstruction or a blockage in lymph system. This
is the medical term for swelling in this case it is the swelling or his lymph nodes and this is mostly
in the arms and legs. The swelling he is having is coming from the lymphatic fluids that are not
being taken back into the bloodstream. Since the Lymphatic system helps cleanse the blood and
takes toxic wastes out of the body. Those cells are involved in immunity is why he is getting
infections on his skin because the lymphatic system is not working right is making him get these
infections. If the body is not taking out all of the

Adeline's Physical Development Report
I will begin by addressing Adeline's physical development. Physically she is on track if not even
ahead of where she should be. By four months we expect birth weight to double, and Adeline who
was born at seven pounds ten ounces, is now already at twelve pounds fourteen ounces at only two
and a half months old (BOOK, 90). This means she only has two more pounds to gain in order to
meet that four–month mark. She also is shooting up height wise. Born at a length of _____ she is
now _____, which is way more than the inch and a half per month an infant is expected to gain
(PARENTS). Her physical growth can be attributed to not only her dad's lengthy genetics, but also
that fact that she is breastfed. Babies that are breastfed are more likely ... Show more content on
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From my perspective she was always taking in the environment using all of her senses, taste of
course being a big one. Adeline would try to taste and place anything in her mouth that she was
given. What surprised me though was the fact that if the object was not skin feeling and if she did
not seem to get any value out of it she took it out of her mouth and put it down right away. Almost
as if she was able to perceive that it would not feed her or do much for her. Her eyes never were
fixed on one spot for longer than a few minutes either. She constantly was looking around, really
observing everything that was around her. By two months Adeline is able to not only stare at faces
but also start to perceived them and by three months, she will start to focus more on the eyes and
mouths (Book, 98). She is already at the three–month mark though, as both her mother and I took
turns making a smiley face and then a frowny face to which she changed her reaction. When we
smiled her eyes opened up bigger and she had a social smile on her face. When we frowned she did
not smile and got a look of sadness on her face as well. You could tell cognitively that she was really
starting to perceive and interpret what our faces meant. Hearing, which develops in the 3rd trimester
of pregnancy, was another way she took in her environment (BOOK, 97). Adeline was more likely
to react and look to human sounds, than those that

The Baroreceptor Reflex and the Diving Reflex
The baroreceptor reflex and the diving reflex are both two great mechanisms that incorporate both
the nervous system and cardiovascular system working together. The nervous system is connected
through a series of vessels throughout the human body. The circulatory system is one of the bodies
most important mechanisms that helps carry and transport nutrients and oxygen through blood
circulation to help digest foods, fight off diseases, and keep the body at homeostasis. The nervous
system is basically an extended system of the brain. Every action that the brain thinks, relays it
through the nervous system to the specific body part to perform that action. Nerves send information
from and to the brain to help regulate and operate organs and muscles in the body. Now how these
two systems operate together can be described and explained through information about the
baroreceptor reflex and diving reflex. The baroreceptor reflex is a homeostatic mechanism in the
body which helps regulate a stable blood pressure. The way that the baroreceptor reflex works is that
it provides a negative feedback loop so that when blood pressure increases, the reflex causes the
heart rate to decrease in return decreasing blood pressure. When there is increased blood pressure,
the carotid arteries and aorta stretches causing the baroreceptor reflex to increase it's action potential
generation. These action potentials are sent to the medulla oblongata through nerves in the body, and
as a result,

Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale ( Nbas )
After the birth of an infant, physical conditions are evaluated using the Apgar or Neonatal
Behavioral Assessment Scale (NBAS). The commonly used method is the Apgar, which measures
five vital signs, including the infants breathing, heartbeat, reflexes, skin, and muscle tone. Each area
is scored at 1 and 5 minutes and can have a score of 0–2 in each area. The maximum points is 10,
which means a baby is in the best possible condition. The NBAS measures the same vitals as the
Apgar and also evaluates vision, hearing, alertness, and irritability. The baby 's birth weight is
another important indicator of health. In general, small babies and very large babies are at greater
risk or problems. Infant 's weight is monitored daily in the nursery to assess growth, fluid, and
nutritional needs. It is common for babies to lose 5–7%. Of their birth weight and usually gain it
back by two weeks of age. The infant 's measurements are also taken. These include the head
circumference, abdominal circumference, and length. During the physical exam of the newborn each
body system is carefully examined for signs of health and normal function. Each of these exams are
important ways to learn about an infant 's well–being at birth.
Infants are born with a number if reflexes that help them to adjust outside of the womb and serve as
the foundation for future behavior. Reflexes are an indication of whether or not an infant 's nervous
system is functional. Some of these reflexes last for a few weeks

Reflex Systems Essay
Reflex Systems: Critical Analysis of Human Behavior Under Stress
Introduction
The purpose of this paper is to analyze the stress factors of organizational pressure and to determine
what skills can be used by leaders to diffuse the stress and to get team members to align to a
common goal. Engaging a team and making the team members believe that he or she is valued is a
skill that leaders should adapt to reduce stress in an organizational setup (Spiers, 2012). Individuals
in a team should feel as though his or her contribution to the tasks is an important one. When
members of a team feel unappreciated, the goal is subject to setbacks and sometimes failure.
Analysis
Reflex systems have decided to implement customer relationship ... Show more content on
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This could be the very reason he ignored the signs of a distressed team.
Recommendations
As leaders, Rankins should own the culture created in the work environment of his team (Spiers,
2012). As counsel to Rankins, there are many factors that contributed to the current dismantling of
his team. The first factor is communication. Sally Phillips expressed to Rankins that she was
approached by a competitor. Phillips is willing to take a decrease in pay in exchange for quality of
life. Although Rankins rebutted her dismissal from the team, Rankins did not offer concern or
resolution for his rebuttal. Phillips was in search of empathy from Rankins. Phillips clearly lacked
job satisfaction. An easy fix to this situation simply would be to offer a rotation in weekend and
nights to allow team members to refresh one's commitment to the project. The second issue is team
members avoiding each other when they should be working together to complete the tasks. This
separation and lack of communication halts the process of meeting the goal. When the team
members asked how much longer the project would take, a simple response of "one more month"
was given. The team members have not seen any motivation tactics from their leader. Motivation
can attribute to leveling stress within the workplace. Through observation, leaders should be able to
determine when his or her team is overwhelmed. As stated earlier, stress is inevitable. Stress can be

Neonatal Reflex Essay
Archaeologists have traced the existence of Homos (humans) in the taxonomic rank of Genus to
about 2.5 million years ago. During this long period of time, until the subspecies Homo sapiens
appeared, was a period when humans are not only the predator but also the prey. Newborns are
especially vulnerable because they do not have the strength, or the ability to escape danger, thus
newborns must develop some other mechanism to survive and are especially sensitive to their
environment. Thus, babies are born with a number of infant reflexes to help them achieve that.
Infant reflexes or neonatal reflexes are unlearned and involuntary responses present at birth that
occurs due to a certain stimuli. These reflexes are predictable and are inhibited ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
The child would fling his or her arms, fan the fingers and arches the back. The infant would respond
in such a way when exposed to sudden noise is because the noise represented danger and so the
child initiated his or her fight or flight reaction, which is a primitive response. The infant startle
reflex is usually gone by 16 weeks and is replaced by adult startle reflex. The difference between
adult startle reflex vs infant startle reflex is that adults would flinch instead of waving arms and legs.
The infant startle reflex would go away because the child would gain more and more control over
her muscles and since the startle reaction is an overreaction, it gradually gets under

My Life Span Development Class
On February 17, 2016, our Life–Span Development class observed the physical, cognitive, and
social development of Asher, a 5.5–month–old male. The observation was conducted at Dordt
College in room CL2260 and the infant's parent consented to participate in the live observation.
Asher was quite sick and later saw a doctor, so the findings of this report may not entirely represent
Asher's development.
Asher was 5 weeks along when his mother, Abby, found out she was pregnant. Asher is the third
child and has a 4–year–old sister and a 3–year–old brother. Abby tried to eat as healthy as she could
during her pregnancy to ensure that Asher would be as healthy as possible. Thus, she avoided
lunchmeats, seafood, and soft cheeses. At 20 weeks, Abby had an ultrasound, in which no structural
abnormalities were found. Since this was her third child, Abby chose not to take part in prenatal
counseling. Labor lasted only about an hour, and Asher was born by Cesarean Delivery like his two
siblings. Asher was born on September 2nd, 2015, weighing 7lbs., 10oz. at a length of 21 inches.
These are both above average for both height and weight of newborns in North America but within
two standard deviations of the average (Santrock, 2014). At 5.5 months, Asher weighs 17 pounds.
This is about the normal weight, for Asher is on pace to triple his birth weight by age one (Santrock,
2014).
In terms of reflexes, Asher is mostly on pace with the average 5.5 month old, but there are a few
reflexes that

What Are Primitive Reflexes?
Primitive reflexes are one of the first signs of conquering the world that can be seen in infants.
Primitive reflexes are the "evolutionary past" reflexes that are both automatic and individual. They
allow infants to respond adaptively to the new environment that they have been newly introduced to.
(Santrock, p. 81, 2014). All infants display some sort of variations of these reflexes, preferably all of
them until certain ages as they respond to the stimuli of the world. A male infant, two months old
was observed to see the development of his primitive reflexes. The subject was born at 39 weeks
gestation. The following paper is a further look into the subject's primitive reflexes response, along
with what the actual reflex consists of and what has been found that link the presence or lack of
presence of primitive reflexes to neurological disorders. The first primitive reflex to explore is the
blinking reflex. This reflex occurs when a light is flashed or a puff of air is exposed to a child's eyes.
This stimulus causes the eyes to close. As not the case with some reflexes, this one is actually
permanent and can remain visible on a subject for their entire lives. (Santrock, p. 83, 2014) The
subject was tested with both a puff of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The stimulus is the subject's palms being touched. In response, the infant grasps tightly. This
response is said to weaken by three months and disappears by one year. (Santrock, p. 83, 2014). The
subject was able to grasp tightly within a quick response to the stimulus. The article stated that
persistence of this grasping reflex past four months could suggest neurological disease. A clenched
fist at all times beyond two months can suggest central nervous system damage, especially if the
fingers overlap the thumb. The subject did not always have his hand clenched which made it easier
to check for the grasping reflex. This reflex is always one that is practiced and useful for when
babies start to grab

The Influence Of Righting Reflex On Earth
THE SCIENCE BEHIND; Why cats always land on their feet
Felines, such interesting animals, varying from a large ferocious lion to a meer house–cat. These
creatures are powerful and very intelligent animals, with the occasionally clumsy cat. One of their
most used skills is their ability to leap, jump or fall and always land on their feet. They make it look
so easy. But do not be deceived, there is actually some complicated feline effort and science that
goes into their graceful tumbles and leaps.
Righting Reflex, that's the basic and simple answer. The righting Reflex is a cat's ability to almost
instantaneously turn itself towards the ground, allowing itself to almost always land on their feet,
but there always that cat who will be distracted by a bird or something. Cats have a very flexible
backbone which is what allows them to turn in midair so quickly, they have 30 vertebrae, which
contributes to their suppleness, while we only have 24. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Seen in slow motion, the second a cat begins to fall it will start determining up from down and he
will rotate his head directed by his eyes and sense of balance in his ears, until he's facing that way.
His spine then follows as he arches his back, then his front paws followed by his back legs. Lastly
he places his front paws close to his head to spare it from the grounds impact, the cat's leg joints
bear the impact of the weight. While falling the cat's fall kind of resembles the one of a parachute.
Kittens learn to master this skill at the age of just 7

Infantile Reflex And Neocortex
Infantile reflexes include the tonic neck reflexes, grasping reflexes and many others. As the
neocortex begins to mature, it inhibits these primitive reflexes, causing them to disappear in normal
adults. However, in people with frontal or parietal lobe damage or tumours, these reflexes are
reactivated. This raises the question: What kind of mechanisms does the neocortex employ to exert
inhibitory control over such reflexes? Since the brain is so complex, a vast variety of possible
mechanisms could exist and be utilised by the frontal and parietal lobes to suppress the reflexes.
Perhaps, there could be neuronal projections to the reflex centres where inhibitory neurotransmitters
such as GABA halt those reflexes. Another possibility could be

What Is The Babbini Reflex

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