What is telecom? A comprehensive view of what telecommunications means today. Its impact on economy and its importance in daily lives.

1. 1
What is Telecom?
Understanding the Zettacosm

2. The Telecom Infrastructure
• Telecommunications is the most critical
infrastructure of the 21st century.
• Investment in telecom is more productive than
investment in other kinds of infrastructure.
• World Bank research* shows a large productivity
benefit to investment in telecom—larger than
investments in roads, electricity or even education!
*Canning, David. Infrastructure’s Contribution to Aggregate Output, The World
Bank Policy Research Working Papers Series # 2246, 30 Nov 1999.
http://ideas.repec.org/p/wbk/wbrwps/2246.html 2

3. The Telecom Infrastructure
• And of course, the impact is exceptionally
noticeable in developing nations.
• More recent research* based on the spread
of mobile phones finds telecommunication’s
impact on economic growth is twice as large
in developing nations as in developed
nations.
*Waverman, Leonard; Meschi, Meloria and Fuss, Melvyn. The
Impact of Telecoms on Economic Growth in Developing
Countries, Vodafone Policy Paper Series, 2, March 2005,
pp. 10-23. 3

4. The Telecom Economy
• According to the new industry market study,
telecommunications services revenue
worldwide will grow from $2.1 trillion in 2014
to $2.4 trillion in 2019 at a combined average
growth rate of 2.1 percent.
4

5. The Fundamentals of Telecoms
5

6. Measurements of the Digital World
• Processors
– Processing power is measured in number of transistors
and operations per second
– The size of the features (the elements that make up the
structures on a chip) is today measured in nanometers.
• Digital storage
– Measured in Bytes (B)
• 1 bit = a single “1” or “0”
• 1 Byte = 8 bits = single character (letter “A”, number “2”, etc)
• Digital transmission rate
– Measured in bits per second (bps) 6

7. 7
Key Measurements of the
Digital Universe
• Kilo 103
Thousand 1,000
• Mega 106
Million 1,000 Kilo
• Giga 109
Billion 1,000 Mega
• Tera 1012
Trillion 1,000 Giga
• Peta 1015
Million Billion 1,000 Tera
• Exa 1018
Billion Billion 1,000 Peta
• Zetta 1021
Billion Trillion 1,000 Exa
• Yotta 1024
Trillion Trillion 1,000 Zetta
7

8. How Much Data Is That?*
• 2KB = one typewritten page
• 100KB = a small, low-resolution image
• 1MB = one digital chest x-ray, or one minute of
high-fidelity sound
• 5 MB = the complete works of Shakespeare, or
30 seconds of broadcast quality video
• 50 MB = one digital mammogram
• 100 MB = two encyclopedia volumes, or 3 feet
of books on a shelf
• 500 MB = one CD-ROM 8

9. How Much Data Is That?*
• 1 GB = one pickup truck full of books, or
symphony in high-fidelity sound, or one
broadcast movie
• 1 TB = all the X-ray films in a large
technological hospital, or 50,000 trees made
into paper and printed, or daily rate of EOS
(Earth Orbiting System) data (as of 1998)
• 20 TB = Printed collection of the U. S. Library
of Congress (LOC)
9

10. 10
How Much Data Is That?*
• 2PB = all U. S. academic research libraries
• 200PB = all printed material
• 1EB = one billion pickup trucks full of books, or one
trillion 400 page books
• 5EB = 37,000 Libraries of Congress, or about 30 feet
of books for each of the 6.3 billion people on earth
• 161EB = 12 stacks of books reaching from the earth
to the sun
• 1ZB = 250 million DVDs
Source: Source of examples includes “James S. Huggins' Refrigerator Door” at
http://www.jamesshuggins.com/h/tek1/how_big.htm and Seattle Discover Institute at
http://www.discovery.org/ 10

11. The Power of the Processor
• The current environment is generally defined by
Moore’s Law, realizing a doubling of processing power
every 18 months
• Moore’s Law is not infinite – experts now say silicon
chips have no more than four years of further
miniaturization left
• What solutions are being considered?
– Silicon photonics
– Carbon nanotubes
– Superconductors, or quantum computing
– Graphene
– DNA computing 11

12. The Power of the Processor
• The original transistor built by Bell Labs in
1947 could be held in your hand, while
hundreds of Intel’s new 45nm transistors can
fit on the surface of a single red blood cell.
– Transistors are the tiny switches that process the
ones and zeroes that make up our digital world.
• This very success is bringing chipmakers to
the brink of a new, steep obstacle to further
gains in performance.
– The problem lies in the tiny metal wires that
weave the transistors into integrated circuits. 12

13. Transistors Then And Today
13
Bell Labs Transistor - 1947
Intel Microchip – 2008
800 Million transistors

14. The Power of the Processor
• The Intel 130-nm
Pentium 4 processor
has
– 55 million transistors and
– uses roughly 4.8 km of
interconnects to support
each square centimeter
of its circuitry
• The Intel 90-nm
processor has
– 110 million transistors
and 6.9 km of
interconnects per square
centimeter
14
• A 65-nm processor has
- 1 billion transistors
and 11 km of interconnects per
square centimeter, for a total
Interconnect length of 34.6k m!

15. The Awful Truth About Moore’s Law
• Intel’s new generation processors are 45nm and 32nm.
– Intel's 45nm technology packs more than 400 million transistors
for dual-core processors and more than 800 million for quad-
core into the same silicon space.
– You could fit more than 2,000 45nm transistor gates, laid side
by side, across the width of a human hair.
– More than 2 million 45nm transistors could fit on a period at the
end of a sentence (estimated to be 1/10 square millimeter in
area).
– If a house shrunk at the same pace transistors have, you would
not be able to see a house without a microscope. To see the
45nm transistor, you need a very advanced microscope.
15

16. The Awful Truth About Moore’s Law
• 45-nm technology is used in the Intel® Core™2
processor family code named "Penryn,“.
– The price of a transistor in Penryn processors is about 1
millionth the average price of a transistor in 1968.
– If car prices had fallen at the same rate, a new car today
would cost about 1 cent.
• Next, Intel's 32nm chips and next-generation
“Nehalem” microprocessor architecture in 2009.
• Houses more than 1.9 billion transistors.
• 4 million 32nm transistors would fit on a period at the end
of a sentence. (1/10 square millimeter in area)
• 22nm chips by 2011, followed by 17nm . 1616

17. The Awful Truth About Moore’s Law
Informative Videos
• What is Moore’s Law
– http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bLSMn0cNWAw
• Moore’s Law No More (with Gordon Moore)
– http://news.cnet.com/1606-2_3-29244.html
• Moore’s Law Got Me
– http://www.metacafe.com/watch/1151291/moores_law_got_
me/
• Moore’s Law Ends in 2020
– http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5oLsMs5_19Y
• The Dark Secret Of Hendrik Schon: Moore's law
– http://science.discovery.com/videos/the-dark-secret-of-
hendrik-schon-moores-law.html 17

18. The Awful Truth About Moore’s Law
• Each new generation of chips only makes the
situation worse.
• The narrower the wire, the longer it takes a
signal to propagate along it.
• Today’s most advanced ICs, switch up to 10
billion times a second, and their metal
interconnects can barely keep up.
• The good news is that the industry is working
on solutions
• Two main approaches are evolving
– New low-K and Hi-K dielectrics
– Optical connections
18

19. Low-K Dielectrics
• Low-k dielectrics changes the propagation
characteristics of the tiny on-chip
transmission lines, or metal interconnects.
• Low-k reduces the interconnect capacitance
and wiring delay by changing the material
that insulates it from the surrounding silicon
chip as a well as from neighboring wire.
• The application for low-K is in the metal
interconnects connecting all the transistors
19

20. Low-K Dielectrics
• The bad news is that the low-k films are
extremely difficult to integrate into the
manufacturing – they are soft, weak, and adhere
poorly to both the silicon and the metal wire.
They also crack and delaminate easily.
• Today’s 65-nm and the next generation of 45-nm
chips require even lower-k materials.
– The addition of ultra-low-k interconnect provides a 15
per cent reduction in wiring-related delay as
compared to conventional low-k dielectrics. 20

21. Hi-K Dielectrics
• As elements in the chip were being reduced
to 45 nanometers, the gate dielectric began
to lose its insulating (dielectric) quality and
exhibited too much leakage.
• The new, higher-K dielectrics introduce a
more power-saving integrated circuit,
allowing even cooler and faster processors at
45 nm and beyond, as well as more circuits
per wafer area. 21

22. High-K Dielectrics
• Higher-K dielectrics are combined with metal
gates for increased performance gains.
• The new Hi-K dielectrics are used as the
transistor gate dielectric material.
• Intel is heralding this technological
breakthrough as the “Biggest Change to
Computer Chips In 40 Years!”
– http://www.intel.com/technology/architecture-silicon/45nm-
core2/demo/index.htm?iid=tech_arch_45nm+body_demo
22

23. Silicon Photonics
• The more significant development comes
from Intel’s successful demonstration of the
first continuous all-silicon laser.
– http://download.intel.com/technology/silicon/sp/download/Analyst_028.htm
• Silicon photonics have the potential to greatly
extend the lifetime of Moore’s Law.
– Optical connections can carry thousands of times
more data per second than copper wires can.
• Unfortunately, existing optical components
are far too expensive for use in individual
computers or even local networks. 2323

24. Silicon Photonics
24IBM - Silicon Integrated Nanophotonics
Intel
Hybrid Silicon Laser

25. Other Alternatives To Extend
Moore’s Law
• Carbon nanotubes
– Tubes of pure carbon, about the width of a typical protein
molecule, also happen to conduct electricity, and could be
used as tiny molecular-scale wires for making electronic
circuitry. Unfortunately, they also cost about $500 a
gram.
• Superconductors, or materials that conduct
electricity with zero electrical resistance.
– New ways to harness the power of quantum qubits to
boost computing power, but there are very practical
difficulties in building a quantum computer
• Graphene - a new material exactly one-atom thick has
been used to create a one nanometer transistor. 25

26. Moore’s Law and
Telecommunications
• On the positive side, thanks to Moore’s Law,
network endpoints today are small, powerful,
inexpensive devices.
• With such power in the endpoints, the need to
embed the functions of a network in the network’s
core shrink.
• In addition, smart end devices can set up and
manage calls far better than a centralized network.
– In fact, when voice is implemented in end devices, the
ability to mix it into other kinds of interactions emerges
• online game play, collaboration, mutual web surfing and many
more yet to be discovered
• the idea of a “call” as a special, discrete event could well
disappear. 26

27. 2727
Processors and Applications
• The latest processors support fast visualization of
large data sets, and intensive math for real-time
simulations
• Applications include digital entertainment, 3-D
games, graphics, astronomy, biosciences, and
predictive modeling
• Simulation of blood flow in the human body
• Space weather modeling
• Virtual tests for therapeutic cancer drugs
• Global modeling of the Earth’s magnetosphere
• Simulations of shock waves and eddies in turbulent fluids
• Large-scale structure of galaxies and galaxy clusters
• Modeling the interaction of proteins within individual cells
• Studying instability and turbulence in plasmas
• Testing models of the formation of cosmological structures

28. Storage Dimensions
• 2 KB (16,000 bits)
– One typewritten page
• 1 MB (Megabyte) can store
– One long novel, stored as text
– One full-page black-and-white image
– One 3 x 5 inch color picture
– 2 minutes of telephone-quality sound
– 7 seconds of CD-quality sound
– 0.04 seconds of broadcast-quality video
• 4 GB (Gigabyte)
– One feature-length film
– High-definition movies use 6x the storage space of traditional
movies.
• 1TB (Terabyte) 28

29. Optical Storage Media
• 1st
Generation
– CD-ROM capacity = 650 MB
• 2nd
Generation
– DVD capacity = 4.6 GB to 17 GB
– Transfer rates range from 600 Kbps to 1.3 Mbps
• 3rd
Generation
– Blu-ray optical disc = 25GB (single-layer) or
50GB (dual-layer)
– Transfer rates range from 36Mbps to 432 Mbps 29

30. Optical Storage Media
• Alternative Disc Technologies
– Holographic Versatile Disc (HVD)
• Based on OptWare collinear holography technology
• Capacity of up to 3.9TB
• Transfer rates of up to 1Gbps possible
– 3D optical data storage
• Call/Recall Inc has unveiled the first optical storage
solutions where information can be recorded and/or read
in three dimensional resolution
• Capacity of 5-10 TB
• Transfer rates of 100Mbps to 500 Mbps 30

31. Emerging Storage Technologies
• Bacterial Protein Memory
– Bacteriorhodopsin (BR)
• can store TBs per cuvette
• Molecular Memory
– Rotaxanes
• Can store 100 Gbits per inch
• Likely to remain a laboratory curiosity
• Magnetic Sensors
– high degree of sensitivity means terabits of data
can be fit into a square inch of disk space 31

32. Bacterial Protein Memory
• Bacteriorhodopsin (BR) is one of the first forms of life
on our planet - a protein grown by salt marsh bacteria
at least 2.3 billion years ago – and it is is likely to
become the wave of the future in computer data
storage and manipulation.
• BR is a tiny, rugged protein that has improved through
billions of years of evolution to become extremely
efficient at converting light into energy.
• As a biological substance, the protein also enables
data to be stored in three dimensions, just like the
human brain.
• Expected to reach TBs 32

33. Bacteriorhodopsin
33
Cuvette size =
1x1x3 cm
Capacity = Terabytes
Library of Congress,
(about 20 TeraBytes!!)

34. Rotaxanes
• A memory subsystem that uses molecules to
store digital bits.
• A vital piece of nanoelectronic circuitry has
been produced which could bring molecular
computers a step closer.
• The device is the size of a human white
blood cell - dimensions that its solid-state
equivalent are not expected to attain before
the year 2020.
34

35. Rotaxanes
• Teams of scientists from Caltech and UCLA have
made a molecular electronic device that mimics
dynamic random access memory (DRAM) circuits
on today's computer microchips.
• The complete electronic memory circuit contained
160,000 bits at a density of 1011
bits cm-2
.
• A single bit is only 15 nanometres wide, or about
one ten-thousandth the diameter of a human hair.
• By contrast, the most dense memory devices
currently available are approximately 140
nanometres in width.
3535

36. Rotaxanes
• New advancements have been scored by
Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS)
scientists on ultrahigh-density information
storage as they successfully carried out the
reversible, erasable and rewritable
nanorecording on H2 thin films of rotaxane, a
superamolecular structure of dumbbell-like
molecules trapped within the cavity of
macrocycles.
3636

37. Magnetic Sensors
• Tiny magnetic sensors, microscopic whiskers
of nickel only a few atoms wide are capable
of detecting extremely weak magnetic fields.
• The high degree of sensitivity means terabits
of data -- or trillions of bits -- could be
crammed into a square inch of disk space.
37

38. 38
Storage vs Content
• In 2007, the amount of information created
surpassed the storage capacity available.
• By 2011, almost 50% of the digital universe
will not have a “permanent” home.
• The information created in 2011 will be
contained in more than 20 quadrillion (20
million billion) electronic information
containers – files, images, packets, tags, etc.
38

39. 39
Bandwidth Definition
• The term itself comes from the radio realm,
and the visualization of the electromagnetic
spectrum, where the spectrum is divided into
“bands”.
• The bands, and the channels within them,
have a “width” expressed in Hertz (cycles per
second).
• The wider the band, the more information it
can .
• Information transfer rate is expressed in bits
per second (bps).

40. Transmission Measurements
• Kilo (Kbps) 103
Thousand bps
• Mega (Mbps) 106
Million bps
• Giga (Gbps) 109
Billion bps
• Tera (Tbps) 1012
Trillion bps
• Peta (Pbps) 1015
Thousand Trillion bps
• Exa (Ebps) 1018
Billion Billion bps
• Zetta (Zbps) 1021
Billion Trillion bps
• Yotta (Ybps) 1024
Trillion Trillion bps40

41. Transfer Rate Examples
Document 2400 bps 56 Kbps 1.5Mbps 1.7Gbps
Page 8 sec 0.34 sec 0.013 sec 1.13x10-5
sec
Report 4 min 10.3 sec 0.38 sec 3.39X10-4
sec
Book 0.67 hr 1.7 min 3.84 sec .0034 sec
Dictionary 2.3 days 2.38 hrs 5.3 min 0.28 sec
Encyclopedia 5 days 5.15 hrs 11.6 min 0.61 sec
Local library 7.4 yrs 116 days 4.32 days 5.49 min
College
library
74 yrs 3.17 yrs 43.2 days 0.92 hrs
Library of
Congress**
1,900 yrs 81.5 yrs 3 yrs 23.5 hrs
41

42. 42
Transfer Rate Examples
Document 10
Gbps
100
Gbps
1 Tbps 1 Pbps 1 Ebps
Library of
Congress (LCO)**
**LCO (at 20TB)
is used as a key
measure to
denote the
immensity of data
we have today
2.35 hrs 14.1 min 1.41 min 8.26 sec .826 sec

43. Bandwidth Hungry Applications
• By 2015, estimates of annual traffic in the U.S. alone
are projected to equal over 1 Zettabyte!
– Movie downloads and P2P file sharing 100EB
– Video calling and virtual windows 400EB
– Cloud computing and remote backup 50EB
– Internet video gaming and virtual worlds 200EB
– Non-Internet IPTV >100EB
– Business IP traffic 100EB
– Phone, web, email, photos, music 50EB
• The result will be an U.S. Internet that is 50x larger
than it was in 2006! 43

44. How Much is an Exabyte?
• 5EB = amount of new information created and
stored in 2002
–equal to 37,000 Libraries of Congress (LOC)
• 161EB = the amount of digital information
created and copied in 2006
–equal to 3 million times all the books ever
written!
44

45. How Much is an Exabyte?
• 988EB = amount of digital information
predicted to be created and copied in
2010
• By 2015 it is expected the traffic on the
Internet will be equal to the information
contained in 50 million Libraries of
Congress (LOC)
45

46. From Exacosm to the Zettabyte Era
• Annual global IP traffic is over 2/3 of a ZB (667
EB) in 2013.
– the economic downturn has had only the slightest
of impacts on traffic growth
• By 2013, the Internet was 4x larger than in
2009
– each month, the equivalent of 10 trillion DVDs will
flow across the Internet
46Source: Cisco Visual Networking Index – Forecast and Methodology, 2008-2013, June 9, 2009

47. Traffic in the Zettabyte Era
• Traffic growth will be driven by
–visual networking
• usage of video increases with social networking
–the widgetization of Internet and TV
• network traffic grows beyond the boundaries of PC
browsers and TV screens
–hyperconnectivity
• all things that can or should communicate through the
network will communicate through the network
47

48. Visual Traffic in the Zettabyte Era
• Cisco Telepresence 15 Mbps,symmetrical, per session 2008
• MSN Msgr Video 4 PB per month 2008
• All Radio and TV 100 PB per year 2008
• YouTube 600 PB per year 2008
• HD YouTube 12 EB per year projected
• Amateur Video 5 EB per year 2008
• HiDef Video 50 EB per year projected
• HD Movie 1 GB per movie 2008
• HD NetFlix 5.5 EB per year projected
• Massive Parallel Game 100 PB per month 1 million players
• 3D HD Video 100 EB per experience projected
• Ultra-HD 1 ZB per experience projected
• 7,680x4,320 pixels, 33 megapixels per frame, 60 fps,
• Uncompressed 2 hour movie=25 TB, w/MPEG4 compression=360 GB 48

49. 49
Visual Communications and
Embedded Networked Intelligence
• Global Telephone and Videotelephony
Traffic
– 2008 30 EB per year
– w/video 300 EB per year (estimated)
– w/hi-def video 3 ZB per year (estimated)
• Devices Connected to the Internet (Global)
– 2000 100 million
– 2015 15 billion
Source: “ Estimating the Exaflood”, Discovery Institute, January 29, 2008 ,and Intel

50. The Hyperconnected Zettacosm
• Foundation of the hyperconnected universe
– Multitasking
– Passive Networking
• Enablers of hyperconnectivity
– Digitization of content
– Growing availability of broadband access
– Expanding screen surface area and resolution
– Growth in number of network-enabled devices
– Increase in power and speed of computing
devices 50

51. The Expansion of the “Network Day”
51Cisco Visual Networking Index – Forecast and Methodology, 2008-2013 June 9, 2009

52. 24 Hour Day = 36 Hour Network Day
52

53. Zettacosm Evolution
53Cisco Visual Networking Index – Forecast and Methodology, 2008-2013 June 9, 2009

54. Growth of Traffic Generating Units
54
Cisco Visual Networking Index – Forecast and Methodology, 2008-2013 June 9, 2009
Sample household today:
2 PCs, each w/ 11 apps
2 T Vs
2 DVRs
1 gaming console
1 Internet media device
1 portable gaming device
1 MP3 player
1 Smartphone w/3 apps
1 eBook reader
This household = 35 TGUs

55. Zettacosm Enablers
• Platforms are converging - PCs, digital TVs,
game consoles, mobile devices, and
intelligent consumer devices share four
things in common
–Broadband access
–High-performance processors
–Large display screens and resolution
–A variety of human-centered input-output
devices and accessories
55

56. Zettacosm Devices
• Increasingly PCs will represent a shrinking
percentage of all broadband-enabled devices , new
entrants will include
– Set-top boxes
– IP phone screens
– Gaming devices and handheld gaming consoles
– e-book readers
– Large-screen mobile devices
– In-vehicle-GPS displays
– TelePresence screens
– Digital advertising and sales displays 56

57. Application Trends
• The changing traffic patterns are ushering in a new
genre of applications requiring next generation
networks.
– Digital entertainment
– 3D virtual reality
– Streaming media
– Visualization
– Tele-presence
– Mobile alternatives
– Sensory networks 57

58. Applications Evolution
• Industries being revolutionized by the new era of
advanced applications and enabling telecoms
infrastructure include
– Entertainment
– Advertising
– Healthcare
– Education
– Transportation
– Government
– Warfare
– along with just about every industry you can think of!
58

59. Key ICT Trends
• The Age of Intelligence
–Things that think
–Intelligent wearables
–Man-machine interactions
–Virtual reality
–Robot squads
–Sensor networks
59

60. Key ICT Trends
• The Age of Intelligence (continued)
–Transformation and the 2.0 ecosystem
–Visual Reality
–Cloud computing
–Web Mashups
–Social Networking
–Green IT
60

61. The Age of Intelligence
• The devices used to communicate with the
Internet today, including PCs, organizers,
telephones, and mobiles, present two
problems
– They are at odds with human behavior
– They are often the bottlenecks impeding the
process and progress of information exchange.
61

62. Communicator
2010
62

63. Organic Light-Emitting Displays
63

64. Future Laptop
64

65. Tangible User Interfaces
65

66. Tangible User Interfaces
66

67. The Age of Intelligence
• Ubiquitous computing (Ubicomp)
– Also known as ambient, calm, or pervasive
computing
– Takes computers out of boxes and puts them into
ordinary everyday things around you
• The emergence of things that think, and
communicate!
– smart appliances, smart furniture, smart homes
– smart cloths, smart food, smart wrappers, smart
needles
– smart cars, smart highways
– smart materials, smart structures, smart places 67

68. 68
Intelligence in Every Object

69. Doctors in a Box
69

70. Smart Healthcare
70

71. Smart Things, Fast Networks
Life Enhancing and Life Sustaining
71

72. Truly “Embedded” Intelligence
72

73. Spatial Hierarchy of Ubicomp
• Smart spaces and aware environments
• Cooperative buildings
• Roomware (software for rooms) and reactive rooms
• Media spaces
• Spatially immersive displays
• Information furniture
• Networked appliances
• Handheld/mobile/nomadic/portable/wireless
• Wearable/intimate computing
• Computational clothing (smart cloths)
• Embedded man
73

74. 74
Wearable Evolution
http://www.wearcam.org/
74

75. Wearable Evolution
• Business professionals, general
consumers, and youths worldwide are
carrying an increasing number of
portable electronic information and
communications gadgets
• E-textiles are emerging as the more
versatile, and elegant alternative.
75

76. The Wearable Motherboard
Infineon Fabric
76

77. The Wearable Motherboard
77

78. Intelligent Wearables
78

79. Social Networking
ala Wearables
79

80. Smart Fabrics - Optical Camouflage
80

81. Future Plans for Wearables
• Flexible electronic computer displays that will
result in outfits that change images,
projections, and patterns.
• Temperature-sensitive fibers could be woven
into mood fabrics
• The military is financing research into the
ultimate camouflage – “chameleon fabrics”
with colors and patterns that would change in
response to electrical commands.
• Smart cloths will likely be powered by
photovoltaic fibers, converting light or heat
into various functions. 81

82. Wearable Sensor Networks
• The importance of intelligent wearables has to do
with shifting traffic patterns.
• The projection is that by 2017, 95% of the traffic on
networks would come from machine to machine
communications.
• Embedded devices and intelligent wearables will
require access to communications networks in
order to be of value to their users.
82

83. Man-Machine Interactions
• The realm of man-machine interactions
covers a wide range of activities, including
– affective computing
– brain-computing interfaces
– software agents
– augmented reality
– virtual reality
– the growing presence of robots
83

84. 84
Man-Machine Interactions
Communications Channels
5 Direct
Input Channels
Sight
Hearing
Touch
Smell
Taste
2 Direct
Output Channels
Language
Motion
Future Indirect
Channels
Gaze Tracking
Brain Waves
Thought
Emotion

85. Affective Computing
• Affective computing
– gives computers the capability of recording
human responses and identifying behavior
patterns.
• Wearable computers refer to
– sensors embedded in clothing to register
biological and physiological parameters,and
communicate them if appropriate.
85

86. Affective Accessories
86

87. Man-Machine
Applicatioins
87

88. Brain-Computer Interactions
88

89. Augmented Reality
• Augmented Reality is the field of superimposing
computer data on real images.
• With this approach, hidden information about all
types of objects can be made visible.
• Applications exist in numerous areas, including
– architecture
– building engineering
– maintenance operations
– surgical procedures
– warfare 89

90. Augmented Reality
90

91. Augmented Reality 2
91

92. Virtual Reality
92

93. Virtual Reality – The Future
• In a February 2008 speech, inventor and futurologist
Ray Kurzweil predicted…..
– Ordinary machines will achieve human-like intelligence in the
next 20 years.
– Computers the size of blood cells will create fully immersive
virtual realities by 2033.
– "Today you can put a pea-sized computer inside your brain, if
you have Parkinson's disease and want to replace the
biological neurons that were destroyed by the disease."
– A billion-fold increase in computing performance and
capability over the next 25 years coupled with the 100,000
fold shrinking, would lead to "blood cell-size devices. 93

94. Virtual Reality – The Future
• “These "blood cell-size devices will be able to go
inside our bodies and keep us healthy and inside
our brain and expand our intelligence".
• He said the blood cell computers would be able to
"produce full immersion virtual reality from inside
the nervous system".
• He said the games industry had to be thinking
about the future development of computing now.
• "The games industry fits in well with the
acceleration of progress; in no other industry do you
feel that more than games." 94

95. Virtual Reality – The Future
• Mr Kurzweil said "In virtual worlds we do real
romance, real learning, real business. Virtual reality
is real reality."
• "Games are the cutting edge of what is happening -
we are going to spend more of our time in virtual
reality environments.”
• "Fully emergent games is really where we want to
go. We will do most of our learning through these
massively parallel interactions."
• "Play is how we principally learn and principally
create.” 95

96. Tele-immersion Applications
• Tele-immersion – the combination of real and
virtual environments for purposes of display
or interaction.
– Tele-meetings
– Tele-training
– Collaborative engineering and design
– Medical applications
– Entertainment services
96

97. Tele-Immersion Meetings
97

98. Cisco Telepresence Meeting
98

99. Robots – The Next Frontier
• Intelligent robot squads
–self-organizing groups of robots
–under the control of neural
networks
–eliminating the need for humans
99

100. Bomb Squad Robots
• Meet Andros-Wolverine - he is a
six-wheeled, one-armed robotic
vehicle responsible for assisting
bomb squads in defusing of all
types of explosive devices.
• Today, he can only defuse simple
pipe and letter bombs, but Sandia
National Laboratories' Intelligent
Systems and Robotics Center
(ISRC) hopes to extend these
capabilities to car bombs and, one
day, even nuclear devices.
100

101. Robot Farmers
101

102. Hospital Robots
102

103. Factory Robots
103

104. NASA Robonauts
104

105. Micromechanical Flying Insect
105
…..Our country is at war in an
unfamiliar territory, and a battle is
about to begin...However, the enemy
doesn't know that its every move is
being monitored by robotic insects
equipped with tiny cameras, flying
overhead...called micro air vehicles
(MAVs)...dime-sized flying robots..

106. MAV Urban Operation
106

107. Next-Generation Military UAV
Control Center
107

108. Home Robots
108

109. Meet Valerie – Domestic Android
109
Valerie planned to sell for US$59,000
with a one year warranty
http://www.androidworld.com/prod19.htm

110. Sensor Networks
110

111. Sensor Networks Defined
• A sensor network refers to ……….
a group of specialized transducers with a
communications infrastructure intended to monitor
and record conditions at diverse locations.
• A transducer is defined as
an electronic device that converts energy from one
form to another, for example thermometers, position
and pressure sensors, microphones, and antenna.
111

112. What do Sensor Networks Sense?
• Commonly monitored parameters include…
– temperature - humidity
– pressure - wind direction and speed
– illumination intensity - vibration intensity
– sound intensity - power-line voltage
– pollutant levels - chemical concentrations
– vital body functions
112

113. How Do Sensor Networks Work?
• A sensor network consists of multiple
detection stations called sensor nodes, each
of which is small, lightweight and portable.
• Every sensor node is equipped with a
– transducer
– microcomputer
– transceiver
– power source
• The power for each sensor node is derived
from the electric utility or from a battery.
113

114. Sensor Node Functions
• Each of the sensor node’s components has a
unique function…..
– The transducer generates electrical signals
based on sensed physical effects and
phenomena.
– The microcomputer processes and stores the
sensor output.
– The transceiver, either hard-wired or wireless,
receives commands from a central computer and
transmits data to that computer.
114

115. 115
Sensor Network Diagram
* ***
* *
*
*
* *
*
* *
*
* *Mesh Node (router)
Gateway Node
Database
PC
Remote Base
Station
Sensor Nodes
*
Mobile
Tablet
Wireless Links

116. Grid Computing
• While not a new concept, by moving into
commercial markets, grid computing is
becoming the key to the future of e-business,
representing the next step in the
development of the Internet as a real-time
computing platform.
• Some 80% – 90% of processing capacity is
unused, regardless of whether it is a PC,
workstation or mainframe.
116

117. Grid Computing Categories
• Grid computing has three main
application areas
–On-demand computing grids
–Data storage grids
–Collaboration grids
117

118. Grid Computing Markets
• Life sciences
• Energy
• Manufacturing
• Financial
• Government
• Research and Development
118

119. Grid Computing Example
• Europe’s CERN nuclear research center planned to
start testing the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) in
2007. CERN has built a data grid to accomplish
this.
– This experiment involves 40 TB (terabytes) of
data per second
– Even with a reduction of data, via compression
and such, it will still generate 8 PB (petabytes) of
data per year.
– In addition to CERN, over 1,000 institutions plan
to provide storage capacity.
119

120. Computing and the Network
120
1990 – 1999
The Network Is The Computer
2000-2010
The Network Is Computing

121. Cloud Computing Defined
• It is a style of computing where IT-related
capabilities are provided “as a service”,
allowing users to access technology-enabled
services "in the cloud“,
without knowledge of,
expertise with, or control over the technology
infrastructure that supports them.
121

122. Cloud Computing
122

123. Cloud Computing Categories
• The concept generally incorporates
combinations of the following:
– Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS)
– Platform as a Service (PaaS)
– Software as a Service (SaaS)
– Other recent (ca. 2007–09) technologies that rely
on the Internet to satisfy the computing needs of
users.
123

124. Cloud Computing
• Cloud computing services often provide
common business applications online that
are accessed from a web browser, while the
software and data are stored on the servers.
• The term “cloud” is used as a metaphor for
the Internet, based on how the Internet is
depicted in computer network diagrams and
is an abstraction for the complex
infrastructure it conceals. 124

125. Web Mashups
125

126. Web Mashups
• In web development, a mashup is a web
page or application that combines data or
functionality from two or more external
sources to create a new service.
• The term “mashup” implies easy, fast
integration, frequently using open APIs and
data sources to produce results that were not
the original reason for producing the raw
source data. 126

127. Web Mashup Categories
• There are many types of mashups, such as
– consumer mashups
– enterprise mashups
– data mashups
– business mashups
• The most common type of mashup is the
consumer mashup, aimed at the general
public.
127

128. Realtime Communications
• Realtime communications will generate
added value by reengineering and
differentiating business processes.
• Realtime communications will affect business
processes by substantially increasing the
– speed
– efficiency
– security
128

129. Realtime Communications
1st
and 2nd
Generations
• The core element of realtime communications is the
convergence of voice and data communications
based on IP (Internet Protocol).
• The first IP communication generation (1gIP) is
focused on using existing network infrastructure for
converged applications in order to cut costs.
• The second IP communication generation (2gIP)
will be primarily focused on reengineering and
differentiating business processes.
129

130. Realtime Communications Applications
• By integrating realtime communications into
IT, enterprises will enable their business
processes, creating the possibility of realtime
business.
• New productivity gains are expected from two
key applications
– Process-supporting communications
– Ad-hoc communications
130

131. Realtime Communications Benefits
• Productivity gains of these magnitudes
translate into substantial top-line revenue
enhancements
• At the same time, gains in responsiveness
can help raise brand awareness and loyalty,
reduce customer churn and extend market
reach.
131

132. Social Networking
132

133. 133
Social Networking Model
133

134. Green IT
134

135. 135
The New Public Network
• End-to-end digitalization
• End-to-end optical networking
• Intelligent, programmable networks
– PSTN
• distributed logic and databases
• high-speed common channel signaling, SS7
• open application program interfaces (APIs)
–IP networks
• IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS)
• Convergence
• Networks, devices, applications

136. The New Public Network
• Network integration describes a major trend
in communication technology development.
• Driven by the market and new technologies,
PSTN is evolving to NGN and, with
transformation, the two jointly deliver high
quality, rich VoIP services, enhanced data
services, and video and multimedia services.
• Moreover, voice, data and multimedia
integration will bring users an unprecedented
digital experience 136

137. 137
The New Public Network
• Broadband infrastructure
–high bandwidth, multichannel transmission
lines
–high-speed fiber and broadband wireless
media
–low latencies
–multiservice agnostic platforms
–next generation telephony
–quality of service guarantees
–encryption and security services

138. Key Technology Shifts
• From Narrowband to Broadband
– from single channel to multichannel
– from low bandwidth to high bandwidth
• From Circuit switched to Packet switched
– from exclusive channel to shared channel
• From Data over Voice to Voice over Data
– from data over circuit-switched analog voice network to
voice over digital data packet network
• From Electronic to Optical
– shift from electronic networks to optical networking
138

139. Key Technology Shifts
• From Singlemedia to Multimedia
– from voice to multimodal communications
• From Fixed to Mobile
– from fixed wireline connections to mobile wireless
communications
• From Portable to Wearable
– from unresponsive standalone devices to affective
wearable computers
139

140. What is Converging?
• Networks Infrastructures
– PSTN, Internet, Wireless, Broadcast, Cable TV,
Corporate Back Office
• Network Services
– Local, Long Distance, Wireless, Internet, Hosting,
Applications Partnering, Security, Firewalls,
Legacy Systems Conversion, Settlement
• Devices
– Television, Telephone, Computer, Appliances,
Clothing & Jewelry, Tattoos, Neural Implants
140

141. What is Converging?
• Applications
– Communications, Information Services, Entertainment, E-
Commerce, Affective Computing, Location-based
Services
• Industries
– Biotechnology, Computing, Consumer Electronics,
Entertainment, Publishing, Power Utilities,
Telecommunications
• Man & Machine
– Artificial Limbs and Organs, Intelligent Implants, Neural
Interfaces, Artificial Life
141