What is Neuroblastoma.pdf
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Neuroblastoma is cancer that starts in certain very early forms of nerve cells, most often found in an embryo or fetus. The term neuro refers to nerves, while blastoma refers to cancer that starts in immature or developing cells). This type of cancer occurs most often in infants and young children. Neuroblastomas are cancers that start in early nerve cells (called neuroblasts) of the sympathetic nervous system, so they can be found anywhere along this system. Not all childhood autonomic nervous system tumors are malignant (cancerous). Some tumors are benign (non-cancerous), and some can have both benign and cancer cells within the same tumor.
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New presentation 12
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Diseases of the Nervous
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Learning Objectives
After studying this chapter, you should be able to
■ Recognize the basic structure and functions of the nervous system and
major sensory elements
■ Describe the etiology, signs and symptoms, diagnostic tests, and
treatment of different types of headache
■ Compare and contrast different types of headache
■ Describe the etiology, signs and symptoms, diagnostic tests, and
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■ Describe degenerative diseases of the central nervous system, including
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Benign brain tumors are not
very serious and therefore are
not cause for concern.
Fiction:Benign tumors tend to
grow and crowd out precious
cranial space and, thus, apply
pressure or restrict blood flow to
particular brain regions. If these
benign growths are inoperable
or uncontrolled, they will kill the
victim. Malignant brain tumors
may be lethal, but they may
also be surgically removed or re-
duced with medication or radia-
tion. All brain tumors require at-
tention and may be lethal if left
untreated. Treatment with
surgery, medication, or radiation
is most successful for slowly
growing, encapsulated tumors.
Fact or
Fiction?
Photomicrograph of a neuro-
fibrillary tangle. (© O.J.
Staats/Custom Medical Stock
Photo)
IS
B
N
0-558-59446-8
Human Diseases: A Systemic Approach, Seventh Edition, by Mark Zelman, Ph.D., Elaine Tompary, PharmD, Jill Raymond, Ph.D., Paul Holdaway, MA,
and Mary Lou Mulvihill, Ph.D. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright © 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc.
337
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ot so long ago, your great-grandparent or grandparent may
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13 Nervous Tissue
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please comment
thank u
MHN 413.pptx
The document provides an overview of the nervous system, including its main components and how it functions. It discusses:
- The central nervous system (CNS) consisting of the brain and spinal cord, which integrate and command the nervous system.
- The peripheral nervous system (PNS) connecting the CNS to the body, with sensory nerves carrying signals to the CNS and motor nerves carrying signals from the CNS to muscles and glands.
- Neurons as the basic functional units of the nervous system, consisting of a cell body with dendrites receiving signals and a long axon carrying signals. Neurons communicate via electrical and chemical signals.
New presentation 12
The nervous system is composed of specialized nerve cells called neurons that communicate with each other and other body cells. It has two main divisions - the central nervous system consisting of the brain and spinal cord, and the peripheral nervous system which links the body to the CNS via spinal and cranial nerves. The CNS contains millions of neurons and performs functions like processing sensory input and coordinating motor output. Diseases of the CNS can affect the brain or spinal cord and cause issues with behaviors and motor control. Some examples are encephalitis, meningitis, Alzheimer's, and Parkinson's.
Diseases of the Nervous System and the Special SensesC H.docx
Diseases of the Nervous
System and the Special Senses
C H A P T E R
Learning Objectives
After studying this chapter, you should be able to
■ Recognize the basic structure and functions of the nervous system and
major sensory elements
■ Describe the etiology, signs and symptoms, diagnostic tests, and
treatment of different types of headache
■ Compare and contrast different types of headache
■ Describe the etiology, signs and symptoms, diagnostic tests, and
treatment of infectious diseases of the nervous system
■ Describe degenerative diseases of the central nervous system, including
multiple sclerosis, Parkinson’s disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
■ Discuss inherited and congenital diseases of the nervous system
■ Describe the effects of trauma on the brain and sensory organs
■ Discuss the etiology, signs and symptoms, diagnostic tests, and
treatment of seizure disorders
■ Discuss the etiology, signs and symptoms, diagnostic tests, and
treatment of CVA (stroke) or related cerebrovascular disorders
■ Describe the etiology, signs and symptoms, diagnostic tests, and
treatment of selected eye and ear diseases
13
Benign brain tumors are not
very serious and therefore are
not cause for concern.
Fiction:Benign tumors tend to
grow and crowd out precious
cranial space and, thus, apply
pressure or restrict blood flow to
particular brain regions. If these
benign growths are inoperable
or uncontrolled, they will kill the
victim. Malignant brain tumors
may be lethal, but they may
also be surgically removed or re-
duced with medication or radia-
tion. All brain tumors require at-
tention and may be lethal if left
untreated. Treatment with
surgery, medication, or radiation
is most successful for slowly
growing, encapsulated tumors.
Fact or
Fiction?
Photomicrograph of a neuro-
fibrillary tangle. (© O.J.
Staats/Custom Medical Stock
Photo)
IS
B
N
0-558-59446-8
Human Diseases: A Systemic Approach, Seventh Edition, by Mark Zelman, Ph.D., Elaine Tompary, PharmD, Jill Raymond, Ph.D., Paul Holdaway, MA,
and Mary Lou Mulvihill, Ph.D. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright © 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc.
337
Death to a Killer
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ot so long ago, your great-grandparent or grandparent may
have suffered from this tragic disease or feared it within his
or her community. Your parents’ generation began to break
free from the grip of this disease, and for today’s generation
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programs ...
brain_tumor.pptx
A brain tumor is a localized growth of abnormal cells within the skull that can cause increased intracranial pressure. Brain tumors can be benign or malignant, with malignant tumors being more serious and life-threatening as they grow rapidly and invade surrounding brain tissue. Symptoms depend on the location and size of the tumor but may include headaches, nausea, vomiting, vision changes, and seizures. Diagnosis involves imaging tests like CT scans and MRI, and sometimes a biopsy. Treatment options include surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and medications to reduce swelling and prevent seizures.
B017520718
The document provides a review of methods for detecting brain tumors through magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). It begins with background on brain anatomy and the types and grading of brain tumors. MRI is identified as the most useful non-invasive imaging technique due to its ability to distinguish soft tissues. The review describes how MRI works and the different types of scans it can provide. Segmentation of MRI images into different tissue types is identified as a crucial step before computer-based tumor detection can be performed. Overall, the document aims to give insight into current research on brain image segmentation and tumor detection using MRI.
Brain Tumor – Diagnosis, Symptoms, Classifications, And Remedies - Denesa Health
Any machine can function properly only when all its body parts are working in perfect condition. Any kind of failure or malfunctioning of even a single part can lead to complete machine interruption. Same is the case with the human body. A single body comprises of many different parts, each part has is its own importance for the physical and mental well being.
All your body functions properly if your brain is in desired health condition. Though there are several diseases and conditions where your brain is not in a situation to give the expected response. One of the severe issues that are found in the human brain is Brain Tumor.
Brain Tumor.pptx
This document discusses brain tumors, including their types, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention. It describes the two main types of brain tumors as primary tumors that originate in the brain or metastatic tumors that spread from other parts of the body. The most common types of primary brain tumors are mentioned. Diagnosis involves imaging tests and biopsy, while treatment often begins with surgery followed by radiation and chemotherapy. Prevention efforts include avoiding radiation exposure and maintaining a healthy lifestyle.
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Diseases of the Nervous System and the Special SensesC H.docx
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Brain Tumor – Diagnosis, Symptoms, Classifications, And Remedies - Denesa Health
Brain Tumor – Diagnosis, Symptoms, Classifications, And Remedies - Denesa Health
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Computer in pharmaceutical research and development-Mpharm(Pharmaceutics)
Statistics- Statistics is the science of collecting, organizing, presenting, analyzing and interpreting numerical data to assist in making more effective decisions.
A statistics is a measure which is used to estimate the population parameter
Parameters-It is used to describe the properties of an entire population.
Examples-Measures of central tendency Dispersion, Variance, Standard Deviation (SD), Absolute Error, Mean Absolute Error (MAE), Eigen Value
biomechanics of running. Dr.dhwani.pptx
The biomechanics of running involves the study of the mechanical principles underlying running movements. It includes the analysis of the running gait cycle, which consists of the stance phase (foot contact to push-off) and the swing phase (foot lift-off to next contact). Key aspects include kinematics (joint angles and movements, stride length and frequency) and kinetics (forces involved in running, including ground reaction and muscle forces). Understanding these factors helps in improving running performance, optimizing technique, and preventing injuries.
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The Nervous and Chemical Regulation of Respiration
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a simplified look into the mechanisms involved in the regulation of respiration:
Learning objectives:
1. Describe the organisation of respiratory center
2. Describe the nervous control of inspiration and respiratory rhythm
3. Describe the functions of the dorsal and respiratory groups of neurons
4. Describe the influences of the Pneumotaxic and Apneustic centers
5. Explain the role of Hering-Breur inflation reflex in regulation of inspiration
6. Explain the role of central chemoreceptors in regulation of respiration
7. Explain the role of peripheral chemoreceptors in regulation of respiration
8. Explain the regulation of respiration during exercise
9. Integrate the respiratory regulatory mechanisms
10. Describe the Cheyne-Stokes breathing
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 42, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 36, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 13, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
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Know the difference between Endodontics and Orthodontics.
Your smile is beautiful.
Let’s be honest. Maintaining that beautiful smile is not an easy task. It is more than brushing and flossing. Sometimes, you might encounter dental issues that need special dental care. These issues can range anywhere from misalignment of the jaw to pain in the root of teeth.
What is Obesity? How to overcome Obesity?
Obesity is a chronic complex disease defined by excessive fat deposits that can impair health.
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This quiz was conducted as a promotional event for the 2024 Annual Meet of Kerala Chapter of API.
More than 20 participants took part everyday !
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Regulatory Affairs
Full hand written notes
M.pharm - 1st year .Post-Menstrual Smell- When to Suspect Vaginitis.pptx
Do you have abnormal smell after periods? It may be vaginitis. Do not worry, herbal medicine Fuyan Pill can help you get a cure.
Pharmacology of 5-hydroxytryptamine and Antagonist
5-hydroxytryptamine or 5-HT or Serotonin is a neurotransmitter that serves a range of roles in the human body. It is sometimes referred to as the happy chemical since it promotes overall well-being and happiness.
It is mostly found in the brain, intestines, and blood platelets.
5-HT is utilised to transport messages between nerve cells, is known to be involved in smooth muscle contraction, and adds to overall well-being and pleasure, among other benefits. 5-HT regulates the body's sleep-wake cycles and internal clock by acting as a precursor to melatonin.
It is hypothesised to regulate hunger, emotions, motor, cognitive, and autonomic processes.
Osvaldo Bernardo Muchanga-GASTROINTESTINAL INFECTIONS AND GASTRITIS-2024.pdf
Osvaldo Bernardo Muchanga-GASTROINTESTINAL INFECTIONS AND GASTRITIS-2024.pdfOsvaldo Bernardo Muchanga
GASTROINTESTINAL INFECTIONS AND GASTRITIS
Osvaldo Bernardo Muchanga
Gastrointestinal Infections
GASTROINTESTINAL INFECTIONS result from the ingestion of pathogens that cause infections at the level of this tract, generally being transmitted by food, water and hands contaminated by microorganisms such as E. coli, Salmonella, Shigella, Vibrio cholerae, Campylobacter, Staphylococcus, Rotavirus among others that are generally contained in feces, thus configuring a FECAL-ORAL type of transmission.
Among the factors that lead to the occurrence of gastrointestinal infections are the hygienic and sanitary deficiencies that characterize our markets and other places where raw or cooked food is sold, poor environmental sanitation in communities, deficiencies in water treatment (or in the process of its plumbing), risky hygienic-sanitary habits (not washing hands after major and/or minor needs), among others.
These are generally consequences (signs and symptoms) resulting from gastrointestinal infections: diarrhea, vomiting, fever and malaise, among others.
The treatment consists of replacing lost liquids and electrolytes (drinking drinking water and other recommended liquids, including consumption of juicy fruits such as papayas, apples, pears, among others that contain water in their composition).
To prevent this, it is necessary to promote health education, improve the hygienic-sanitary conditions of markets and communities in general as a way of promoting, preserving and prolonging PUBLIC HEALTH.
Gastritis and Gastric Health
Gastric Health is one of the most relevant concerns in human health, with gastrointestinal infections being among the main illnesses that affect humans.
Among gastric problems, we have GASTRITIS AND GASTRIC ULCERS as the main public health problems. Gastritis and gastric ulcers normally result from inflammation and corrosion of the walls of the stomach (gastric mucosa) and are generally associated (caused) by the bacterium Helicobacter pylor, which, according to the literature, this bacterium settles on these walls (of the stomach) and starts to release urease that ends up altering the normal pH of the stomach (acid), which leads to inflammation and corrosion of the mucous membranes and consequent gastritis or ulcers, respectively.
In addition to bacterial infections, gastritis and gastric ulcers are associated with several factors, with emphasis on prolonged fasting, chemical substances including drugs, alcohol, foods with strong seasonings including chilli, which ends up causing inflammation of the stomach walls and/or corrosion. of the same, resulting in the appearance of wounds and consequent gastritis or ulcers, respectively.
Among patients with gastritis and/or ulcers, one of the dilemmas is associated with the foods to consume in order to minimize the sensation of pain and discomfort. Patellar Instability: Diagnosis Management
Pictorial and detailed description of patellar instability with sign and symptoms and how to diagnose , what investigations you should go with and how to approach with treatment options . I have presented this slide in my 2nd year junior residency in orthopedics at LLRM medical college Meerut and got good reviews for it
After getting it read you will definitely understand the topic.
Nano-gold for Cancer Therapy chemistry investigatory project
chemistry investigatory project
The development of nanogold-based cancer therapy could revolutionize oncology by providing a more targeted, less invasive treatment option. This project contributes to the growing body of research aimed at harnessing nanotechnology for medical applications, paving the way for future clinical trials and potential commercial applications.
Cancer remains one of the leading causes of death worldwide, prompting the need for innovative treatment methods. Nanotechnology offers promising new approaches, including the use of gold nanoparticles (nanogold) for targeted cancer therapy. Nanogold particles possess unique physical and chemical properties that make them suitable for drug delivery, imaging, and photothermal therapy.
5 Effective Homeopathic Medicines for Irregular Periods
Discover the benefits of homeopathic medicine for irregular periods with our guide on 5 common remedies. Learn how these natural treatments can help regulate menstrual cycles and improve overall menstrual health.
Visit Us: https://drdeepikashomeopathy.com/service/irregular-periods-treatment/
Breast cancer: Post menopausal endocrine therapy
Breast cancer in postmenopausal women with hormone receptor-positive (HR+) status is a common and complex condition that necessitates a multifaceted approach to management. HR+ breast cancer means that the cancer cells grow in response to hormones such as estrogen and progesterone. This subtype is prevalent among postmenopausal women and typically exhibits a more indolent course compared to other forms of breast cancer, which allows for a variety of treatment options.
Diagnosis and Staging
The diagnosis of HR+ breast cancer begins with clinical evaluation, imaging, and biopsy. Imaging modalities such as mammography, ultrasound, and MRI help in assessing the extent of the disease. Histopathological examination and immunohistochemical staining of the biopsy sample confirm the diagnosis and hormone receptor status by identifying the presence of estrogen receptors (ER) and progesterone receptors (PR) on the tumor cells.
Staging involves determining the size of the tumor (T), the involvement of regional lymph nodes (N), and the presence of distant metastasis (M). The American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) staging system is commonly used. Accurate staging is critical as it guides treatment decisions.
Treatment Options
Endocrine Therapy
Endocrine therapy is the cornerstone of treatment for HR+ breast cancer in postmenopausal women. The primary goal is to reduce the levels of estrogen or block its effects on cancer cells. Commonly used agents include:
Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators (SERMs): Tamoxifen is a SERM that binds to estrogen receptors, blocking estrogen from stimulating breast cancer cells. It is effective but may have side effects such as increased risk of endometrial cancer and thromboembolic events.
Aromatase Inhibitors (AIs): These drugs, including anastrozole, letrozole, and exemestane, lower estrogen levels by inhibiting the aromatase enzyme, which converts androgens to estrogen in peripheral tissues. AIs are generally preferred in postmenopausal women due to their efficacy and safety profile compared to tamoxifen.
Selective Estrogen Receptor Downregulators (SERDs): Fulvestrant is a SERD that degrades estrogen receptors and is used in cases where resistance to other endocrine therapies develops.
Combination Therapies
Combining endocrine therapy with other treatments enhances efficacy. Examples include:
Endocrine Therapy with CDK4/6 Inhibitors: Palbociclib, ribociclib, and abemaciclib are CDK4/6 inhibitors that, when combined with endocrine therapy, significantly improve progression-free survival in advanced HR+ breast cancer.
Endocrine Therapy with mTOR Inhibitors: Everolimus, an mTOR inhibitor, can be added to endocrine therapy for patients who have developed resistance to aromatase inhibitors.
Chemotherapy
Chemotherapy is generally reserved for patients with high-risk features, such as large tumor size, high-grade histology, or extensive lymph node involvement. Regimens often include anthracyclines and taxanes.
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Know the difference between Endodontics and Orthodontics.
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What is Neuroblastoma.pdf
- 2. 02 PAGE WHAT IS NEUROBLASTOMA Neuroblastoma is a cancer that starts in certain very early forms of nerve cells, most often found in an embryo or fetus. (The term neuro refers to nerves, while blastoma refers to a cancer that starts in immature or developing cells). This type of cancer occurs most often in infants and young children.
- 3. 03 PAGE THE SYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM Nerve fibers that run along either side the spinal cord. Clusters of nerve cells called ganglia (plural of ganglion) at certain points along the path of the nerve fibers. Nerve-like cells found in the medulla (center) of the adrenal glands. The adrenals are small glands that sit on top of each kidney. These glands make hormones (such as adrenaline [epinephrine]) that help control heart rate, blood pressure, blood sugar, and how the body reacts to stress. The brain, spinal cord, and the nerves that reach out from them to all areas of the body are all part of the nervous system. The nervous system is needed for thinking, sensation, and movement, among other things. The sympathetic nervous system is part of the autonomic nervous system. It includes:
- 4. 04 PAGE NEUROBLASTOMAS Most neuroblastomas begin in the abdomen, either in an adrenal gland or in sympathetic nerve ganglia. Most of the rest start in sympathetic ganglia near the spine in the chest or neck, or in the pelvis. Rarely, a neuroblastoma has spread so widely by the time it is found that doctors can’t tell exactly where it started. Neuroblastomas are cancers that start in early nerve cells (called neuroblasts) of the sympathetic nervous system, so they can be found anywhere along this system.
- 5. 05 PAGE AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM TUMORS IN CHILDREN Ganglioneuroma is a benign (non-cancerous) tumor made up of mature ganglion and nerve sheath cells. Ganglioneuroblastoma is a tumor that has both malignant and benign parts. It contains neuroblasts (immature nerve cells) that can grow and spread abnormally, similar to neuroblastoma, as well as areas of more mature tissue that are similar to ganglioneuroma. Not all childhood autonomic nervous system tumors are malignant (cancerous). Some tumors are benign (non-cancerous), and some can have both benign and cancer cells within the same tumor.