This document summarizes the rise and fall of the Twitter platform. It describes how Twitter started as a niche site in 2006 but grew to be an important platform for news, communities, and public discourse. However, inconsistent management and slow responses to challenges like misinformation contributed to its decline. Elon Musk's chaotic leadership after acquiring Twitter in 2022 accelerated this, through mass layoffs, attacks on content moderation, and promotion of disinformation, further undermining the role Twitter once played.
Think Link: Network Insights with No Programming SkillsMarc Smith
Networks are everywhere, but the tools for end users to access, analyze, visualize and share insights into connected structures have been absent. NodeXL, the network overview discovery and exploration add-in for Excel makes network analysis as easy as making a pie chart.
Keeping up: strategic use of online social networks for librarian current awa...suelibrarian
Presentation for VALA 2010 by Sue Cook and Con Wiebrands. If reusing please remove CSIRO branding and template. Copy of paper available via http://www.vala.org.au/conferences/vala2010/vala2010-programme (registration required)
This is the presentation Debra Askanese and Talia Klein gave at the Kishor Conference for Haredi Business Professionals.
To the best of our knowledge, all pictures used are Creative Commons and have been attributed.
Please contact us on Twitter if you have any questions or would like a copy of the presentation.
Debra: @askdebra
Talia: @TalTalK
Think Link: Network Insights with No Programming SkillsMarc Smith
Networks are everywhere, but the tools for end users to access, analyze, visualize and share insights into connected structures have been absent. NodeXL, the network overview discovery and exploration add-in for Excel makes network analysis as easy as making a pie chart.
Keeping up: strategic use of online social networks for librarian current awa...suelibrarian
Presentation for VALA 2010 by Sue Cook and Con Wiebrands. If reusing please remove CSIRO branding and template. Copy of paper available via http://www.vala.org.au/conferences/vala2010/vala2010-programme (registration required)
This is the presentation Debra Askanese and Talia Klein gave at the Kishor Conference for Haredi Business Professionals.
To the best of our knowledge, all pictures used are Creative Commons and have been attributed.
Please contact us on Twitter if you have any questions or would like a copy of the presentation.
Debra: @askdebra
Talia: @TalTalK
Overview of Social Media: Trends, Stats, and What It's All AboutDebra Askanase
Putting social media history, trends, and usage in perspective for businesses getting started. This overview of social media also includes ways that businesses are using social media to succeed.
This was developed jointly by Talia Klein @TalTalk of Sparkeo.com, and Debra Askanase @asdebra of Community Organizer 2.0.
To the best of our knowledge, all pictures used are Creative Commons and have been attributed.
Please contact us on Twitter if you have any questions or would like a copy of the presentation.
I did this presentation for the LSU AgCenter Family, Consumer Science Extension programs which focus on Families, Children, Nutrition, and Financial Management..
http://blog.anneadrian.com
During this one-hour taster, social media practitioners Sally Hems (Oakleaf Communications) and Matt Anderson (Montage Communications) explain the opportunities and pitfalls presented by social media. They’ll provide tips on maximising its potential and explain how best to integrate it within your PR & Communications strategy. This will be illustrated through examples of campaigns they’ve delivered for clients including the Commonwealth Foundation and South West RDA.
Matt Anderson Twitter - @PRBristolblog
Sally Hemms - @sallyhemms
Weller social media as research data_psm15Katrin Weller
Presentation at "Preserving Social Media" (#psm15), London, October 27th 2015.
http://dpconline.org/events/details/96-preserving-socialmedia?xref=126%3ASocialMedia15
Twitter analytics: some thoughts on sampling, tools, data, ethics and user re...Farida Vis
Keynote delivered at the SRA Social Media in Social Research conference, London, 24 June, 2013. The presentation highlights some thoughts on sampling, tools, data, ethics and user requirements for Twitter analytics, including an overview of a series of recent tools.
Content Analysis of Tweets by People with Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI)Melissa Brunner
HICSS-52 conference presentation 11th January 2019, Wailea Maui
Content Analysis of Tweets by People with Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI): Implications for Rehabilitation and Social Media Goals
Open Access paper: http://hdl.handle.net/10125/59870
Twitter as Scholarship: How Not To Get Fired (Much)Bonnie Stewart
How can scholars and academics find use and value in the fraught networked public sphere that Twitter embodies? This presentation - a public talk delivered at La Trobe University in Melbourne Australia, October 2016 - explores both the benefits and risks of Twitter, and examines its operations at the intersection of orality and literacy.
Social Media in Australia: A ‘Big Data’ Perspective on TwitterAxel Bruns
Invited presentation at the University of Melbourne, 4 April 2017.
Twitter research to date has focussed mainly on the study of isolated events, as described for example by specific hashtags or keywords relating to elections, natural disasters, public events, and other moments of heightened activity in the network. This limited focus is determined in part by the limitations placed on large-scale access to Twitter data by Twitter, Inc. itself. This research presents the first ever comprehensive study of a national Twittersphere as an entity in its own right. It examines the structure of the follower network amongst some 4 million Australian Twitter accounts and the dynamics of their day-to-day activities, and explores the Australian Twittersphere’s engagement with specific recent events.
Overview of Social Media: Trends, Stats, and What It's All AboutDebra Askanase
Putting social media history, trends, and usage in perspective for businesses getting started. This overview of social media also includes ways that businesses are using social media to succeed.
This was developed jointly by Talia Klein @TalTalk of Sparkeo.com, and Debra Askanase @asdebra of Community Organizer 2.0.
To the best of our knowledge, all pictures used are Creative Commons and have been attributed.
Please contact us on Twitter if you have any questions or would like a copy of the presentation.
I did this presentation for the LSU AgCenter Family, Consumer Science Extension programs which focus on Families, Children, Nutrition, and Financial Management..
http://blog.anneadrian.com
During this one-hour taster, social media practitioners Sally Hems (Oakleaf Communications) and Matt Anderson (Montage Communications) explain the opportunities and pitfalls presented by social media. They’ll provide tips on maximising its potential and explain how best to integrate it within your PR & Communications strategy. This will be illustrated through examples of campaigns they’ve delivered for clients including the Commonwealth Foundation and South West RDA.
Matt Anderson Twitter - @PRBristolblog
Sally Hemms - @sallyhemms
Weller social media as research data_psm15Katrin Weller
Presentation at "Preserving Social Media" (#psm15), London, October 27th 2015.
http://dpconline.org/events/details/96-preserving-socialmedia?xref=126%3ASocialMedia15
Twitter analytics: some thoughts on sampling, tools, data, ethics and user re...Farida Vis
Keynote delivered at the SRA Social Media in Social Research conference, London, 24 June, 2013. The presentation highlights some thoughts on sampling, tools, data, ethics and user requirements for Twitter analytics, including an overview of a series of recent tools.
Content Analysis of Tweets by People with Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI)Melissa Brunner
HICSS-52 conference presentation 11th January 2019, Wailea Maui
Content Analysis of Tweets by People with Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI): Implications for Rehabilitation and Social Media Goals
Open Access paper: http://hdl.handle.net/10125/59870
Twitter as Scholarship: How Not To Get Fired (Much)Bonnie Stewart
How can scholars and academics find use and value in the fraught networked public sphere that Twitter embodies? This presentation - a public talk delivered at La Trobe University in Melbourne Australia, October 2016 - explores both the benefits and risks of Twitter, and examines its operations at the intersection of orality and literacy.
Social Media in Australia: A ‘Big Data’ Perspective on TwitterAxel Bruns
Invited presentation at the University of Melbourne, 4 April 2017.
Twitter research to date has focussed mainly on the study of isolated events, as described for example by specific hashtags or keywords relating to elections, natural disasters, public events, and other moments of heightened activity in the network. This limited focus is determined in part by the limitations placed on large-scale access to Twitter data by Twitter, Inc. itself. This research presents the first ever comprehensive study of a national Twittersphere as an entity in its own right. It examines the structure of the follower network amongst some 4 million Australian Twitter accounts and the dynamics of their day-to-day activities, and explores the Australian Twittersphere’s engagement with specific recent events.
Similar to What Is Lost When Twitter Is Lost? Reflections on the Impending Death of a Platform (20)
Types of Polarisation and Their Operationalisation in Digital and Social Medi...Axel Bruns
Paper by Axel Bruns, Tariq Choucair, Katharina Esau, Sebastian Svegaard, and Samantha Vilkins, presented at the Association of Internet Researchers conference, Philadelphia, 18 Oct. 2023.
Determining the Drivers and Dynamics of Partisanship and Polarisation in Onli...Axel Bruns
Paper by Axel Bruns, Katharina Esau, Tariq Choucair, Sebastian Svegaard, and Samantha Vilkins, presented at the ECREA Political Communication conference in Berlin, 1 Sep. 2023.
Towards a New Empiricism: Polarisation across Four DimensionsAxel Bruns
Paper by Axel Bruns, Tariq Choucair, Katharina Esau, Sebastian Svegaard, and Samantha Vilkins, presented at the IAMCR 2023 conference, Lyon, 9-13 July 2023.
The Anatomy of Virality: How COVID-19 Conspiracy Theories Spread across Socia...Axel Bruns
Keynote by Axel Bruns, with Edward Hurcombe and Stephen Harrington, presented at the International Center for Journalists' Empowering the Truth Summit, 23 Feb. 2023.
A Platform Policy Implementation Audit of Actions against Russia’s State-Cont...Axel Bruns
Paper by Sofya Glazunova, Anna Ryzhova, Axel Bruns, Silvia Ximena Montaña-Niño, Arista Beseler, and Ehsan Dehghan, presented at the International Communication Association conference, Toronto, 29 May 2023.
The Filter in Our (?) Heads: Digital Media and PolarisationAxel Bruns
Invited presentation in a seminar series organised by the Centre for Deliberative Democracy & Global Governance at the University of Canberra, the QUT Digital Media Research Centre, and the News and Media Research Centre at the University of Canberra.
Gatewatching 5: Weaponising Newssharing: ‘Fake News’ and Other MalinformationAxel Bruns
Lecture 5 in the course From Gatekeeping to Gatewatching: News and Journalism in the Digital Age.
This lecture series addresses the continuing transformation of the production and consumption of journalism in the contemporary media environment. It provides a brief history of the impact of participatory online news production and engagement practices – from the first wave of citizen journalism to the social media platforms of today – on how news content is disseminated and experienced; examines reactive and proactive responses to these changes by news organisations and journalists; and explores the longer-term impact of these developments on the public sphere, touching on the power of social media platforms and their role in shaping their users’ information diets.
Readings are largely drawn from Gatewatching and News Curation: Journalism, Social Media, and the Public Sphere (Bruns, 2018), with additional readings recommended for selected lectures.
Reading for this lecture:
Bruns, A., Harrington, S., & Hurcombe, E. (2021). Coronavirus Conspiracy Theories: Tracing Misinformation Trajectories from the Fringes to the Mainstream. In M. Lewis, E. Govender, & K. Holland (Eds.), Communicating COVID-19: Interdisciplinary Perspectives (pp. 229–249). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-79735-5_12
Gatewatching 10: New(s) Publics in the Public SphereAxel Bruns
Lecture 10 in the course From Gatekeeping to Gatewatching: News and Journalism in the Digital Age.
This lecture series addresses the continuing transformation of the production and consumption of journalism in the contemporary media environment. It provides a brief history of the impact of participatory online news production and engagement practices – from the first wave of citizen journalism to the social media platforms of today – on how news content is disseminated and experienced; examines reactive and proactive responses to these changes by news organisations and journalists; and explores the longer-term impact of these developments on the public sphere, touching on the power of social media platforms and their role in shaping their users’ information diets.
Readings are largely drawn from Gatewatching and News Curation: Journalism, Social Media, and the Public Sphere (Bruns, 2018), with additional readings recommended for selected lectures.
Reading for this lecture:
Bruns, A. (2018). New(s) Publics in the Public Sphere. Gatewatching and News Curation: Journalism, Social Media, and the Public Sphere. Ch. 8. Peter Lang.
Gatewatching 4: Random Acts of Gatewatching: Everyday Newssharing PracticesAxel Bruns
Lecture 4 in the course From Gatekeeping to Gatewatching: News and Journalism in the Digital Age.
This lecture series addresses the continuing transformation of the production and consumption of journalism in the contemporary media environment. It provides a brief history of the impact of participatory online news production and engagement practices – from the first wave of citizen journalism to the social media platforms of today – on how news content is disseminated and experienced; examines reactive and proactive responses to these changes by news organisations and journalists; and explores the longer-term impact of these developments on the public sphere, touching on the power of social media platforms and their role in shaping their users’ information diets.
Readings are largely drawn from Gatewatching and News Curation: Journalism, Social Media, and the Public Sphere (Bruns, 2018), with additional readings recommended for selected lectures.
Reading for this lecture:
Bruns, A. (2018). Random Acts of Gatewatching: Everyday Newssharing Practices. Gatewatching and News Curation: Journalism, Social Media, and the Public Sphere. Ch. 4. Peter Lang.
Gatewatching 11: Echo Chambers? Filter Bubbles? Reviewing the EvidenceAxel Bruns
Lecture 11 in the course From Gatekeeping to Gatewatching: News and Journalism in the Digital Age.
This lecture series addresses the continuing transformation of the production and consumption of journalism in the contemporary media environment. It provides a brief history of the impact of participatory online news production and engagement practices – from the first wave of citizen journalism to the social media platforms of today – on how news content is disseminated and experienced; examines reactive and proactive responses to these changes by news organisations and journalists; and explores the longer-term impact of these developments on the public sphere, touching on the power of social media platforms and their role in shaping their users’ information diets.
Readings are largely drawn from Gatewatching and News Curation: Journalism, Social Media, and the Public Sphere (Bruns, 2018), with additional readings recommended for selected lectures.
Reading for this lecture:
Bruns, A. (2022). Echo Chambers? Filter Bubbles? The Misleading Metaphors That Obscure the Real Problem. In M. Pérez-Escolar & J. M. Noguera-Vivo (Eds.), Hate Speech and Polarization in Participatory Society (pp. 33–48). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003109891-4
Gatewatching 1: Introduction: What’s So Different about Journalism Today?Axel Bruns
Lecture 1 in the course From Gatekeeping to Gatewatching: News and Journalism in the Digital Age.
This lecture series addresses the continuing transformation of the production and consumption of journalism in the contemporary media environment. It provides a brief history of the impact of participatory online news production and engagement practices – from the first wave of citizen journalism to the social media platforms of today – on how news content is disseminated and experienced; examines reactive and proactive responses to these changes by news organisations and journalists; and explores the longer-term impact of these developments on the public sphere, touching on the power of social media platforms and their role in shaping their users’ information diets.
Readings are largely drawn from Gatewatching and News Curation: Journalism, Social Media, and the Public Sphere (Bruns, 2018), with additional readings recommended for selected lectures.
Reading for this lecture:
Bruns, A. (2018). Introduction. Gatewatching and News Curation: Journalism, Social Media, and the Public Sphere. Ch. 1. Peter Lang.
Lecture 8 in the course From Gatekeeping to Gatewatching: News and Journalism in the Digital Age.
This lecture series addresses the continuing transformation of the production and consumption of journalism in the contemporary media environment. It provides a brief history of the impact of participatory online news production and engagement practices – from the first wave of citizen journalism to the social media platforms of today – on how news content is disseminated and experienced; examines reactive and proactive responses to these changes by news organisations and journalists; and explores the longer-term impact of these developments on the public sphere, touching on the power of social media platforms and their role in shaping their users’ information diets.
Readings are largely drawn from Gatewatching and News Curation: Journalism, Social Media, and the Public Sphere (Bruns, 2018), with additional readings recommended for selected lectures.
Reading for this lecture:
Bruns, A. (2018). Hybrid News Coverage: Liveblogs. Gatewatching and News Curation: Journalism, Social Media, and the Public Sphere. Ch. 7. Peter Lang.
Gatewatching 2: From Gatekeeping to Gatewatching: The First Wave of Citizen M...Axel Bruns
Lecture 2 in the course From Gatekeeping to Gatewatching: News and Journalism in the Digital Age.
This lecture series addresses the continuing transformation of the production and consumption of journalism in the contemporary media environment. It provides a brief history of the impact of participatory online news production and engagement practices – from the first wave of citizen journalism to the social media platforms of today – on how news content is disseminated and experienced; examines reactive and proactive responses to these changes by news organisations and journalists; and explores the longer-term impact of these developments on the public sphere, touching on the power of social media platforms and their role in shaping their users’ information diets.
Readings are largely drawn from Gatewatching and News Curation: Journalism, Social Media, and the Public Sphere (Bruns, 2018), with additional readings recommended for selected lectures.
Reading for this lecture:
Bruns, A. (2018). From Gatekeeping to Gatewatching: The First Wave of Citizen Media. Gatewatching and News Curation: Journalism, Social Media, and the Public Sphere. Ch. 2. Peter Lang.
Gatewatching 9: ‘Real’ News and ‘Fake’ News: Fact-Checking and Media LiteracyAxel Bruns
Lecture 9 in the course From Gatekeeping to Gatewatching: News and Journalism in the Digital Age.
This lecture series addresses the continuing transformation of the production and consumption of journalism in the contemporary media environment. It provides a brief history of the impact of participatory online news production and engagement practices – from the first wave of citizen journalism to the social media platforms of today – on how news content is disseminated and experienced; examines reactive and proactive responses to these changes by news organisations and journalists; and explores the longer-term impact of these developments on the public sphere, touching on the power of social media platforms and their role in shaping their users’ information diets.
Readings are largely drawn from Gatewatching and News Curation: Journalism, Social Media, and the Public Sphere (Bruns, 2018), with additional readings recommended for selected lectures.
Reading for this lecture:
Graves, L., & Cherubini, F. (2016). The Rise of Fact-Checking Sites in Europe. Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:d55ef650-e351-4526-b942-6c9e00129ad7
Enhance your social media strategy with the best digital marketing agency in Kolkata. This PPT covers 7 essential tips for effective social media marketing, offering practical advice and actionable insights to help you boost engagement, reach your target audience, and grow your online presence.
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Sociocosmos helps you gain Reddit followers quickly and easily. Build your community and expand your influence.
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Multilingual SEO services are essential for businesses aiming to expand their global presence. They involve optimizing a website for search engines in multiple languages, enhancing visibility, and reaching diverse audiences. Filose offers comprehensive multilingual SEO services designed to help businesses optimize their websites for search engines in various languages, enhancing their global reach and market presence. These services ensure that your content is not only translated but also culturally and contextually adapted to resonate with local audiences.
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“To be integrated is to feel secure, to feel connected.” The views and experi...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT: Although a significant amount of literature exists on Morocco's migration policies and their
successes and failures since their implementation in 2014, there is limited research on the integration of subSaharan African children into schools. This paperis part of a Ph.D. research project that aims to fill this gap. It
reports the main findings of a study conducted with migrant children enrolled in two public schools in Rabat,
Morocco, exploring how integration is defined by the children themselves and identifying the obstacles that they
have encountered thus far. The following paper uses an inductive approach and primarily focuses on the
relationships of children with their teachers and peers as a key aspect of integration for students with a migration
background. The study has led to several crucial findings. It emphasizes the significance of speaking Colloquial
Moroccan Arabic (Darija) and being part of a community for effective integration. Moreover, it reveals that the
use of Modern Standard Arabic as the language of instruction in schools is a source of frustration for students,
indicating the need for language policy reform. The study underlines the importanceof considering the
children‟s agency when being integrated into mainstream public schools.
.
KEYWORDS: migration, education, integration, sub-Saharan African children, public school
Improving Workplace Safety Performance in Malaysian SMEs: The Role of Safety ...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT: In the Malaysian context, small and medium enterprises (SMEs) experience a significant
burden of workplace accidents. A consensus among scholars attributes a substantial portion of these incidents to
human factors, particularly unsafe behaviors. This study, conducted in Malaysia's northern region, specifically
targeted Safety and Health/Human Resource professionals within the manufacturing sector of SMEs. We
gathered a robust dataset comprising 107 responses through a meticulously designed self-administered
questionnaire. Employing advanced partial least squares-structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) techniques
with SmartPLS 3.2.9, we rigorously analyzed the data to scrutinize the intricate relationship between safety
behavior and safety performance. The research findings unequivocally underscore the palpable and
consequential impact of safety behavior variables, namely safety compliance and safety participation, on
improving safety performance indicators such as accidents, injuries, and property damages. These results
strongly validate research hypotheses. Consequently, this study highlights the pivotal significance of cultivating
safety behavior among employees, particularly in resource-constrained SME settings, as an essential step toward
enhancing workplace safety performance.
KEYWORDS :Safety compliance, safety participation, safety performance, SME
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What Is Lost When Twitter Is Lost? Reflections on the Impending Death of a Platform
1. CRICOS No.00213J
What Is Lost When Twitter Is Lost?
Reflections on the Impending
Death of a Platform
Axel Bruns
Australian Laureate Fellow
Digital Media Research Centre
Queensland University of Technology
Brisbane, Australia
a.bruns@qut.edu.au
@snurb_dot_info | @snurb@aoir.social | @snurb.bsky.social
8. CRICOS No.00213J
• Twitter and the news
• Gatewatching and news curation
• Crowdsourcing voices to prominence
• A first draft of the present
• Twitter and journalism
• Enthusiasm and reluctance
• Breakthrough moments
• Formal embrace
Twitter for News and Journalism
https://www.theverge.com/2013/1/23/3890674/tweeting-the-news-andy-carvin-test-pilots-twitter-journalism
https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/1940161212474472
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/2908131.2908174
http://www.theaustralian.com.au/business/media/opinion/politicians-journalists-using-social-media-obscure-real-issues/news-story/877417373bf26960324d781d8d4b258c
https://mediashift.org/2010/03/the-spill-effect-twitter-hashtag-upends-australian-political-journalism061/
https://www.prweek.com/article/1271650/nyt-hires-social-media-editor
Twitter is the worst. I would call it little more than
a leftwing echo chamber for various highly politicised activists,
including many journalists. This is not surprising since it
was actually invented as a way for pop stars to talk to their
fans rather than to discuss serious issues. […]
Twitter, a medium with a maximum of 140 characters, is
not conducive to logical thought, deep research, reflection
or independence of thought. It is really a place where activists
cheer each other on, often in the foulest language or with
the most naive affirmations of clearly partisan positions.
(Chris Mitchell, The Australian 8 Aug. 2016)
10. The Australian Twittersphere, 2016
4m known Australian accounts
Network of follower connections
Filtered for degree ≥1000
255k nodes (6.4%), 61m edges
Edges not shown in graph
(From Bruns, Moon, Münch, and Sadkowsky, 2017.)
11. Teen Culture
Aspirational
Sports
Netizens
Arts & Culture
Politics
Television
Fashion
Popular Music
Food & Drinks
Agriculture Activism
Porn
Education
Cycling
News &
Generic
Hard Right
Progressive
South
Australia
Celebrities
Horse Racing
4m known Australian accounts
Network of follower connections
Filtered for degree ≥1000
255k nodes (6.4%), 61m edges
Edges not shown in graph
12. CRICOS No.00213J
• News? Community? Sociality? Fun? Yes!
• What made Twitter so versatile?
• Flat structure: non-reciprocal following
• Public by default: <5% private accounts
• Hashtags for rapid connection
• Retweets for broad dissemination
• (also picked up by trending topics)
flat, broad, global weak-tie network
with major information flows to others
Twitter’s Many Purposes
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/1772690.1772751 — https://defector.com/burning-down-the-house — https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/nor-2019-0011
(Wed. 22 Mar. 2017) — https://www.nytimes.com/2011/11/21/arts/design/elements-of-style-as-occupy-movement-evolves.html
https://www.abc.net.au/listen/programs/sciencefriction/the-whisper-network:-metoo-and-sexual-harassment-in-science/10244242
https://marketing.twitter.com/en/insights/twitter-conversation-report-black-lives-matter
https://twitter.com/bigfudge212121/status/1259317174776115201 — https://eprints.qut.edu.au/66324/
14. CRICOS No.00213J
• Early embrace of community ideas
• Search, hashtags, …
• Flourishing third-party development
• Powerful APIs, third-party clients
• Odd and ill-considered decisions
• API changes and shutdowns
• Change of ‘starring’ to ‘liking’…
• … but never an ‘edit’ button
Working with and against the Community
https://www.cnbc.com/2020/01/09/how-chris-messina-got-twitter-to-use-the-hashtag.html
https://blog.twitter.com/en_us/a/2008/how-replies-work-on-twitter-and-how-they-might
https://twapperkeeper.wordpress.com/2010/08/25/announcing-yourtwapperkeeper-archive-your-own-tweets-on-your-own-server/
https://www.computerworld.com/article/2712336/the-death-of-the-twitter-api-or-a-new-beginning-.html
https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2013/03/tweetdeck-2008-2013/317756/
https://www.yahoo.com/finance/news/twitter-ceo-jack-dorsey-apologizes-173627475.html
https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2015/nov/03/twitter-replacing-favourites-with-likes-does-anyone-heart
https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/alexkantrowitz/jack-dorsey-says-twitter-needs-an-edit-function
15. CRICOS No.00213J
• Libertarian misconceptions of ‘free speech’
• Muted responses to mis/disinformation
• Bothsidesism rather than targeted action
• Arrangements with autocratic regimes
• Frustrating communal blocklist efforts
• Naked pursuit of engagement metrics
• Mishandling of researcher relationships
• Or outright dismissal of scholarship
• Late rethink (driven by DSA?)
Slow Responses to External Challenges
https://www.theverge.com/2018/1/5/16855900/twitter-donald-trump-ban-explanation — https://www.businessinsider.com/twitter-executives-were-hesitant-ban-trump-after-jan-6-report-2023-6
https://twitter.com/jack/status/1602800290876588032 — https://www.nytimes.com/2019/10/30/technology/twitter-political-ads-ban.html
https://www.cbc.ca/news/science/turkey-twitter-mahir-zeynalov-1.3783815 — https://news.yahoo.com/why-twitter-blocked-accounts-linked-184754492.html
https://slate.com/technology/2014/08/twitter-harassment-user-created-apps-block-together-flaminga-and-the-block-bot-crack-down-on-twitter-abuse.html
https://techcrunch.com/2018/07/30/twitter-turns-to-academics-to-improve-conversational-health-on-the-platform/ — https://www.timeshighereducation.com/news/threatened-scholars-online-
harassment-risks-academic-freedom — https://developer.twitter.com/en/blog/product-news/2021/enabling-the-future-of-academic-research-with-the-twitter-api
16. CRICOS No.00213J
• 2006: Jack Dorsey as founding CEO
• 2008: Ev Williams becomes CEO
• 2010: Dick Costolo becomes CEO
• Many acquisitions and side product
launches (Vine, Gnip, Periscope, …)
• 2013: Twitter shares launched on NYSE
• 2015: Jack Dorsey returns as CEO
• 2022: Elon Musk becomes CEO
• 2023: Linda Yaccarino becomes CEO
Inconsistent, Erratic Management
https://www.flickr.com/photos/jackdorsey/182613360 — https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/2009/04/18/technology/internet/18oprah.html
https://www.nytimes.com/2015/06/12/technology/dick-costolo-twitter-ceo-jack-dorsey.html
https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/alexkantrowitz/jack-dorsey-says-twitter-needs-an-edit-function
https://uk.news.yahoo.com/twitter-boss-faces-backlash-grim-daily-ritual-tech-ceos-compare-122645907.html — https://slate.com/technology/2021/03/jack-dorsey-testify-twitter-congress-annoyed.html
https://twitter.com/jack/status/1518772756069773313 — https://www.theaustralian.com.au/business/media/meet-linda-yaccarino-elon-musks-new-twitter-ceo-and-the-ad-worlds-velvet-hammer/news-story/b4fd0938449af6b5fb8685913312471d
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• Chaos and destruction
• Mass layoffs
• Attacks on staff fighting abuse and hate
• Confusion around paid ‘blue tick’ users
• Replatforming of banned accounts
• Active promotion of disinformation
• Ad revenue sharing with conspiracists
• Suspension of critics’ accounts
• API shutdowns
• Juvenile responses to media
• Lack of engagement with regulators
Twitter under Musk
https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2022/oct/26/elon-musk-twitter-visit-sink — https://www.crikey.com.au/2022/12/13/twitter-files-elon-musk-qanon/
https://www.nytimes.com/2023/09/18/opinion/trump-elon-musk-twitter.html — https://fortune.com/2022/11/11/no-free-insulin-eli-lilly-casualty-of-elon-musk-twitter-blue-verification-mess/
https://deadline.com/2023/07/twitter-revenue-sharing-program-pays-far-right-influencers-elon-musk-1235438248/ — https://www.sfchronicle.com/opinion/openforum/article/elon-musk-twitter-ban-censorship-17680044.php
https://www.theverge.com/2023/5/31/23739084/twitter-elon-musk-api-policy-chilling-academic-research — https://twitter.com/elonmusk/status/1637420728743088130 — https://www.cnbc.com/2023/10/10/elon-musk-
warned-about-misinformation-violent-content-on-x-by-eu.html — https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2023/oct/16/x-fined-610500-in-australia-first-for-failing-to-crack-down-on-child-sexual-abuse-material
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• Not for the money
• US$44b acquisition price
• Odd coalition of financial backers
• Severe decline in advertising revenue
• Collapse of company value: $4bn?
• Not for the status (?)
• Destruction of Musk’s public image
• Increasingly erratic public appearances
• Flow-on effects for Tesla and SpaceX
Why Does He Do It?
https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2022/12/24/elon-musk-twitter-funders/ — https://www.washingtonpost.com/investigations/2022/12/20/elon-musk-spotted-world-cup-final/
https://www.bbc.com/news/business-66217641 — https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2023/may/31/twitters-value-down-two-thirds-since-musk-takeover-says-investor
https://fortune.com/2023/09/06/elon-musk-x-what-is-twitter-worth/ — https://futurism.com/the-byte/jack-dorsey-alarmed-elon-musk-erratic-behavior-twitter
https://www.forbes.com/sites/caterinabulgarella/2022/12/22/as-twitter-crumbles-under-musks-touch-questions-emerge-about-his-leadership-at-tesla-and-spacex/?sh=7601cf5e4339
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• What have we lost?
• Instant access to reliable sources
• Ambient news awareness
• Live tracking of breaking news events
• Access to journalists, politicians, experts
• Ability for communal connective action
• Ability to maintain phatic social ties
• And we don’t even know just how bad it is
Twitter in 2023
https://www.crikey.com.au/2023/06/26/mario-nawfal-russia-elon-musk-twitter/
https://www.journal.media-culture.org.au/index.php/mcjournal/article/view/220
https://www.wired.com/story/x-israel-hamas-war-disinformation/
https://www.wsj.com/tech/elon-musk-and-linda-yaccarino-point-x-in-different-directions-amid-israel-hamas-war-250f29eb
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• Reduced awareness and solidarity
• How do we now track the next natural
disaster, political crisis, or war?
• How does the next #metoo or
#blacklivesmatter organise itself?
• How do ordinary people elsewhere in
the world keep track of these events?
• What are the effects for information
flows in other networks and media?
The Consequences
https://twitter.com/HumansNoContext/status/1672593156150292484
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• Growth in new(ish) platform options
• Telegram
• WhatsApp
• Gab
• Parler
• Mastodon
• Bluesky (led by Jack Dorsey)
• Threads (by Meta, not inside the EU)
• TikTok text posts
• …
Fragmentation
https://variety.com/2023/digital/news/parler-shut-down-new-owner-starboard-twitter-clone-conservatives-1235583709/
https://apnews.com/article/bluesky-twitter-jack-dorsey-elon-musk-invite-f2b4fb2fefd34f0149cec2d87857c766
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• Partial migration of some communities
• Early netizens Bluesky
• Academics on Mastodon
• Journalists on WhatsApp?
• Or just ‘quiet quitting’ while they wait for a
network effect to set in
• New features – attractive and off-putting
• Toots, skeets, boosts, …
• Mastodon’s federated server system
• Half-baked policy approaches
Fragmentation
https://www.theverge.com/2023/4/29/23701500/bluesky-twitter-replacement
https://www.niemanlab.org/2022/12/journalism-realizes-the-replacement-for-twitter-is-not-a-new-twitter/
https://www.insidehighered.com/news/2022/12/01/academics-twitter-disperse-wake-musk-takeover
https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-022-03668-7 — https://www.wired.com/story/how-to-quiet-quit-elon-musks-twitter/
https://mastodon.social/@mollywoodpro/110333819524780256 — https://sea.mashable.com/apps-and-software/24466/the-solution-to-twitters-downfall-isnt-five-twitter-clones
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• Is a federated model the answer?
• Complex, but interoperable
• No ‘great leader’ tech-bro CEOs (?)
• Distributed control over moderation
• Possibly inconsistent policy enforcement
• Stability and resilience yet to be tested
• Transparency to outside scrutiny?
• How would regulation work here?
• Confusing for ordinary users
• Network effects still in force
Federation? Consolidation?
https://www.pcworld.com/article/1404826/how-mastodon-and-federated-services-are-putting-social-media-back-in-your-hands.html
https://mashable.com/article/what-is-the-fediverse
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FidoNet
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• No social network without network effects
• Long-term fluctuation between
fragmentation and consolidation
• Recentralisation to come soon(ish)?
• Small-scale communities can be happy
on small-scale platforms, …
• … but those do not serve diverse and
general interests
a flat, broad, global weak-tie network
is still needed in the platform mix
Return to the Centre?
https://www.mercurynews.com/2022/12/12/heres-a-detailed-look-at-the-history-of-social-media/
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• Can we shape the next platform generation?
• We: users, scholars, policy-makers
• What might we want to see?
• Safe, respectful, civil spaces
• Better control over data and privacy
• Transparency and scrutability
• Meaningful, joyful public engagement
• Quality content from trusted sources
• Potential for prosocial connective action
An Opportunity
Images: Midjourney
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Inputs to this were supported by the ARC Laureate Fellowship project Determining the Dynamics of
Partisanship and Polarisation in Online Public Debate, ARC Future Fellowship project Understanding
Intermedia Information Flows in the Australian Online Public Sphere, the ARC LIEF project TrISMA:
Tracking Infrastructure for Social Media Analysis, and the ARC Discovery projects Journalism beyond
the Crisis: Emerging Forms, Practices, and Uses and Evaluating the Challenge of 'Fake News' and
Other Malinformation.
Acknowledgments