Paper by Sofya Glazunova, Anna Ryzhova, Axel Bruns, Silvia Ximena Montaña-Niño, Arista Beseler, and Ehsan Dehghan, presented at the International Communication Association conference, Toronto, 29 May 2023.
Social Media and the News: Approaches to the Spread of (Mis)informationAxel Bruns
Paper presented by Axel Bruns as part of the workshop Integrity 2021: Integrity in Social Networks and Media at the 14th ACM Conference on Web Search and Data Mining (WSDM) in Jerusalem, Israel, March 2021.
The Anatomy of Virality: How COVID-19 Conspiracy Theories Spread across Socia...Axel Bruns
Keynote by Axel Bruns, with Edward Hurcombe and Stephen Harrington, presented at the International Center for Journalists' Empowering the Truth Summit, 23 Feb. 2023.
News Diffusion on Twitter: Comparing the Dissemination Careers for Mainstream...Axel Bruns
Paper by Axel Bruns and Tobias Keller, presented at the Social Media & Society 2020 conference, 22 July 2020. A video of the presentation is here: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pCKpDkC8iqI.
Social Media and the News: Approaches to the Spread of (Mis)informationAxel Bruns
Paper presented by Axel Bruns as part of the workshop Integrity 2021: Integrity in Social Networks and Media at the 14th ACM Conference on Web Search and Data Mining (WSDM) in Jerusalem, Israel, March 2021.
The Anatomy of Virality: How COVID-19 Conspiracy Theories Spread across Socia...Axel Bruns
Keynote by Axel Bruns, with Edward Hurcombe and Stephen Harrington, presented at the International Center for Journalists' Empowering the Truth Summit, 23 Feb. 2023.
News Diffusion on Twitter: Comparing the Dissemination Careers for Mainstream...Axel Bruns
Paper by Axel Bruns and Tobias Keller, presented at the Social Media & Society 2020 conference, 22 July 2020. A video of the presentation is here: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pCKpDkC8iqI.
‘Like a Virus’: Disinformation in the Age of COVID-19Axel Bruns
Presentation by Tim Graham and Axel Bruns as part of the Centre for Responsible Technology's Australia at Home series, 23 Apr. 2020.
A video of the presentation is here: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Eu-BMi4TiQs
Changes and trends in Thailand’s national information and communications policy after the 2014 coup
presented at Asia Pacific Regional Internet Governance Forum
5 August 2014, Delhi
YouTube blocks monetization for some Russian channelsTarangasamanmali
YouTube announced on Saturday it would block certain Russian channels from monetizing their videos, among other restrictions, due to Moscow's invasion of Ukraine.
"In light of extraordinary circumstances in Ukraine, we're taking a number of actions," a spokesperson for the Google subsidiary said in a statement Saturday.
"Our teams have started to pause the ability for certain channels to monetize on YouTube, including RT's YouTube channels globally," the spokesperson said, referring to the Russian state-funded news outlet.
‘Like a Virus’: Disinformation in the Age of COVID-19Axel Bruns
Presentation by Tim Graham and Axel Bruns as part of the Centre for Responsible Technology's Australia at Home series, 23 Apr. 2020.
A video of the presentation is here: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Eu-BMi4TiQs
Changes and trends in Thailand’s national information and communications policy after the 2014 coup
presented at Asia Pacific Regional Internet Governance Forum
5 August 2014, Delhi
YouTube blocks monetization for some Russian channelsTarangasamanmali
YouTube announced on Saturday it would block certain Russian channels from monetizing their videos, among other restrictions, due to Moscow's invasion of Ukraine.
"In light of extraordinary circumstances in Ukraine, we're taking a number of actions," a spokesperson for the Google subsidiary said in a statement Saturday.
"Our teams have started to pause the ability for certain channels to monetize on YouTube, including RT's YouTube channels globally," the spokesperson said, referring to the Russian state-funded news outlet.
Types of Polarisation and Their Operationalisation in Digital and Social Medi...Axel Bruns
Paper by Axel Bruns, Tariq Choucair, Katharina Esau, Sebastian Svegaard, and Samantha Vilkins, presented at the Association of Internet Researchers conference, Philadelphia, 18 Oct. 2023.
Determining the Drivers and Dynamics of Partisanship and Polarisation in Onli...Axel Bruns
Paper by Axel Bruns, Katharina Esau, Tariq Choucair, Sebastian Svegaard, and Samantha Vilkins, presented at the ECREA Political Communication conference in Berlin, 1 Sep. 2023.
Towards a New Empiricism: Polarisation across Four DimensionsAxel Bruns
Paper by Axel Bruns, Tariq Choucair, Katharina Esau, Sebastian Svegaard, and Samantha Vilkins, presented at the IAMCR 2023 conference, Lyon, 9-13 July 2023.
The Filter in Our (?) Heads: Digital Media and PolarisationAxel Bruns
Invited presentation in a seminar series organised by the Centre for Deliberative Democracy & Global Governance at the University of Canberra, the QUT Digital Media Research Centre, and the News and Media Research Centre at the University of Canberra.
Gatewatching 5: Weaponising Newssharing: ‘Fake News’ and Other MalinformationAxel Bruns
Lecture 5 in the course From Gatekeeping to Gatewatching: News and Journalism in the Digital Age.
This lecture series addresses the continuing transformation of the production and consumption of journalism in the contemporary media environment. It provides a brief history of the impact of participatory online news production and engagement practices – from the first wave of citizen journalism to the social media platforms of today – on how news content is disseminated and experienced; examines reactive and proactive responses to these changes by news organisations and journalists; and explores the longer-term impact of these developments on the public sphere, touching on the power of social media platforms and their role in shaping their users’ information diets.
Readings are largely drawn from Gatewatching and News Curation: Journalism, Social Media, and the Public Sphere (Bruns, 2018), with additional readings recommended for selected lectures.
Reading for this lecture:
Bruns, A., Harrington, S., & Hurcombe, E. (2021). Coronavirus Conspiracy Theories: Tracing Misinformation Trajectories from the Fringes to the Mainstream. In M. Lewis, E. Govender, & K. Holland (Eds.), Communicating COVID-19: Interdisciplinary Perspectives (pp. 229–249). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-79735-5_12
Gatewatching 10: New(s) Publics in the Public SphereAxel Bruns
Lecture 10 in the course From Gatekeeping to Gatewatching: News and Journalism in the Digital Age.
This lecture series addresses the continuing transformation of the production and consumption of journalism in the contemporary media environment. It provides a brief history of the impact of participatory online news production and engagement practices – from the first wave of citizen journalism to the social media platforms of today – on how news content is disseminated and experienced; examines reactive and proactive responses to these changes by news organisations and journalists; and explores the longer-term impact of these developments on the public sphere, touching on the power of social media platforms and their role in shaping their users’ information diets.
Readings are largely drawn from Gatewatching and News Curation: Journalism, Social Media, and the Public Sphere (Bruns, 2018), with additional readings recommended for selected lectures.
Reading for this lecture:
Bruns, A. (2018). New(s) Publics in the Public Sphere. Gatewatching and News Curation: Journalism, Social Media, and the Public Sphere. Ch. 8. Peter Lang.
Gatewatching 4: Random Acts of Gatewatching: Everyday Newssharing PracticesAxel Bruns
Lecture 4 in the course From Gatekeeping to Gatewatching: News and Journalism in the Digital Age.
This lecture series addresses the continuing transformation of the production and consumption of journalism in the contemporary media environment. It provides a brief history of the impact of participatory online news production and engagement practices – from the first wave of citizen journalism to the social media platforms of today – on how news content is disseminated and experienced; examines reactive and proactive responses to these changes by news organisations and journalists; and explores the longer-term impact of these developments on the public sphere, touching on the power of social media platforms and their role in shaping their users’ information diets.
Readings are largely drawn from Gatewatching and News Curation: Journalism, Social Media, and the Public Sphere (Bruns, 2018), with additional readings recommended for selected lectures.
Reading for this lecture:
Bruns, A. (2018). Random Acts of Gatewatching: Everyday Newssharing Practices. Gatewatching and News Curation: Journalism, Social Media, and the Public Sphere. Ch. 4. Peter Lang.
Gatewatching 11: Echo Chambers? Filter Bubbles? Reviewing the EvidenceAxel Bruns
Lecture 11 in the course From Gatekeeping to Gatewatching: News and Journalism in the Digital Age.
This lecture series addresses the continuing transformation of the production and consumption of journalism in the contemporary media environment. It provides a brief history of the impact of participatory online news production and engagement practices – from the first wave of citizen journalism to the social media platforms of today – on how news content is disseminated and experienced; examines reactive and proactive responses to these changes by news organisations and journalists; and explores the longer-term impact of these developments on the public sphere, touching on the power of social media platforms and their role in shaping their users’ information diets.
Readings are largely drawn from Gatewatching and News Curation: Journalism, Social Media, and the Public Sphere (Bruns, 2018), with additional readings recommended for selected lectures.
Reading for this lecture:
Bruns, A. (2022). Echo Chambers? Filter Bubbles? The Misleading Metaphors That Obscure the Real Problem. In M. Pérez-Escolar & J. M. Noguera-Vivo (Eds.), Hate Speech and Polarization in Participatory Society (pp. 33–48). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003109891-4
Gatewatching 1: Introduction: What’s So Different about Journalism Today?Axel Bruns
Lecture 1 in the course From Gatekeeping to Gatewatching: News and Journalism in the Digital Age.
This lecture series addresses the continuing transformation of the production and consumption of journalism in the contemporary media environment. It provides a brief history of the impact of participatory online news production and engagement practices – from the first wave of citizen journalism to the social media platforms of today – on how news content is disseminated and experienced; examines reactive and proactive responses to these changes by news organisations and journalists; and explores the longer-term impact of these developments on the public sphere, touching on the power of social media platforms and their role in shaping their users’ information diets.
Readings are largely drawn from Gatewatching and News Curation: Journalism, Social Media, and the Public Sphere (Bruns, 2018), with additional readings recommended for selected lectures.
Reading for this lecture:
Bruns, A. (2018). Introduction. Gatewatching and News Curation: Journalism, Social Media, and the Public Sphere. Ch. 1. Peter Lang.
Lecture 8 in the course From Gatekeeping to Gatewatching: News and Journalism in the Digital Age.
This lecture series addresses the continuing transformation of the production and consumption of journalism in the contemporary media environment. It provides a brief history of the impact of participatory online news production and engagement practices – from the first wave of citizen journalism to the social media platforms of today – on how news content is disseminated and experienced; examines reactive and proactive responses to these changes by news organisations and journalists; and explores the longer-term impact of these developments on the public sphere, touching on the power of social media platforms and their role in shaping their users’ information diets.
Readings are largely drawn from Gatewatching and News Curation: Journalism, Social Media, and the Public Sphere (Bruns, 2018), with additional readings recommended for selected lectures.
Reading for this lecture:
Bruns, A. (2018). Hybrid News Coverage: Liveblogs. Gatewatching and News Curation: Journalism, Social Media, and the Public Sphere. Ch. 7. Peter Lang.
Gatewatching 2: From Gatekeeping to Gatewatching: The First Wave of Citizen M...Axel Bruns
Lecture 2 in the course From Gatekeeping to Gatewatching: News and Journalism in the Digital Age.
This lecture series addresses the continuing transformation of the production and consumption of journalism in the contemporary media environment. It provides a brief history of the impact of participatory online news production and engagement practices – from the first wave of citizen journalism to the social media platforms of today – on how news content is disseminated and experienced; examines reactive and proactive responses to these changes by news organisations and journalists; and explores the longer-term impact of these developments on the public sphere, touching on the power of social media platforms and their role in shaping their users’ information diets.
Readings are largely drawn from Gatewatching and News Curation: Journalism, Social Media, and the Public Sphere (Bruns, 2018), with additional readings recommended for selected lectures.
Reading for this lecture:
Bruns, A. (2018). From Gatekeeping to Gatewatching: The First Wave of Citizen Media. Gatewatching and News Curation: Journalism, Social Media, and the Public Sphere. Ch. 2. Peter Lang.
Gatewatching 9: ‘Real’ News and ‘Fake’ News: Fact-Checking and Media LiteracyAxel Bruns
Lecture 9 in the course From Gatekeeping to Gatewatching: News and Journalism in the Digital Age.
This lecture series addresses the continuing transformation of the production and consumption of journalism in the contemporary media environment. It provides a brief history of the impact of participatory online news production and engagement practices – from the first wave of citizen journalism to the social media platforms of today – on how news content is disseminated and experienced; examines reactive and proactive responses to these changes by news organisations and journalists; and explores the longer-term impact of these developments on the public sphere, touching on the power of social media platforms and their role in shaping their users’ information diets.
Readings are largely drawn from Gatewatching and News Curation: Journalism, Social Media, and the Public Sphere (Bruns, 2018), with additional readings recommended for selected lectures.
Reading for this lecture:
Graves, L., & Cherubini, F. (2016). The Rise of Fact-Checking Sites in Europe. Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:d55ef650-e351-4526-b942-6c9e00129ad7
Grow Your Reddit Community Fast.........SocioCosmos
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Surat Digital Marketing School is created to offer a complete course that is specifically designed as per the current industry trends. Years of experience has helped us identify and understand the graduate-employee skills gap in the industry. At our school, we keep up with the pace of the industry and impart a holistic education that encompasses all the latest concepts of the Digital world so that our graduates can effortlessly integrate into the assigned roles.
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Enhance your social media strategy with the best digital marketing agency in Kolkata. This PPT covers 7 essential tips for effective social media marketing, offering practical advice and actionable insights to help you boost engagement, reach your target audience, and grow your online presence.
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“To be integrated is to feel secure, to feel connected.” The views and experi...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT: Although a significant amount of literature exists on Morocco's migration policies and their
successes and failures since their implementation in 2014, there is limited research on the integration of subSaharan African children into schools. This paperis part of a Ph.D. research project that aims to fill this gap. It
reports the main findings of a study conducted with migrant children enrolled in two public schools in Rabat,
Morocco, exploring how integration is defined by the children themselves and identifying the obstacles that they
have encountered thus far. The following paper uses an inductive approach and primarily focuses on the
relationships of children with their teachers and peers as a key aspect of integration for students with a migration
background. The study has led to several crucial findings. It emphasizes the significance of speaking Colloquial
Moroccan Arabic (Darija) and being part of a community for effective integration. Moreover, it reveals that the
use of Modern Standard Arabic as the language of instruction in schools is a source of frustration for students,
indicating the need for language policy reform. The study underlines the importanceof considering the
children‟s agency when being integrated into mainstream public schools.
.
KEYWORDS: migration, education, integration, sub-Saharan African children, public school
Improving Workplace Safety Performance in Malaysian SMEs: The Role of Safety ...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT: In the Malaysian context, small and medium enterprises (SMEs) experience a significant
burden of workplace accidents. A consensus among scholars attributes a substantial portion of these incidents to
human factors, particularly unsafe behaviors. This study, conducted in Malaysia's northern region, specifically
targeted Safety and Health/Human Resource professionals within the manufacturing sector of SMEs. We
gathered a robust dataset comprising 107 responses through a meticulously designed self-administered
questionnaire. Employing advanced partial least squares-structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) techniques
with SmartPLS 3.2.9, we rigorously analyzed the data to scrutinize the intricate relationship between safety
behavior and safety performance. The research findings unequivocally underscore the palpable and
consequential impact of safety behavior variables, namely safety compliance and safety participation, on
improving safety performance indicators such as accidents, injuries, and property damages. These results
strongly validate research hypotheses. Consequently, this study highlights the pivotal significance of cultivating
safety behavior among employees, particularly in resource-constrained SME settings, as an essential step toward
enhancing workplace safety performance.
KEYWORDS :Safety compliance, safety participation, safety performance, SME
Improving Workplace Safety Performance in Malaysian SMEs: The Role of Safety ...
A Platform Policy Implementation Audit of Actions against Russia’s State-Controlled Media
1. CRICOS No.00213J
A Platform Policy
Implementation Audit of Actions
against Russia’s
State-controlled Media
Presenter: Dr Sofya Glazunova (Queensland University of Technology // University of Melbourne)
Authors: Anna Ryzhova, Axel Bruns, Silvia Ximena Montana-Nino, Arista Beseler, Ehsan Dehghan
2. CRICOS No.00213J
Russia’s information influence
• A major threat for Ukraine, Europe, Western democracies (since 2014)
• RT and Sputnik are major mouthpieces of Kremlin foreign politics abroad,
sources of disinformation, and warfare instruments
• Their bans and restrictions were fragmented until the Russia’s full-scale invasion
of Ukraine in February 2022
• Then, the bans took mass and snowballing character across governments,
digital platforms, broadcast operators, etc.
3. CRICOS No.00213J
RT and Sputnik
• … for long time, were seen as instruments of Russia’s ‘soft power’ (Nye 2004), but
since 2008 (at least) are actively involved in Russia’s wars, and the spread of
disinformation abroad (e.g., Yablokov 2015, Cull et al. 2017, Rosenberg 2015, Lytvynenko & Silverman 2019)
• ‘Soft Power’ or ‘Sharp Power’? The ‘duality’ and influence on multilingual
Facebook audiences (Glazunova et al. 2022)
• Information on RT & Sputnik’s impact on audiences is fragmented (e.g., Kling et al. 2022,
Crilley et al. 2022, Glazunova et al. 2022, Nielsen 2022)
5. CRICOS No.00213J
Platforms
• Arbitrators of digital public spheres with their own policies and reinforced content
moderation of Russia’s state-controlled media
• March 2022: EU introduced a ban on RT and Sputnik within its member states,
including distribution “by internet service providers, internet video-sharing
platforms or applications” (Official Journal of the European Union 2022, 65/2)
• Canada, the UK, and Australia asked major tech giants to restrict their content
6. CRICOS No.00213J
Question
How major digital platforms have implemented
their content moderation policies towards RT and
Sputnik accounts after the first two months of the
Russia’s full-scale invasion of Ukraine in 2022?
7. CRICOS No.00213J
Aims
a) introduce a new research approach which we describe as a platform policy
implementation audit, designed to systematically observe and document the
various measures against identified problematic content that have been
implemented by selected platforms
b) demonstrate the utility of this approach by undertaking such a policy
implementation audit for six platforms in ten countries (including EU and non-
EU countries)
8. CRICOS No.00213J
Catalogue of measures
• Flagging of content, accounts
• Demonetisation
• Post takedowns
• Temporary suspension of accounts
• Platform-wide bans
10. CRICOS No.00213J
Cataloging the measures towards RT and Sputnik
Creation of a database of all announced measures gathered from:
• Media reports
• Self-reporting by RT & Sputnik and their staff
• Official legislative documents
• Platforms’ blogs and policies
11. CRICOS No.00213J
The audit
• Aims to observe differences in banning and content moderation to RT and Sputnik
accounts on digital platforms.
• We draw on previous studies of online censorship (Aceto & Pescapé, 2015), hard
and soft platform moderation measures (York & Zuckerman, 2019), and
commercial content moderation (Roberts, 2018).
• We systematically access targets (13 outlets, 6 platforms, 10 countries), we trigger
the platforms’ restrictive actions (measures), and record the resulting symptoms
(content restriction)
12. CRICOS No.00213J
Parameters
• Timeline: 6.05-12.05.
• Manual coding by 6 coders
• 6 platforms: Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, Tik Tok, Telegram, and
YouTube
• 10 countries: Germany, Poland, Spain, Lithuania, Hungary, US, Australia,
UK, Canada, Ukraine
• In GE, AU, ES coders were physically located, in the rest, access is
simulated through VPN
• 13 outlets (RT and Sputnik branches in 6 languages plus Ruptly)
13. CRICOS No.00213J
Content moderation measures
No measures On-sharing ban On-sharing flagging Click-through flagging
Flagging Demonetisation Post takedown Temporary suspension
Country block
Banning from the
platform
The page of RT/Sputnik on the platform does not
exist or could not be found.
14. CRICOS No.00213J
Limitations
• We do not account for measures implemented by individual Internet service
providers (ISPs) in these countries
• We tested only for those measures that platforms and governments said they
would implement and did not investigate ‘shadow bans’ and other less obvious
measures on digital platforms
• We performed our audit only for the desktop browser versions of these platforms
16. CRICOS No.00213J
Evidence we gathered (two months after 24.02.22)
• Total ban in the EU (platforms should abide)
• Some platforms announced they conformed with the EU ban (did they?)
• In UK and Australia, senior officials asked platforms to ban RT and Sputnik (it didn’t happen…)
• Facebook, YouTube, and Twitter prohibit RT and Sputnik from advertising
• Instagram, Facebook, and Twitter (then Tik Tok) flagged RT and Sputnik as ‘state-affiliated
media’
• Occasional post take-downs (Twitter and Facebook)
• Temporary suspension of RT in Russian account on Twitter
• YouTube banned RT and Sputnik channels outright
17. CRICOS No.00213J
Findings: Meta platforms (Facebook and Instagram)
Facebook
• RT and Sputnik pages not available in Hungary,
Poland, Germany and Spain in compliance with
EU regulations.
• BUT! In Lithuania and in Spain (using
VPN) → could access pages
• Facebook flagged RT and Sputnik posts, but not
the pages (headers).
• Facebook’s implementation of flagging has
focussed predominantly on the English-language
versions
Instagram
• Instagram RT and Sputnik pages not available
in all EU countries, but accessible in the rest.
• Systematically flagged accounts as “Russian
state-sponsored media”.
• Click-through flagging in stories prioritised
COVID over state-sponsored labels.
Inconsistent on-sharing flagging on both platforms →
overlook of non-English pages
18. CRICOS No.00213J
TikTok
• Despite the EU ban, accounts were
available
• But the videos were hidden, when accessed
from the EU states, UK, Canada → only in
desktop version, in mobile avalaible
• In Australia, US, and Ukraine, accounts
were flagged as “Russian state-sponsored
media”
Twitter
• Accounts flagged in non-EU countries
• In Germany, Poland, Lithuania and Hungary,
Twitter accounts were blocked
• Twitter’s differential treatment of RT Deutsch
• RT Deutsch’s tweets linked to a new domain
(circumvention technique by RT)
Findings: TikTok and Twitter accounts
Spain is most inconsistent case across 2 platforms
19. CRICOS No.00213J
Telegram
• All Telegram channels blocked in the EU
countries investigated
• In Spain, difference between using VPN or
not → could point to the role of Internet
Service Providers in implementing the
bans
• Countries outside EU – not restricting
channels
YouTube
• Most consistent and harsh response among
the platforms: total ban
Findings: Telegram and YouTube channels
20. CRICOS No.00213J
• The full-scale invasion was a driver for some platforms to continue and change their content
moderation policies (Meta, Twitter, YouTube), introduce new ones (TikTok), or practice minimum
intervention (Telegram)
• Our audit offers a systematic snapshot of the platform policy implementation
• Showed uneven implementation of the EU ban by the platforms after 2 months.
→ driven either by platforms, set sometimes as a symbolic action
→ or can be a limitation connected with different ISPs
→ active circumvention communication strategies by RT and Sputnik
• Policies have so far concerned only RT and Sputnik, but less so Russian domestic media or
government accounts (e.g., Russian Embassy on Twitter)
So what?
21. CRICOS No.00213J
• Twitter (Musk) marks BBC and NPR as
‘Government Funded Media’ along with RT
• RT accounts are reappearing on Twitter and
nobody takes them off
• Circumvention strategies by RT and Sputnik
• Re-orientation of RT on LATAM, Africa’s and
other non-Western audiences (Reuters
Institute 2023, Audinet 2023)
What now?
The largest drivers in history of content moderation of state-controlled media across platforms and countries
, including distribution “by internet service providers, internet video-sharing platforms or applications” (Official Journal of the European Union 2022, 65/2)