What is law
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Law can be defined in several ways depending on perspective. From a societal perspective, law means justice, morality, and order. From a judge's perspective, law refers to rules of the court, decrees, judgments, and injunctions. Broadly, law includes acts, statutes, regulations, orders, torts, legal theory and more. Laws are categorized as international law between nations, or municipal/national law within a nation. Municipal law is further divided into public law such as constitutional, administrative, and criminal law, and private law involving persons, property, obligations, and conflict of laws.
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The document defines the rule of law as having four universal principles:
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2) Laws are clear, publicized, stable, just, applied evenly and protect fundamental rights.
3) Laws are enacted, administered and enforced through processes that are accessible, fair and efficient.
4) Justice is delivered in a timely manner by competent, impartial and independent representatives who adequately serve their communities.
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SID: LLB 00305037
what is law.pptx
The document discusses why law should be studied and provides context around key legal concepts. It notes that there are three branches of government - the legislature that enacts laws, the executive that enforces laws, and the judiciary that adjudicates laws. It emphasizes that law is above all and everyone is subject to the rule of law. It also provides definitions of law from various legal scholars and thinkers, and discusses what is and is not included in the concept of law.
what is law.pptx
introduction to law, nomenclature of law, purpose of law, law and justice, policy not part of law, basic of law, behaviours, control, human and government actions, justice, legal justice,
what is law.pptx
law needs to be understood from the point of view of its creator. Law as we seen today are majorly developed in Europe and spread through out the world except the islamic law. the source of law is different from the law.
Obli ppt
This document outlines the course content for a law and business law course. It covers several parts: an introduction to law and business law defining key terms; obligations in general and the nature and effect of obligations; general provisions on contracts; and defective contracts. The introduction defines law and discusses sources of law and characteristics of business law. Obligations are discussed in terms of their essential requisites and effects. General provisions on contracts cover elements, stages, characteristics and classifications of contracts. Defective contracts discusses rescissible, voidable, unenforceable and void contracts.
Law_Bentham_Austin
The document discusses key aspects of legal positivism and natural law theory. It begins by explaining legal positivism, noting that positivists like Bentham and Austin see law as commands from a sovereign backed by sanctions. Bentham's principle of utility holds that laws should aim to maximize happiness. Austin defines law as the command of the sovereign, and sees sanctions as essential for enforcing laws. The document then discusses natural law theory, which sees just laws as reflecting basic principles of human nature and morality. Overall, the summary outlines some of the central philosophical debates around the nature and sources of law.
Introduction to law
The document discusses the definition and sources of law in India. It notes that laws are rules established and enforced by government that involve mandatory rules and consequences. The main sources of law in India are discussed as religion, customs, judicial decisions, equity, and legislation. The document then provides details on the Indian legal system, including the roles of the Supreme Court, High Courts, and subordinate courts. It also discusses different types of laws such as civil, criminal, constitutional, administrative, property, contract, family, employment, tort, tax, and international law.
LAW 201 - Ch 1 Fundamentals
Criminal law defines criminal conduct, specifies punishments, and regulates investigation and prosecution of suspected criminals. A crime requires both a wrongful act and criminal intent. Crimes are considered wrongs against society and are prosecuted by the government as the representative of society. The criminal law originated from primitive tribal customs and has developed through various legal codes, common law, and statutory law.
Law of 11 class
It is for law student of grade 11 of Nepal(for general principles and theories of law or jurisprudence )
Jurisprudence and law.pdf
This document discusses the definitions and types of law, justice, and the administration of justice. It provides definitions of law from several scholars and thinkers. It also discusses the different types of law according to various legal theorists, including imperative law, natural law, and international law. Regarding justice, it discusses definitions from philosophers like Ulpian and Cicero. It then examines the administration of justice, including its meaning, origins, advantages like uniformity, and disadvantages like rigidity. Finally, it outlines the two main types of administration of justice - civil administration, which deals with civil disputes and rights, and criminal administration, which adjudicates criminal cases and aims to punish offenses.
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Highlights_of_Bhartiya_Nyaya_Sanhita.pptx
In 2020, the Ministry of Home Affairs established a committee led by Prof. (Dr.) Ranbir Singh, former Vice Chancellor of National Law University (NLU), Delhi. This committee was tasked with reviewing the three codes of criminal law. The primary objective of the committee was to propose comprehensive reforms to the country’s criminal laws in a manner that is both principled and effective.
The committee’s focus was on ensuring the safety and security of individuals, communities, and the nation as a whole. Throughout its deliberations, the committee aimed to uphold constitutional values such as justice, dignity, and the intrinsic value of each individual. Their goal was to recommend amendments to the criminal laws that align with these values and priorities.
Subsequently, in February, the committee successfully submitted its recommendations regarding amendments to the criminal law. These recommendations are intended to serve as a foundation for enhancing the current legal framework, promoting safety and security, and upholding the constitutional principles of justice, dignity, and the inherent worth of every individual.
MENSREA.pptx
Dr. Anjali Dixit is an associate professor. She holds the position of associate at her place of work. The document provides her name and professional titles.
Prospectus
This document provides contact information for Anjali Dixit, an assistant professor and founder of www.nyatsalegalorb.com. Dixit has expertise in company law, specifically regarding prospectuses under the Companies Act. Her contact number is provided for those seeking guidance on topics related to company law prospectuses.
DOCTRINE RELATED TO COMPANY LAW
The document discusses two doctrines related to company law:
1) The doctrine of corporate social responsibility, which holds that organizations should advance societal interests by avoiding harm and engaging in beneficial acts, traditionally categorized as environmental, ethical, philanthropic, and economic responsibilities.
2) The doctrine of alter ego, which assumes that a corporation and its shareholders/managing directors are legally equivalent or "alter egos" of each other.
Judicial reforms
The document discusses judicial reforms in India. It outlines issues with the current Indian judiciary system such as delays, pending cases, corruption, lack of transparency, inadequate judicial capacity and infrastructure. It then discusses various reforms that could help address these issues, such as improving district courts, increasing judicial capacity, better court management, faster trials, merit-based appointments and improved investigation practices. It also discusses alternative dispute resolution mechanisms in India like arbitration, conciliation, Lok Adalats and judicial settlements that can help reduce pending caseloads in courts.
General exceptions ipc
This document provides a 3 sentence summary of the document. The document is about general exceptions under the Indian Penal Code of 1860 written by Anjali Dixit, an assistant professor at the Faculty of Juridical Sciences at Rama University in Kanpur. It discusses exceptions to criminal liability under the Indian Penal Code and provides contact information for the author.
Unit 4 winding up
The Companies (Winding Up) Rules, 2020 will take effect on April 1, 2020. The rules establish a summary liquidation process for small companies with book value assets not exceeding Rs 1 crore that do not exceed certain deposit, loan, turnover, or capital thresholds. Under the rules, an official liquidator appointed by the government will close the company, take charge of its assets, and deal with claims against the company. The government may order investigations into any fraud committed by company officials during the liquidation process.
Unit 4 oppression & mismanagement
This document discusses oppression and mismanagement under the Companies Act 2013 in India. It defines oppression as unjust exercise of power that harms shareholders' legitimate expectations. Mismanagement refers to incompetent or dishonest management, like serious conflicts, illegal boards, or asset diversion. The Act allows shareholders to apply to the tribunal for relief from oppression or mismanagement. The tribunal can order remedies like regulating company affairs, removing directors, or modifying agreements. The requirements to file such applications and the limitation period are also discussed. The document explains class action suits allow shareholders to seek compensation for fraudulent conduct.
Unit 3 shareholders agreement
The document discusses shareholders agreements and related party transactions under the Companies Act 2013. It defines key terms like shareholder, shares and share capital. It outlines the main purposes of shareholders agreements which are to protect investments, establish fair relationships and govern company operations. It describes important clauses in shareholders agreements like management, non-compete, rights of first refusal and drag-along/tag-along rights. It discusses the act's provisions around free transferability of securities and enforceability of shareholders agreements. Finally, it defines related parties and covered transactions requiring board approval under the act to avoid non-compliance penalties.
Unit 2 & 3 mergers & amalgamation take over & acquisation
The document discusses various types of business combinations under Indian law. It defines a merger as the combination of two or more companies through amalgamation or absorption, usually by offering stock in the acquiring company in exchange for shares in the target company. An acquisition is the purchase of a controlling interest in another company. A takeover implies acquiring control of a company through purchasing a majority of its shares. An amalgamation combines two companies into a new entity, with neither original company surviving. It is similar to a merger but results in a single new company rather than one company acquiring the other. A demerger transfers part of a company's business or assets to shareholders through a spin-off or new entity.
Unit 1 corporate restructuring
This document discusses corporate restructuring under the Companies Act 2013 in India. It defines corporate restructuring as efforts to realign policies, programs, processes and people to serve redefined goals sustainably. The document outlines the need and scope of restructuring to achieve objectives like risk reduction and exploiting synergies. It discusses types of restructuring like financial and organizational restructuring and reasons for restructuring like changes in strategy or lack of profits. Finally, it summarizes some key features of the Companies Act regarding restructuring, including the role of the National Company Law Tribunal and requirements for creditor consent.
Meetings unit 2
Meetings are an important part of running a corporate structure according to the Companies Act, 2013. The frequency of board meetings for different types of companies is defined, requiring at minimum 4 meetings per calendar year with gaps of no more than 120 days. Directors may participate virtually through video conferencing with some exceptions. Resolutions can also be passed by circulation to directors without a formal meeting.
Mao
The memorandum summarizes the key points about altering a company's memorandum of association under the Companies Act 2013. It notes that the name, objects, liability and capital clauses can typically only be altered via a special resolution passed by shareholders. The registered office can be changed within the same city by board resolution, and between cities in the same state also requires a special resolution. The memorandum is the foundational document that defines the company's limitations and powers.
Director unit 1
This document discusses the board of directors under the Companies Act of 2013 in India. It defines key terms like director, board of directors, and provides details on their roles and responsibilities in determining company objectives, monitoring progress, appointing management, and accounting to shareholders. It outlines requirements for minimum director numbers based on company type, qualifications, appointment and removal processes, and powers of the board of directors.
Articles of association
The articles of association are a document that establishes the internal rules and regulations that govern a company. It prescribes the rules for management of the company and how it will achieve its objectives as defined in the memorandum of association. The articles of association act as a contract between the company and its members and between members themselves. It typically includes provisions regarding shares, directors, meetings, accounting practices and winding up of the company. The articles must be registered with the Registrar and include required information like share capital requirements. A company can alter its articles of association through a special resolution of members.
Introduction of company law (1)
Company legislation in India originated from English company law. The various Companies Acts passed in India have largely followed the English Acts with some modifications. Early forms of companies included merchant guilds from the 11th-13th centuries and commenda and societas partnerships. Regulated companies with royal charters granting trade monopolies emerged in the 14th century, such as the East India Company. India's first company law was passed in 1850 based on the English 1844 Act, with limited liability first recognized in 1857. Subsequent Acts in 1866, 1913, and 1956 further developed company law, largely mirroring equivalent English Acts. The Companies Act of 1956 and subsequent amendments have shaped modern Indian company law.
Criminal law
Criminal law is divided into two parts: criminal substantive laws and criminal procedures laws. Criminal substantive laws deal with the nature and elements of criminal charges. Each charge is comprised of elements that the state must prove, and these elements vary depending on the specific crime. Criminal procedures laws set out the process through which a criminal case progresses, such as through a code of criminal procedure.
Civil law
Civil law defines and protects private citizen rights through areas like contracts, torts, property, and family law. It originated from ancient Roman laws and codes. Tort law is a branch of civil law dealing with personal injury and property damage from wrongful acts, seeking monetary compensation. There are three tort categories: negligence, intentional torts, and strict liability. Negligence involves a duty, breach of duty through unreasonable actions, causation of damages. Contract law governs agreements where parties have obligations and can be liable for breach. Property law distinguishes personal and real property, addressing torts like trespass and conversion. Family law handles marriage, divorce, child custody, and other domestic issues.
Kinds of law
This document discusses the different kinds of law - substantive law and procedural law. Substantive law includes civil law and criminal law, and defines legal rights and duties. Examples of substantive laws are contract law, property law, and the Indian Penal Code. Procedural law governs how substantive laws are enforced in legal proceedings. Examples of procedural laws are the Code of Civil Procedure, Code of Criminal Procedure, and Law of Evidence. Both substantive and procedural laws work together in the legal system, with substantive law establishing legal rights and duties, and procedural law regulating how those rights and duties are enforced in courts.
Professional ethics unit i
The document discusses the historical development of the legal profession in India from ancient times through the British colonial period and after independence. It describes how the legal profession evolved from tribal dispute resolution systems to a modern profession regulated by the Advocates Act of 1961, which established the Bar Council of India and State Bar Councils to oversee legal practice. The key functions and composition of the Bar Council of India are also outlined.
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Unit 2 & 3 mergers & amalgamation take over & acquisation
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原版制作(PSU毕业证书)宾州州立大学公园分校毕业证学历证书一模一样
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二.真实使馆公证(即留学回国人员证明,不成功不收费)
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四.办理各国各大学文凭(一对一专业服务,可全程监控跟踪进度)
如果您处于以下几种情况：
◇在校期间，因各种原因未能顺利毕业……拿不到官方毕业证【q/微741003700】
◇面对父母的压力，希望尽快拿到；
◇不清楚认证流程以及材料该如何准备；
◇回国时间很长，忘记办理；
◇回国马上就要找工作，办给用人单位看；
◇企事业单位必须要求办理的
◇需要报考公务员、购买免税车、落转户口
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留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
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本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原。
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【主营项目】
一.毕业证【q微741003700】成绩单、使馆认证、教育部认证、雅思托福成绩单、学生卡等！
二.真实使馆公证(即留学回国人员证明,不成功不收费)
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如果您处于以下几种情况：
◇在校期间，因各种原因未能顺利毕业……拿不到官方毕业证【q/微741003700】
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1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
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一比一原版(Lincoln毕业证)新西兰林肯大学毕业证如何办理
Lincoln硕士毕业证成绩单【微信95270640】办理新西兰林肯大学毕业证原版一模一样、Lincoln毕业证制作【Q微信95270640】《新西兰林肯大学毕业证购买流程》《Lincoln成绩单制作》新西兰林肯大学毕业证书Lincoln毕业证文凭新西兰林肯大学
本科毕业证书,学历学位认证如何办理【留学国外学位学历认证、毕业证、成绩单、大学Offer、雅思托福代考、语言证书、学生卡、高仿教育部认证等一切高仿或者真实可查认证服务】代办国外（海外）英国、加拿大、美国、新西兰、澳大利亚、新西兰等国外各大学毕业证、文凭学历证书、成绩单、学历学位认证真实可查。
[留学文凭学历认证(留信认证使馆认证)新西兰林肯大学毕业证成绩单毕业证证书大学Offer请假条成绩单语言证书国际回国人员证明高仿教育部认证申请学校等一切高仿或者真实可查认证服务。
多年留学服务公司,拥有海外样板无数能完美1:1还原海外各国大学degreeDiplomaTranscripts等毕业材料。海外大学毕业材料都有哪些工艺呢？工艺难度主要由：烫金.钢印.底纹.水印.防伪光标.热敏防伪等等组成。而且我们每天都在更新海外文凭的样板以求所有同学都能享受到完美的品质服务。
国外毕业证学位证成绩单办理方法：
1客户提供办理新西兰林肯大学新西兰林肯大学毕业证学位证信息：姓名生日专业学位毕业时间等（如信息不确定可以咨询顾问：我们有专业老师帮你查询）；
2开始安排制作毕业证成绩单电子图；
3毕业证成绩单电子版做好以后发送给您确认；
4毕业证成绩单电子版您确认信息无误之后安排制作成品；
5成品做好拍照或者视频给您确认；
6快递给客户（国内顺丰国外DHLUPS等快读邮寄）
— — — — 我们是挂科和未毕业同学们的福音我们是实体公司精益求精的工艺！ — — — -
一真实留信认证的作用(私企外企荣誉的见证):
1：该专业认证可证明留学生真实留学身份同时对留学生所学专业等级给予评定。
2：国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书这个入网证书并且可以归档到地方。
3：凡是获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内将在公安部网内查询个人身份证信息后同步读取人才网入库信息。
4：个人职称评审加20分个人信誉贷款加10分。
5：在国家人才网主办的全国网络招聘大会中纳入资料供国家500强等高端企业选择人才。问山娃想买什么想吃什么山娃知道父亲赚钱很辛苦除了书籍和文具山娃啥也不要能牵着父亲的手满城闲逛他已心满意足了父亲连挑了三套童装叫山娃试穿山娃有点不想父亲说城里不比乡下要穿得漂漂亮亮爸怎么不穿得漂亮望着父亲山娃反问道父亲听了并不回答只是吃吃地笑山娃很精神越逛越起劲父亲却越逛越疲倦望着父亲呵欠连天的样子山娃也说困了累了回家吧小屋闷罐一般头顶上的三叶扇彻夜呜呜作响搅得满屋热气腾腾也搅得山娃心烦意乱父亲一的
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What is law
- 1. FACULTY OF JURIDICAL SCIENCES RAMA UNIVERSITY What is law FROM ANJALI DIXIT ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
- 2. WHAT IS LAW? The term “Law’ denotes different kinds of rules and Principles. view point of the society Law means Justice, Morality, Reason, Order, and Righteous from the view point of the society
- 3. WHAT IS LAW? point of view of Judges Law means Rules of court, Decrees, Judgment, Orders of courts, and Injunctions from the point of view of Judges.
- 4. WHAT IS LAW? Law is a broader term which includes Acts, Statutes, Rules, Regulations, Orders, Ordinances, Justice, Morality, Reason, Righteous, Rules of court, Decrees, Judgment, Orders of courts, Injunctions, Tort, Jurisprudence, Legal theory, etc.
- 5. Meaning of Law In old English “Lagu” i.e. law, ordinance, rule, regulation from old norse “lagu” law collective Plural of “Lag” is layer, measure, stroke ‘Literally’ something laid down of fixed. In Hindu religion law implies “Dharma” in Muhammadean religion (Islam) it is “Hokum” in Roman its “Jus”, in French, its “Droit” in Arabic, Alqanoon, in Persian and Turkish, its Kunoon, in Latin its “Legam” in Philipino its “Batas” in Albanian language its “Ligj” in Czech its “Zakon” in Danish its “Lor” in Dutch its “Wet” in Italian its “Legge” and in Lithuanian its “Teise” and so on.
- 6. Definitions of law Salmond: - According to salmond “the law may be defined as the body of principles recognized and applied by the state in the administration of Justice. John chipman Gray’s Definition of Law:- According to Gray, “the Law of the State or of any organized body of men is composed of the rules which the courts, that is the judicial organ of the body lays down for the determination of legal rights and duties. Austin, a law, in the strict sense is a general command of the sovereign individual or the sovereign body.
- 7. Kinds of law Classification of Law (1)International Law, and (1) Municipal or National law
- 8. What is International Law? The legal Process that concerns legal relations among nations is called international law. Belief and experience some form international law dates from at least the days of the Roman Empire. The united nation is are of the Primary mechanism that articulate and create international law. KINDS (1) Public international law, and (2) Private international law
- 9. Municipal law The Municipal law, Law of land, Civil law, or law applied within a State is divided into two classes:- (A) PUBLIC LAW (B) PRIVATE LAW
- 10. PUBLIC LAW (A)Constitutional law (B) Administrative law and (C) Criminal law
- 11. Private Law KINDS 1. The law of Persons 2. The law of Property 3. The law of obligations 4. The conflict of laws