The document discusses geostationary satellites and related technologies. It provides details on: - What defines a geostationary satellite's orbit and how it revolves with the Earth's rotation. - The purposes of geostationary satellites including communication, broadcasting, earth observation, and military/remote sensing applications. - The design of typical early geostationary satellites, which were spin-stabilized cylinders around 3 meters long supplemented with solar panels and communication antennae. - Issues around limited orbital slots in geostationary orbit and conflicts between countries over access to frequencies and positions.

1. A GEOSTATIONARY SATELLITE
A geostationarysatelliteisanearth-
orbitingsatellite, placedat an
altitudeof approximately35,800
kilometers(22,300miles)directly
overtheequator, thatrevolvesin
thesamedirectiontheearthrotates
(westto east)

2. Geospatial technologY
Geospatial technologies is a term used to
describe the range of modern tools
contributing to the geographic mapping
and analysis of the Earth and human
societies. These technologies have been
evolving in some form since the first maps
were drawn in prehistoric times.

3. USE OF GEOSTATIONARY SATELLITE
Fora geo-stationarysatellite,we all
knowthatthepurposesarefor
communication, coordination, TV
broadcastingandearthobservation.In
sun-synchronoussatellitecasethe
purposearemostlyforthemilitaryand
remotesensing.Thiskindof satellitewe
canuseit forspyingothercountries.

4. A GEOSTATIONARY ORBIT
A geostationaryorbit(GEO)isa circular
geosynchronousorbitintheplaneof the
Earth'sequatorwitha radiusof
approximately42,164km(26,199mi)
(measuredfromthecenterof the Earth).
A satelliteinsuchanorbitis at an
altitudeof approximately35,786km
(22,236mi)abovemeansealevel

5. ORBIT ALLOCATION
Satellites in geostationary orbit must all occupy a single
ring above the Equator. The requirement to space these
satellites apart to avoid harmful radio-frequency
interference during operations means that there are a
limited number of orbital "slots" available, thus only a
limited number of satellites can be operated in
geostationary orbit. This has led to conflict between
different countries wishing access to the same orbital
slots (countries near the same longitude but
differing latitudes) and radio frequencies. These
disputes are addressed through the International
Telecommunication Union's allocation
mechanism.[10][11] In the 1976 Bogotá Declaration, eight
countries located on the Earth's equator claimed
sovereignty over the geostationary orbits above their
territory, but the claims gained no international
recognition

6. DESIGN OF GEOSTSTIONARY SATELLITE
Mostof these birdsare communicationssatellitesof one descriptionor
another.A common earlydesign is that of a spin stabilizedcylinder.The
HughesHS376 seriesare typical: the main bodybeing some 3 meterslong
and 2 metersin diameter.This grows to around6 metersin length once
on orbitwiththe extension of the communicationsantennae and an extra
skirtof solar panels.These supplement the cellswhichalreadycover the
mainbody,making a verynice specular reflector.Thisskirtand the main
bodyrotateaboutthe long axis,typicallyat around55 r.p.m.,whilst the
antennaand equipment shelf are despun so as to maintain contact with
their groundtarget

7. VARIOUS TYPES OF GEOSPATIAL TECHNOLOGY
Remote Sensing:imagery and data collected from space- or airborne camera and sensor platforms. Some commercial satellite image providers
now offer images showing details of one-meter or smaller, making these images appropriate for monitoring humanitarian needs and human
rights abuses.
GeographicInformationSystems(GIS):a suite of software tools for mapping and analyzing data which is geo referenced (assigned a specific
location on the surface of the Earth, otherwise known as geospatial data). GIS can be used to detect geographic patterns in other data, such as
disease clusters resulting from toxins, sub-optimal water access, etc.
GlobalPositioningSystem(GPS):a network of U.S. Department of Defense satellites which can give precise coordinate locations to civilian and
military users with proper receiving equipment (note: a similar European system called Galileo will be operational within the next several years
while a Russian system is functioning but restricted).
InternetMappingTechnologies:software programs like Google Earth and web features like Microsoft Virtual Earth are changing the way
geospatial data is viewed and shared. The developments in user interface are also making such technologies available to a wider audience
whereas traditional GIS has been reserved for specialists and those who invest time in learning complex software programs

8. Satellite Launch Date Launch Vehicle Remarks ISRO Link
Aryabhata 19 April 1975 u-11 Interkosmos
Active technological
experience in building
and operating a satellite
system.
[1]
Bhaskara-I 7 June 1979 C-1 Interkosmos
First experimental remote
sensing satellite. Carried
TV and microwave
cameras.
[2]
Rohini Technology
Payload
10 August 1979 SLV-3
Intended for measuring
in-flight performance of
first experimental flight of
SLV-3, the first Indian
launch vehicle. Did not
achieve orbit.
[3]
Rohini RS-1 18 July 1980 SLV-3
Used for measuring in-
flight performance of
second experimental
launch of SLV-3.
[4]
SOME INDIAN GEOSTATIONARY SATELLITES

9. SOME GEOSTATIONARY SATELLITE

10. MADE BY : DANISH MADAAN
XI – CD
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