Lingering objects are deleted Active Directory objects that remain on a restored domain controller in its local copy of Active Directory. They can occur when changes are made to directories after system backups are created. Windows Server 2003 and 2008 have the ability to manually remove lingering objects using the REPADMIN.EXE console utility command.

1. Q: What are LingeringObjects?
A: A lingeringobjectisa deletedADobjectthatstill remainsonthe restoreddomaincontrollerinits
local copy of Active Directory.Theycanoccur whenchangesare made to directoriesaftersystem
backupsare created.
Whenrestoringa backupfile,Active Directorygenerallyrequiresthatthe backupfile be nomore than
180 daysold.Thiscan happenif,afterthe backup wasmade,the objectwasdeletedonanotherDC
more than 180 daysago.
Q: How can we remove Lingering Objects?
A: WindowsServer2003 and 2008 have the abilitytomanuallyremove lingeringobjectsusingthe
console utilitycommandREPADMIN.EXE.
4) What are Group Policies?
Ans: Group policiesare usedbyadministratorstoconfigure andcontrol userenvironmentsettings.
Group PolicyObjects(GPOs) are usedtoconfigure grouppolicieswhichare appliedtosites,domains,
and organizational units(OUs).Settingsthatdothe followingmaybe appliedwithgrouppolicy:Manage
userenvironments - Wallpaperandothersettings.Manage scripts - Logon/logoffandstartup/shutdown
scripts.Manage security - Eventlogsettings,accountpolicies,andmore.Manage software deployment -
Applicationsmaybe automaticallyinstalledwhenthe clientcomputerstarts.Redirectfolders - Folders
on a local computermay be redirectedtoa networkshare.
ComputerSecurityDo’sandDon’ts
Do’s:
1) Shut downyourcomputers andlaptopswhenyouare not usingmore than 3 hoursand whenyou
are leavingoffice.
2) Lock your computerswhennotinuse.
3) Dailycheckyour ComputerandLaptopsfor Antivirusupdationforcurrentdate.
4) Daly checkyourBackup status.
5) Create strongpasswordsthat are at leasteightcharacterslong,andincludingatleasta numerical
value anda symbol,suchas #, to foil password-crackingsoftware.Avoidcommonwords,andnever
disclose apasswordonline.
6) Change your passwordeveryninetydays.
7) Performregularbackupsof importantdata.

2. 8) Create a passwordforyourfilesinorderto protectfile sharingactivities.
9) Physicallysecure yourlaptop.
10) Delete anymessage thatreferstogroupsor organizationsthatyouare not a part of.
11) Neverclickona linkfroman untrustedsource.
12) Be certainthat whenyouleave the cybercafé computeryouhave deletedeverythingyousavedto
the desktop.make sure youpermanentlydelete all personal filesfromthe cybercafé computer.
13) Make sure that you logout of everysite you've loggedinto.Thiscan include webbrowsers,instant
messagingclientsandftpsites.
14) Many browserswill offertostore yourusername and passwordwhenyoulogin,be sure not to
allowit.
15) Close windowscontainingpop-upadsorunexpectedwarningsbyclickingonthe “X”buttoninthe
uppermostright handcorner of that window,notbyclickingwithinthe window.
DON’TS
1) Pluginyour personal deviseslike Smartphones,USBdevises,MP3Playerstocomputersand
laptops.
2) Neverwrite downyourpassword.EspeciallyonaPost-Itnote stuckto yourcomputer!
3) Nevergive outyourpasswordto anyone,whetheryouknow themornot.
4) Neverselectthe "RememberMyPassword"option.Manyapplicationsdonotstore them
securely.
5) Neverpurchase anythingpromotedinaspammessage.Evenif the offerisn’tascam, you are
onlyhelpingtofinance andencourage spam.
6) Please refrain fromopeningane-mail attachment,evenfromsomeone youknow well,unless
youwere expectingit.
7) Avoidcreatingcommonpasswordssuchas yourname,social security,UNI,etcetera.
8) Do notleave yourlaptopunattended,evenforafew minutes.
9) Neverreplytoe-mail(s) requestingfinancial orpersonal information.

3. 10) Avoidopeninge-mail(s) ore-mail attachmentsfromanunknownsender.
11) Under nocircumstancesshouldyouinstall oruse piratedcopiesof software.
12) Do not install P2Pfile sharingprogramswhichcanillegallydownloadcopyrightedmaterial.
13) Neversetyoure-mail programto"auto-open"attachments.
14) Do not leave sensitiveinformationlyingaroundthe office,Don’tleaveprintoutscontaining
confidentialinformationonyourdesk,locktheminyourdrawer,it’sveryeasyfor a visitortosee
confidentialdocuments.
421. What is AccessControl List(ACL)?
Answer
ACL isa listof all the useraccounts and groupsthat have beengrantedordeniedaccess toa file ora
folder.Whenauserattemptsto gainaccess to a resource,the ACLmust containan accesscontrol entry
for the useraccount or a group to whichthe userbelongs.
422. What are effectivepermissionsforaresource?
Answer
Effective permissionsforaresource are the sum of the NTFSpermissionsthatyouassignto the
individualuseraccountandgroupsto whichthe userbelongs.
423. Do file permissionsoverridefolderpermissions?
Answer
Yes,NTFS file permissionstake priorityoverNTFSfolderpermissions.
424. If youdo not have the permissiontoaccessthe folderbuthave the permissiononthe file,then
howwill youaccessthe file?
Answer
You needtoknowthe full pathof the file toaccessit whenyoudo nothave a folderlevel permission.
425. Doesthe Denypermissionoverride all permissions?
Answer
Yes,the Denypermissionoverridesall the otherpermissions.
426. ExplainNTFSpermissionsinheritance?
Answer
NTFSpermissionsinheritance impliesthatthe permissionsassignedtoa parent folderare inheritedand
propagatedtothe subfoldersandfilescontainedinthe parentfolder.
427. How can you preventpermissioninheritance?
Answer
You can preventpermissioninheritance bysettinganoptionof preventinginheritance atparentfolder
level.
428. Where do permissionsassignedtoCREATOROWNER groupapply?
Answer
The permissionsassignedtothe CREATOROWNERgroup applyonlytothe filesandthe subfoldersinthe
foldertowhichpermissionsare assignedandnottothe folderitself.

4. 429. List the basicguidelinestofollow whileassigningNTFSpermissions?
Answer
Followingare the basicguidelines:
Grant usersonlythe level of accesstheyrequire.
Assigngroupmembershipbasedonaccessto resources.
Denypermissionsonlywhenitisessential.
430. If an employeeleavesanorganization,whatshouldbe done totransferthe ownershipof his/her
filesandfolderstoanotheremployee?
Answer
You shouldperformthe followingstepsforthis:
Log in as administrator,
Assignownershippermissions toanotheremployee,
Notifythe employee thathe/shehasbeengivenspecial permissionstotake ownershipof filesand
foldersof the ex-employee.
431. Which special permissionenablesyoutobrowse throughafolder,if youdonot have permissionto
access it?
Answer
If you do nothave permissiontoaccessa folder,thenthe Traverse Folderpermissionenablesyouto
browse throughthe folder.
432. Name the groups youmustbe a memberof to share a folder?
Answer
You mustbe a memberof the Administrator,ServerOperator,orPowerUsersgroupto share a folder.
433. What are the differentwaysinwhichausercan connectto a sharedfolder?
Answer
A usercan connectto a sharedfolderbyusingthe followingtools:
Map NetworkDrive Wizard,
AddNetworkPlace Wizard,
The Run command,
My NetworkPlaces.
434. Where doesthe Administratorsgroupshare the folder?
Answer
The Administratorgroupsharesthe folderresidingonanycomputerinthe domain.
435. Where doesthe ServerOperatorgroupshare the folder?
Answer
The ServerOperatorgroupsharesthe folderondomaincontrollers.
436. Where doesthe PowerUsersgroup share the folder?
Answer
The PowerUsers groupsharesthe folderonthe computerwhere the groupis located.
437. List the stepsto share the host drive withvirtual machines?
Answer
Performthe followingstepstoshare the hostdrive withvirtual machines:
ClickWindowsVirtual PCfromthe Startmenuand Openthe Virtual Machinesfolder.
Right-clickthe name of the virtual machine fromthe Virtual Machinesfolder.
Clickthe Settingsoption.The WindowsVirtual PCSettingswindowappears.
ClickIntegrationFeaturesInthe leftpane of the WindowsVirtual PCSettingswindow andthenclick
Drivesonthe rightpane of the window.
Reviewthe listof drives andclickthe checkbox of any drive thatyou wantto share.
Clickthe OK button.

5. 438. What is the functionof Access-basedEnumeration?
Answer
Access-basedEnumerationpermitsthe userstoview onlythose filesandfoldersonafile serverto
whichthey have permissiontoaccess.
439. What is a printserver?
Answer
Printserverisa computeron whichthe printersassociatedwithlocal andnetworkprintdevicesresides.
sectorof the hard disk.The program begins the bootprocessbylookingupthe partitiontable to
determine which partitiontouse forbooting
13) What isBit Locker
.
BitLockerisan encryptionfeature availablein Ultimate andEnterpriseversionsof Windows7andVista,
To encryptan entire drive,simplyright-clickonthe drive and selectTurnonBitLockerfromthe context
menu.
14) Difference b/wsata and IDE.
IDE and SATA are differenttypesof interfacestoconnectstoragedevices(like harddrives) toa
computer'ssystembus.SATA standsforSerial AdvancedTechnologyAttachment (orSerial ATA) andIDE
isalsocalledParallel ATA orPATA.SATA isthe newerstandardand SATAdrivesare fasterthanPATA
(IDE) drives.FormanyyearsATA providedthemostcommonandthe leastexpensiveinterface for
thisapplication.Butbythe beginning of 2007, SATA had largelyreplacedIDEinall new systems.
15)Main Difference BetweenWindowsserver2008 and 2012
1) NewServerManager:Create,Manage ServerGroups
2) Hyper-V Replication :The Hyper-V Replicafeatureallowsyou toreplicate avirtual machine fromone
locationtoanotherwithHyper-Vandanetworkconnection
—
and withoutanysharedstorage required.Thisisabigdeal in the Microsoft worldfordisasterrecovery,
highavailabilityandmore.VMware doesthis,too,butthe vendorchargesnew licenseesextraforthe
capability.
3) ExpandedPowerShellCapabilities
4)IIS8.0 and IIS7 in 2008
5)Hyper-V 3.0
6)PowerShell 3.0
16)How Long My Computer Has BeenRunning? Get to Know My

6. Computer’sUptime.
Start Task manager, and selectPerformance tab.
In performance tabwe can see systemup time
Method2: By typingsysteminfoincommandprompt we canfindoutuptime of your server
In systemboottime.
17)Event viewerin Windowsserver
Control panel - Administrative tools- ComputerManagement - eventViewer
Three typesevents
Error.
Warning.
Information.
18)
Manage Multiple,Remote ServerswithServer Manager.
ServerManageris a managementconsole inWindowsServer® 2012R2 Preview andWindowsServer®
2012 that helpsITprofessionalsprovisionandmanage bothlocal andremote Windows-based
serversfromtheirdesktops,withoutrequiringeitherphysicalaccesstoservers,orthe needtoenable
Remote Desktopprotocol (RDP)connectionstoeachserver.Although ServerManageris available
inWindowsServer2008 R2 andWindowsServer2008, ServerManagerwasupdatedinWindowsServer
2012, to supportremote,multi-servermanagement,andhelpincrease the numberof servers
anadministratorcanmanage.
19) What happenswhenwe type URL in browser
.
Firstthe computerlooksupthe destinationhost.If itexistsinlocalDNScache,itusesthatinformation.
Otherwise, DNSqueryingisperformeduntil the IPaddressisfound.
Then,yourbrowseropensa TCP connectiontothe destinationhostandsendsthe requestaccordingto
HTTP 1.1 (or mightuse HTTP 1.0,
but normal browsersdon'tdoit any more).
The serverlooksupthe requiredresource (ifitexists) andrespondsusingHTTPprotocol,sendsthe data
to the client(=yourbrowser)

7. The browserthenusesHTML parserto re-create documentstructurewhichislaterpresentedtoyouon
screen.If itfindsreferencestoexternal resources,suchaspictures,cssfiles,javascriptfiles,theseareis
deliveredthe same wayas the HTML documentitself.
Exportdomainusersand groupsforActive Directory
To export usersfrom Active directory
csvde -f domain.csv -r(objectclass=user) -l "sn,givenname,department,mail"
Export all informationform AD through cmd prompt
csvde -m-f AccountName_mailboxes.txt -r"(&(objectClass=*)(mail=*))" -l
objectClass,member,displayName,memberOf,proxyAddresses,legacyExchangeDN,title,telephoneNumbe
r,facsimileTelephoneNumber,mobile,homephone,givenName,company,userPrincipalName,co,c,physical
DeliveryOfficeName,postalCode,sn,st,streetAddress,title,wWWHomePage,description,l,initials,info,sAM
AccountName
Export only OU informationform AD through cmd prompt
csvde -m-f AccountName_mailboxes.txt -d"OU=,OU=,DC=,DC=,DC=" -r "(&(objectClass=*)(mail=*))" -l
objectClass,member,displayName,memberOf,proxyAddresses,legacyExchangeDN,title,telephoneNumbe
r,facsimileTelephoneNumber,mobile,homephone,givenName,company,userPrincipalName,co,c,physical
DeliveryOfficeName,postalCode,sn,st,streetAddress,title,wWWHomePage,description,l,initials,info,sAM
AccountName
Export Disabledusers from AD in command prompt:
dsqueryuserDC=Domainname,DC=int -disabled -limit1000
dsqueryuserDC=Domainname,DC=int -disabled -limit1000 | dsgetuser-display -samid–email
Export all the usersfrom AD in command prompt:
dsqueryuserDC=Domainname,DC=int -limit1000 >> prakash
Extract Security group userslist, run inpower shell.
netgroup “Group Name”/domain> memberlist.txt
dsquerygroup -name “group name”| dsgetgroup -members>memberlist.txt
For displayingonly securitygroups in domain,run in command prompt.
dsquerygroup -name * -limit0| dsgetgroup -samid-secgrp|find/i "yes">>c:secgrp.txt
Command prompt commands to run setof commands(tasks) in one click
@echooff
cmd.exe /K"dir&& cls && dir && d: && dir"

8. How can I override blockingof inheritance?
What isPOST?
PowerOnSelf Test,Whenthe computerbootsup,the BIOS
starts to poweroneveryportand device attachedtothe
computerone byone inorderto verifythe availabilityand
the correctnessof the device.
What are the requirementsforinstallingADona new server?
What Is The Functionof ConfigurationPartition?
ConfigurationPartitionisresponsible forReplicationto
all of the Domainsinside the Forest. Configuration partitionitcontainsthe informationof
whole forest.italsostore inexchange informationglobal
settingandsites
Name three bootingfiles?
command.com
msdos.sys
io.sys
1. What stepsare requiredtoperformabare-metal recovery?
1. What isa spindle?(Raid)
2. Disaster Recovery Plan?
What are the benefitsofusingNTFS?
 Betterscalabilitytolarge drives
 Active directorytoviewandcontrol networkresources
 Compressionfeatures
 File encryption
 Permissionsonindividualfilesratherthanjustfolders
 Remote storage
 Recoveryloggingof diskactivities
 Diskqoutas
List the standard NTFS folderpermissions?
 Full control
 Modify
 Readand Execute
 List foldercontent
 Read
 Write
What is AccessControl List (ACL) ?
 ACL isa listof all the useraccounts and groupsthat have beengrantedordeniedaccesstoa file
or a folder.Whenauserattemptstogain accessto a resource,the ACLmustcontainan access
control entryfor the useraccount or a groupto whichthe userbelongs.
Do file permissionsoverride folderpermissions?
 Yes,NTFS file permissionstake priorityoverNTFSfolderpermissions.

9. If you do not have the permissiontoaccess the folderbut have the permissionon the file,thenhow
will you access the file?
 You needtoknowthe full pathof the file toaccessit whenyoudo nothave a folderlevel
permission.
Does the Denypermissionoverride all permissions?
 Yes
ExplainNTFS permissioninheritance?
 NTFSpermissionsinheritance impliesthatthe permissionsassignedtoa parentfolderare
inheritedandpropagatedtothe subfoldersandfilescontainedinthe parentfolder.
How can you preventpermissioninheritance?
 You can preventpermissioninheritance bysettinganoptionof preventinginheritance atparent
folderlevel.
Where do permissionsassignedtoCREATOR OWNER group apply?
 The permissionassignedtothe CREATOROWNER groupapplyonlyto the filesandthe
subfoldersinthe foldertowhichpermissionsare assignedandnotto the folderitself.
List the basic guidelinestofollowwhile assigningNTFSpermisions
 Grant usersonlythe level of accesstheyrequire
 Assigngroupmembershipbasedonaccessto resources
 Denypermissionsonlywhenitisessential.
If an employee leavesanorganization, what shouldbe done to transferthe ownershipof his/herfiles
and foldersto another employee?
 Log in as administrator
 Assignownershippermissionstoanotheremployee
 Notifythe employee thathe/shehasbeengivenspecial permissionstotake ownershipof files
and foldersof the ex-employee
Whichspecial permissionenablesyouto browse through a folder,ifyou do have permissiontoaccess
it?
 Traverse folderpermission
What is primary and extendedpartition?
 Primarypartitionisan active partitionwhere the hardware looksforbootfilestostartthe
operatingsystem.Extendedpartitioniscreatedfromwhateverfree space remainsonthe disk
aftercreatingthe primarypartition.
Q2. What isInternetSCSI (iSCSI)?
 iSCSIisan industrystandardthat enablestransmissionof Small ComputerSystemInterface
(SCSI) blockcommandsoverthe existingInternetProtocol (IP) networkbyusingthe TCP/IP
protocol.Itprovidesthe possibilityof deliveringbothmessagingtrafficandblock-basedstorage
overexistingIPnetworks,withoutinstallingaseparate andexpensive FiberChannel Network.
Q3. What isSCSI?
 SCSI(Pronouncedasscuzzy) isa setof standardsfor physicallyconnectingandtransferringdata
betweenperipheral devicesandcomputers.


10. Q4. What isDistributedFile Systemor NetworkFile System (DFS/NFS)?
 DFS/NFSisany file systemthatallowsaccesstomultiple useronmultiple machinestoshare files
and storage resources.
Q5. What technologiesare usedin DFS?
 The two technologiesusedinDFSare DFS NamespacesandDFSreplication.
Q6. What isthe role of DFS Namespaces?
 DFS Namespacesenablegroupingof sharedfolderslocatedondifferent serversintoone or
more logicallystructurednamespaces.
Q7. What isthe role of DFS replication?
 DFS replicationkeepsthe folderssynchronizedbetweenserversacrossnetworkconnections.It
replacesthe File ReplicationServiceasthe replicationengineforDFSNamespaces,aswell asfor
replicatingthe ADDSSYSVOL folderindomainsthatuse the WindowsServer2008 domain
functional level.
Q8. What are Shadow Copiesfor SharedFolders?
 ShadowCopiesforSharedFoldersare point-in-timecopiesof filesthatare locatedonshared
resources,suchas a file server.Userscanview sharedfilesandfoldersastheyexistedatpoints
of time inthe past byusingShadow CopiesforSharedFolders.
Q9. What isthe use of Shadow Copies?
 Recoveryof filesthatare accidentallydeleted
 Recoveryof accidentallyoverwrittenfile
 Comparingdifferentversionsof afile while working
What is File ServerResource Manager?
 File ServerResource Managerisa suite of toolsforwindowsServerthatallowsadministratorsto
control,manage,andunderstandthe quantityandtype of data storedon theirserver.
Q2. What isShare and Storage Management?
 Share and Storage Managementprovidesacentralizedlocationtomanage the followingserver
resources
1. Foldersandvolumesthatare sharedon the network
2. Volumesindisksandstorage subsystems
Q3. What isthe use of Storage Explorer?
 Storage Explorerisusedtoviewandmanage the Fibre Channel andiSCSIfabricsthatare
available inyourStorage AreaNetwork(SAN)
Q4. What isthe use of Storage Manager for SANs?
 Storage Manager for SANsisusedto create and manage Logical UnitNumbers(LUNs) onFibre
Channel andiSCSIdiskdrive subsystemsthatsupportVirtual DiskService (VDS)inSAN.
Q5. What isLUN?
 LUN is logical reference toa portionof a storage subsystems.Itconsistsof adisk,a sectionof a
disk,a whole diskarray,or a sectionof a diskarray in the subsystem.
Q6. What isDisk Management?

11.  DiskManagementisa utilityformanagingharddisks and the volumesorpartitions.Ithelpsin
initializingdisks,creatingvolumes,andformattingvolumeswiththe FileAllocationTable (FAT),
FAT32, or NewTechnologyFile System(NTFS) filesystems.
Q7. How many types of dynamic volumesare there?
 Simple
 Spanned
 Striped
 Mirrored
 RAID-5
Q8. What are Spanneddisk volumes?
 Spanneddiskvolumescombine areasof unallocatedspace frommultiple disksintoone logical
volume.Theyrequire minimumof twodisks;however,youcanuse up-to32 disks
Q9. What isstriped diskvolume?
 Stripeddiskvolumesare made upof stripesof dataof equal size writtenacrosseachdiskinthe
volumes.Theyare createdfromequallysized,unallocatedareasontwoor more disks.If one of
the diskscontainingastripedvolume fails,the entirevolume fails,andall dataon the striped
volume becomesinaccessible.
Q10. What is mirroredvolume?
 A mirroredvolume providesacopyof a volume onanotherdisk.Thisisa fault-tolerantvolume,
whichprovidesdataredundancybyduplicatingthe informationcontainedonthe volume.The
twodisksthat make up a mirroredvolume are knownasmirrors.
Q11. What is RAID-5 volume?
 RAID-5volumesare available onlyoncomputersrunningthe Windows200Serverfamilyor
WindowsServer2003. It stripesdata andparityacross three or more disks.Parityisa calculated
value usedtoreconstructdata if one diskfails.Whena diskfails,WindowsServer2003
continuestooperate byrecreatingthe datathat was on the faileddiskfromthe remainingdata
and Parity.
What is DFS name Space?
A DFS namespace isa virtual viewof sharedfolderslocatedondifferentserversinanorganization.
Users can navigate the namespace withoutneedingtoknow the servernamesorsharedfoldershosting
the data. Whena user viewsthe namespace,the foldersappearinasingle,virtual namespace.
What is Domain-basednamespace?
A domain-basednamespaceisstoredonone or more namespace serversandinActive Directory
DomainServices.Youcan increase the availabilityof adomain-basednamespacebyusingmultiple
servers.WhencreatedinWindowsServer2008 mode,the namespace supportsncreasedscalabilityand
access-basesenumeration.
What is stand-alone namespace?
A stand-alone namespace isstoredonasingle namespace server.Youcanincrease the availabilityof a
stand-alone namespace byhostingonafailovercluster.
NOTE:

12. 1. Changesto the DFS namespace are made onone domaincontrollerthathasthe role PDC
Emulator,thisensuresthatmultiplechangesare notmade indifferentplaces.
2. If you have a lot of DFS serversonyournetwork,this will create lotsof network trafficandwill
create lotsof workloadon the PDC Emulator
3. Microsoftrecommendfewerthan16 namesspace servers.
29. What’s the difference between standalone andfault-tolerantDFS(DistributedFile System)
installations?The standaloneserverstoresthe Dfsdirectorytree structure ortopologylocally.Thus,if a
sharedfolderisinaccessible orif the Dfsroot serverisdown,usersare leftwithnolinktothe shared
resources.A fault-tolerantrootnode storesthe Dfstopologyinthe Active Directory,whichisreplicated
to otherdomaincontrollers.Thus,redundantrootnodesmayinclude multiple connectionstothe same
data residingindifferent sharedfolders.
30. We’re usingthe DFSfault-tolerantinstallation,butcannotaccessit froma Win98 box.Use the UNC
path,not client,only2000 and2003 clientscanaccessServer2003 fault-tolerantshares.
31. Where exactlydofault-tolerantDFSsharesstore informationinActive Directory?InPartition
KnowledgeTable,whichisthenreplicatedtootherdomaincontrollers.
32. Can you use Start->Search with DFS shares? Yes.
33. What problemscanyouhave withDFS installed?Twousersopeningthe redundantcopiesof the file
at the same time,withnofile-lockinginvolvedinDFS,changingthe contentsandthensaving.Onlyone
file will be propagatedthroughDFS.
34. I run MicrosoftClusterServerandcannotinstall fault-tolerantDFS.Yeah,youcan’t.Install a
standalone one.
what is file server. and how to configure ?
A File Serverisacomputerattachedto a networkthat has
the primarypurpose of providingalocationforthe shared
storage of information(suchasdocuments,soundfiles,
photographs,movies,images,databases,etcetera) thatcan
be accessedby the workstationsthatare attachedto the
network.AsdistinguishedfromTimesharingoraMainframe
(where acentral computerprovidescalculationresources
for "dumb"terminals) aFile Serverisdesignedprimarily
to enable the rapidstorage andretrieval of datawhere the
heavycomputationisprovidedbythe workstations.
16) OSI model & protocolsin each layer?
Ans: The OSI model describesa fixed,sevenlayerstack for networkingprotocols.
7. APPLICATION:HTTP, SMTP, SNMP,FTP, Telnet,ECHO, SIP, SSH, NFS,RTSP, XMPP,Whois,ENRP

13. 6. PRESENTATION: XDR, ASN.1, SMB, AFP,NCP.
5. SESSION: ASAP,TLS, SSL, ISO 8327 / CCITT X.225, RPC, NetBIOS,ASP. Establishing& managing
sessions.
4. TRANSPORT: TCP, UDP, RTP, SCTP, SPX, ATP, IL. This layeris for flow control.
3. NETWORK: IP,ICMP, IGMP,IPX, BGP,OSPF, RIP, IGRP,EIGRP, ARP, RARP, X.25. Router works on
network layer.Connectingover a network.
2. DATA LINK: Ethernet, Tokenring, HDLC, Frame relay,ISDN, ATM, 802.11 WiFi,FDDI, PPP. Switch
works on this layer.
1. PHYSICAL:10BASE-T, 100BASE-T, 1000BASE-T, SONET/SDH, T-carrier/E-carrier, various 802.11
physical layers. Hubs & repeatersoperate on this layer.
TCP/IP model:
4 Application:DNS , TFTP , TLS/SSL, FTP, HTTP , IMAP , IRC , NNTP,POP3 ,SIP ,SMTP,SNMP,SSH
,TELNET ,ECHO ,Bit Torrent, RTP , PNRP , rlogin, ENRP, …
Routing protocols like BGPand RIP , which for a variety of reasons run over TCP and UDP respectively,
may also be consideredpart of the applicationor network layer.

14. 3 Transport: TCP ,UDP ,DCCP,SCTP ,IL ,… Routing protocolslike OSPF , which run over IP, may also be
consideredpart of the transport or networklayer. ICMP and IGMPrun overIP may be consideredpart
of the networklayer.
2 Network:IP , ARP and RARP operate underneathIP but above the linklayer so theybelong
somewhere inbetween.
1 Link: Ethernet, Wi-Fi ,Token ring , PPP, SLIP , FDDI , ATM , Frame Relay,SMDS , …
17) What isping?
Ans: Packet internetgropher & it uses ICMPprotocol. It is usedto check connectivityto an IP or PC
name. try ping command on your PC & check for replies.
what is ping (packet internetgropher) & its protocol (ICMP) -- ping is usedto check connectivityto an
IP
26) Boot sequence ofPC?
Ans: For System Boot Sequence gothrough this:
The systemBIOS iswhat starts the computer runningwhen you turn it on. The followingare the steps
that a typical boot sequence involves. Ofcourse this will vary by the manufacturer of your hardware,
BIOS, etc., and especiallybywhat peripheralsyouhave in the PC. Here iswhat generallyhappens
whenyou turn on your systempower:
1. The internal powersupply turns on and initializes.The powersupply takes some time until it can
generate reliable powerfor the rest of the computer,and havingit turn on prematurelycould
potentiallyleadto damage. Therefore,the chipsetwill generate a resetsignal to the processor (the
same as if you heldthe reset button down for a while on your case) until it receivesthe Power Good
signal from the power supply.
2. Whenthe resetbutton is released,the processorwill be ready to start executing.Whenthe
processor firststarts up, it is suffering fromamnesia; there is nothingat all in the memory to execute.
Of course processormakers know this will happen,so they pre-program the processor to always look
at the same place inthe systemBIOS ROM for the start ofthe BIOS boot program. This is normally
location FFFF0h,right at the end of the system memory.They put it there so that the size of the ROM
can be changed withoutcreating compatibilityproblems.Since there are only16 bytesleftfrom there
to the endof conventional memory,this location just contains a "jump" instructiontellingthe
processor where to go to findthe real BIOS startup program.
3. The BIOS performsthe power-onselftest(POST). Ifthere are any fatal errors, the boot process
stops. POST beepcodescan be foundin this area of the TroubleshootingExpert.

15. 4. The BIOS looksfor the videocard. In particular, it looks for the videocard's builtin BIOS program
and runs it. This BIOS isnormally foundat location C000h in memory.The system BIOS executesthe
videocard BIOS, which initializesthe videocard. Most moderncards will displayinformationon the
screenabout the videocard. (Thisis why on a modernPC you usually see somethingonthe screen
about the videocard before you see the messagesfrom the systemBIOS itself).
5. The BIOS thenlooks for other devices' ROMsto see if any of them have BIOSes. Normally,the
IDE/ATA hard diskBIOS will be found at C8000h and executed.Ifany otherdevicesBIOSes are found,
they are executedaswell.
6. The BIOS displaysits startup screen.
7. The BIOS doesmore testson the system,includingthe memorycount-up test whichyou see on the
screen.The BIOS will generallydisplaya texterror message on the screenif it encountersan error at
this point;these error messages and theirexplanationscan be foundin this part of the
TroubleshootingExpert.
8. The BIOS performsa "systeminventory" ofsorts, doingmore tests to determine what sort of
hardware is in the system.ModernBIOSes have many automatic settingsand will determine memory
timing(for example) basedon what kind of memoryit finds.Many BIOSescan also dynamicallyset
hard drive parameters and access modes,and will determine these at roughly thistime. Some will
displaya message on the screenfor each drive they detectand configure this way. The BIOS will also
now search for and label logical devices(COMand LPT ports).
9. If the BIOS support the Plug and Play standard, it will detect and configure Plugand Play devicesat
this time and display a message on the screenfor each one it finds.See here for more detailson how
PnP detectsdevicesand assignsresources.
10. The BIOS will display a summary screenabout your system'sconfiguration.Checkingthis page of
data can be helpful indiagnosingsetup problems,although it can be hard to see because sometimesit
flasheson the screenvery quicklybefore scrollingoffthe top.
11. The BIOS beginsthe search for a drive to boot from. Most modern BIOSescontain a settingthat
controls ifthe systemshould firsttry to boot from the floppydisk (A:) or firsttry the hard disk (C:).
Some BIOSes will evenletyou boot from your CD-ROM drive or other devices,dependingonthe boot
sequence BIOSsetting.
12. Having identifieditstarget boot drive,the BIOS looksfor boot informationto start the operating
systemboot process. If it is searchinga hard disk, it looksfor a master boot record at cylinder0, head
0, sector1 (the first sector on the disk);if it issearching a floppy disk,it looks at the same addresson
the floppydisk for a volume boot sector.
13. If it findswhat it islooking for,the BIOS starts the processof booting the operating system,using
the informationin the boot sector. At this point, the code in the boot sector takes over from the BIOS.
The DOS boot process is describedindetail here.If the firstdevice that the system tries(floppy,hard
disk,etc.) is not found,the BIOS will then try the nextdevice in the boot sequence,and continue until
it findsa bootable device.
14. If no boot device at all can be found, the system will normallydisplay an error message and then
freeze upthe system.What the error message is dependsentirelyonthe BIOS, and can be anything

16. from the rather clear "Noboot device available" to the very cryptic "NOROM BASIC - SYSTEM
HALTED". This will also happenif you have a bootable hard diskpartition but forget to set it active.
This processis calleda "coldboot" (since the machine was off,or cold,when it started).A "warm
boot" is the same thingexceptit occurs whenthe machine is rebootedusing{Ctrl}+{Alt}+{Delete}or
similar.In this case the POST is skippedand the boot processcontinuesroughly at step 8 above.
27) MBR (master boot record)?
46) How do you convert a drive from FAT/FAT32 to NTFS from the command line?
A) convertc: /fs:ntfs
64) Difference betweenNTFSandFAT32
A)
NTFS FAT32
Allowsaccess local to Win2k,Win2k3,
WinXP,WinNT4withSP4 & latermay get
access for some file.
Fat 32 Allows access to Win95, Win98,
WinMe,Win2k,WinXPon local partition.
Maximumsize of partitionis2 Terabytes
& more.
Maximumsize of partitionisupto2 TB.
MaximumFile size isupto 16TB. MaximumFile size isupto 4 GB.
File & folderEncryptionispossible File & folderEncryptionisnotpossible.
Support255 characters longfile name
FAT support8.3 character file name(
avail.inFAT32)
73) What languages can you use for log-onscripts?
A) JavaScipt,VBScript,DOSbatchfiles(.com, .bat,oreven.exe)
What’sa heartbeat?
A) Communicationprocessesbetweenthe nodesdesignedtoensure node’shealth.
134) Youneedto change and admin password on a clusteredWindowsbox,but that requires
rebootingthe cluster,doesn’tit?
A) No,itdoesn’t.In 2003 environmentyoucando that via cluster.exeutilitywhichdoesnotrequire
rebootingthe entire cluster.
135) Whichadd-onpackage for Windows2003 Server wouldyou use to monitor the installed
software and license compliance?
A) SMS (SystemManagementServer).
136) Whichservice do you use to set up various alerts?
A) MOM (MicrosoftOperationsManager).
137) Whatare the differentEditionsofWindowsServer2003?
Requirement WebEdition
Standard
Edition
Enterprise Edition DatacenterEdition
MinimumCPU
Speed
133 MHz 133 MHz
133 MHz for x86-
based
computers733
MHz for Itanium-
basedcomputers*
400 MHz for x86-
based
computers733
MHz for Itanium-
basedcomputers*
Recommended
CPU Speed
550 MHz 550 MHz 733 MHz 733 MHz
MinimumRAM 128 MB 128 MB 128 MB 512 MB

17. Recommended
MinimumRAM
256 MB 256 MB 256 MB 1 GB
MaximumRAM 2 GB 4 GB
64 GB for x86-
basedcomputers2
TB for x64 and
ia64 computers
128G for x86-
basedcomputers2
TB for x64 and
ia64 computers
Multiprocessor
Support
Up to 2 Up to 4 Up to 8
Minimum2-
way capable
machine
requiredMaximum
64
DiskSpace
Required
1.2 GB
for Network
Install2.9GB
for
CD Install
1.2 GB
for Network
Install2.9GB
for CD Install
1.2 GB
for Network
Install2.9GB for
CD Install
1.2 GB
for Network
Install2.9GB for
CD Install
WebEdition
 Designedtobe usedprimarilyasanIIS 6.0 Webserver.
 UsedmainlyforbuildingandhostingWebapplications,Webpages,andXMLWeb Services.
 Doesnot require ClientAccessLicensesandTerminal Server mode isnotincluded.However,
Remote DesktopforAdministrationisavailable.
 Supportsa maximumof 4 processorswithsupportfora maximumof 2GB of RAM.
 Onlyversionof WindowsServer2003 that DOES NOTincludesClientNumberlimitationupon
Windowsupdate servicesasitdoesnot require ClientAccessLicenses.
 Cannotact as a domaincontroller
StandardEdition
 Aimedtowardssmall tomediumsizedbusinesses.
 Supportsfile andprintersharing,secure Internetconnectivity,andallowscentralizeddesktop
applicationdeployment.
 Can run onup to 4 processorswithupto 4 GB RAM.
 64-bit versionsare alsoavailableforthe x86-64 architecture (AMD64 and Intel64,called
collectivelyx64byMicrosoft).
 The 64-bit versioniscapable of addressingupto32 GB of RAM.
 64-bit versionsupportsNon-UniformMemoryAccess(NUMA),somethingthe 32-bitversion
doesnotdo.
Enterprise Edition
 A full-functionserveroperatingsystemaimedtowardsmediumtolarge businesses.
 Supportsupto 8 processorsandcan supportupto 32 GB of memorywithadditionof the PAE
parameterinthe initializationfile.
 Providesenterprise-classfeaturessuchaseight-node clusteringusingMicrosoftClusterServer
(MSCS) software.
 Enterprise Editionalsocomesin64-bitversionsforthe Itanium andx64 architectures.
 The 64-bit versioniscapable of addressingupto1 Terabyte (1024 GB) of RAM.
 Both 32-bitand 64-bit versionssupportNon-UniformMemoryAccess(NUMA).
 Alsoprovidesthe abilitytohot-addsupportedhardware.
DataCenterEdition
 Aimedforinfrastructuresdemandinghighsecurityandreliability.
 WindowsServer2003 isavailable forx8632-bit, Itanium, andx64 processors.

18.  Supportsa minimumof 8 processorsanda maximumof 64 processors& memoryupto 512GB. [
* Whenrun on32-bit architecture Limitedto32 processors& limitsmemoryaddressabilityto
64GB.]
 WindowsServer2003, DatacenterEdition,alsoallowslimitingprocessorandmemoryusage on
a per-applicationbasis.
 SupportsNon-UniformMemoryAccess.
 Supports8-node clustering.
 BettersupportforStorage AreaNetworks(SAN).
Small BusinessServer
 Designedkeepingthe belowgoalsinmindprimarilyforSmall Businesses:
– Provide small businesseswithconnectivityforcollaboration,communication,andmobility.
– Provide simplicityininstallation,management,anduse.
– Provide flexible deploymentfeaturesthatbenefitbothsmall-businesscustomersandtechnology
providers.
 To bettermeetthe variationina largerpopulationof small businesses,WindowsSmall Business
Server2003 isavailable intwoeditions,StandardandPremium.
 StandardEditionisideal forfirst-servercustomerswhoare lookingtoleverage the benefitsof
servertechnologyintheirnetwork,orforcustomersmigratingfroma stand-alone serverto an
integratedtechnologyplatform.
 PremiumEditionisideal forsmall businesseswithmore demandingITneeds,suchasdata-
intensiveline-of-businessapplications,orforcustomerswithmore stringentmonitoringand
managementof Internetservicesandconnectivity.
138) Are there any differencesbetween32-bit,x64, and 64-bit versionsof WindowsServer2003?
A)
Versions 32-bit x86 64-bit x64 64-bit Itanium
Data CenterEditionUp to 32-way, 64 GB RAMUp to 64-way, 1 TB RAM Up to 64-way, 1 TB RAM
Enterprise Edition Up to 8-way,32 GB RAM Up to 8-way,1 TB RAM Up to 8-way,1 TB RAM
Standard Edition Up to 4-way,4 GB RAM Up to 4-way,32 GB RAMn/a
Web Edition Up to 2-way,2 GB RAM n/a n/a
SymmetricMultiprocessing(SMP) support
SMP: The WindowsServer2003 Familysupportssingle ormultiple CPUsthatconformto the SMP
standard.UsingSMP, the operatingsystemcanrunthreadson anyavailable processor,whichmakesit
possible forapplicationstouse multiple processorswhenadditional processingpowerisrequiredto
increase the capabilityof asystem.NewfeaturesincludeSMPlockingperformance,improvedregistry
performance,andincreasedTerminal Serversessions.
139) What’sNew inWindows2003 R2?
A) WithWindowsServer2003 R2, youget the followingimprovements:
 Identityandaccessmanagement
 Branch office servermanagement
 Storage setupand management
 Applicationdevelopmentinsideandoutside yourorganization’straditional boundaries
Thistopic describesthe followingnew componentsthatyoucan install withWindowsServer 2003 R2:
ServerManageability
 AdministrationToolsPacks
 Hardware Management
 MMC 3.0
FeaturesforActive Directory

19.  Active DirectoryApplicationMode (ADAM)
 Active DirectoryFederationServices
Diskand File ManagementFeatures
 Branch Office:DistributedFileSystem(DFS)
 CommonLog File System(CLFS)
 File ServerManagement
 MicrosoftServicesforNetworkFile System
 Storage ManagementforSANs
 File ServerResource Manager
PrinterandProtocol Support
 PrintManagement
Microsoft.NET Framework
 Microsoft.NET Framework2.0
InternetandE-Mail ServicesandFeatures
 WindowsSharepointServices
UNIX Interoperability
 IdentityManagementforUNIX
 SubsystemforUNIX-basedApplications
140) Whatspecificupdatesare there in 2003 SP2?
A) The updatesare as below:
Clustering
A neweventlogeventhasbeencreatedtoaddresscertainsituationsinwhichthe Clusterservice
account becomesexcessivelyrestrictedbydomainpolicy.The new eventIDis1239. The eventtext
includestroubleshootinginformation.
Data access components
XmlLite isnewwithWindowsServer2003 SP2.XmlLite isa fast,low-level,nativeXMLparserwitha
small memoryfootprint.
Distributedsystems
Newoptionshave beenaddedtothe Dcdiag.exeDomainName System(DNS) teststogenerate XMLtags
whenthe testsare run withthe /test:dnsoption.Itcan be usedto more easilyparse the verbose log
that the DNS testsgenerate.
File systems
Icacls.exe isanupgrade of the Cacls.exe tool inWindowsServer2003 SP2,and can be usedtoresetthe
access control lists(ACLs) onfilesfromRecoveryConsole,andtoback upACLs.Also,
unlike Cacls.exe, Icacles.exe correctlypropagatesthe creationof inheritedACLsandchangesto them.
MicrosoftMessage Queuing
The defaultstorage limitformessage queuinghasbeenchangedto1 gigabyte (GB).If youchoose to
have a storage limitof more than 1 GB, youcan change the storage limitsettinginMicrosoft
ManagementConsole (MMC) onthe General tab of Message QueuingProperties.
Networkingandcommunications
1. Includesanupdate that enablesyoutosimplifythe creationandmaintenanceof InternetProtocol
security(IPsec) policy.Thisupdate enablesyoutouse an IPsec“Simple Policy”.Formostenvironments,
the installationof thisupdate allowsyoutoreduce the numberof IPsecfiltersthatare requiredfora
ServerIsolationdeploymentorfora DomainIsolationdeployment.Youcan reduce the numberof IPsec
filtersfrommanyhundredsof filterstoonlytwofilters.
3. Group Policysupportfornon-broadcastingnetworksandWi-Fi ProtectedAccess2(WPA2) settings
has beenaddedtothe WindowswirelessclientinWindowsServer2003 SP2. Thisupdate allowsthe

20. Windowswirelessclienttoacceptadditional wirelessGroupPolicyconfigurationoptions.These new
settingsinclude supportforWPA2parametersandnon-broadcastnetworks.
4. The WindowswirelessclientnowsupportsWPA2,whichenablesyoutotake advantage of highlevels
of standards-basedconnectionandencryptionsecurity.New securityfeaturesinclude:
Non-broadcastnetworkprofilesare nowmarkedwithaflagto improve the securityof the Windows
wirelessclient.
Windowswill notautomaticallyconnecttoapeer-to-peernetwork,evenif ithasbeen automatically
savedinthe preferrednetworklist.Youmustmanuallyconnecttoa peer-to-peernetworkprofile.
WindowsDeploymentServices
Remote InstallationServicesisreplacedbyWindowsDeploymentServices.Youcan use Windows
DeploymentServicesto setupnewcomputersthrougha network-basedinstallationwithouthavingto
be physicallypresentateachcomputerand withouthavingtoinstall directlyfromDVDmedia.
What isa “Single label domainname”andwhatsort of issuescanit cause?
What isthe “in-addr.arpa”zone usedfor?
What are the requirementsfromDNStosupportAD?
How doyou manuallycreate SRV recordsinDNS?
Name 3 benefitsof usingAD-integratedzones?
What are the benefitsof usingwindows2012 DNSwhenusingAD-integratedzones?
You installedanewADdomainandthe new (andfirst) DC has notregistereditsSRV recordsinDNS.
Name a few possible causes.
What are the nenefitsandscenariosof usingstubzones?
What are the benefitsandscenariosof usingconditionalforwarding?
What are the differencesbetweenwindowsclustering,networkloadbalancingandRoundRobin,and
scenariosforeachuse?
How doI work withthe hostname cache on a clientcompuer?
How doI clear the DNS cache on the DNS server?
What isthe 224.0.1.24 addressusedfor?
What isWINS andwhendo we use it?
Can youhae a Microsoft-basednetworkwithoutanyWINSserveronit?What are the “considerations”
regardingnotusingWINS?
Describe the differencesbetweenWINSpushandpull replications?
What isthe differencesbeweentombstoningaWINSrecordand simplydeletingit?
Name isthe difference betweentombstoningaWINSrecordand simplydeletingit?
Name the NetBIOSnamesyoumightexpectfromawindows2003 DC that isregisteredinWINS.
Describe the role of the routingtable ona host and ona router
What are routerinterfaces?Whattypescantheybe?
In Windows2003 routing,whatare the interface filters?
What isNAT?
What isthe real difference betweenNATandPAT?
How doyou configure NATonWindows 2003?
How doyou configure NATonWindows2003?
How doyou allowinboundtrafficforspecifichostsonWindows2003 NAT?
What isVPN?What typesof VPN doesWindows2000 and beyondworkwithnatively?
What isIAS?In what scenariosdowe use it?
What isthe difference betweenMixedmodeandnative mode inADwhendealingwithRRAS?
What isthe RASand IASgroup inAD?

21. What are ConditionsandProfile inRRASpolicies?
What typesor authendicationcanaWindows2003 basedRRAS workwith?
How doesSSLwork?
How doesIPSecwork?
How doI deployIPSecfora large numberof computers?
What typesof authenticationcanIPSecuse?
What isPFS (PerfectForwardSecrecy) inIPSec?
How doI monitorIPSec?
Lookingat IPSec-encryptedtrafficwithasniffer.WhatpackettypesdoI see?
What can you dowithNETSH?
How doI lookat the openportson my machine?
What are Applicationpartition?WhendoIuse them?