What is Bioinformatics.pdf
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Bioinformatics is the use of mathematics, statistics, biology, and computer science to analyze and interpret vast amounts of biological data, such as gene sequences, protein structures, and molecular interactions. It uses powerful computers and statistical techniques to accomplish research objectives like discovering new drugs or herbicides. Some key areas of bioinformatics include molecular biology, genetics, biotechnology, medicine, agriculture, and environmental management.
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Bioinformatics involves gathering, storing, analyzing, and spreading vast amounts of biological data using computers and statistics. It draws from biology, computer science, and mathematics. Key areas include molecular biology, genetics, biotechnology, medicine, agriculture, and ecology. Bioinformatics addresses problems like data collection, sequence alignment, and prediction/classification. It has grown exponentially with investments and plays a role in many fields. The central dogma of molecular biology describes how genetic information flows from DNA to RNA to protein. Genomes contain genes made of DNA that code for RNA and proteins through the genetic code. A brief history outlined early biological databases and methods like sequence alignment and analysis.
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Isolation of rhizobium species from soil and to
The document describes the isolation and molecular characterization of Rhizobium bacteria from soil samples. Key steps included:
1. Isolating Rhizobium colonies from soil dilutions on nutrient agar plates.
2. Amplifying genes from the bacterial DNA using PCR with specific primers.
3. Analyzing the amplified genes using various bioinformatics tools like NCBI BLAST, codon usage analysis, and phylogenetic analysis to identify and characterize the bacteria.
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Mitochondria are organelles found in plant cells that provide energy and regulate important metabolic processes. Plant mitochondrial genomes vary significantly in size but generally encode proteins involved in oxidative phosphorylation as well as rRNAs and tRNAs. These genomes often contain introns, open reading frames, and chloroplast DNA sequences. Mutations in mitochondrial DNA can impact plant development and cause cytoplasmic male sterility. Expression of chimeric mitochondrial genes is associated with some cases of male sterility. Studies examine the role of mitochondrial proteins like uncoupling proteins and alternative oxidases in conferring stress tolerance in plants. The WA352 mitochondrial gene is implicated in cytoplasmic male sterility in rice through interaction with the nuclear-encoded protein COX11.
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2. Amplifying genes from the bacterial DNA using PCR with specific primers.
3. Analyzing the amplified genes using various bioinformatics tools like NCBI BLAST, codon usage analysis, and phylogenetic analysis to identify and characterize the bacteria.
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Mitochondria are organelles found in plant cells that provide energy and regulate important metabolic processes. Plant mitochondrial genomes vary significantly in size but generally encode proteins involved in oxidative phosphorylation as well as rRNAs and tRNAs. These genomes often contain introns, open reading frames, and chloroplast DNA sequences. Mutations in mitochondrial DNA can impact plant development and cause cytoplasmic male sterility. Expression of chimeric mitochondrial genes is associated with some cases of male sterility. Studies examine the role of mitochondrial proteins like uncoupling proteins and alternative oxidases in conferring stress tolerance in plants. The WA352 mitochondrial gene is implicated in cytoplasmic male sterility in rice through interaction with the nuclear-encoded protein COX11.
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Overview
Reductionist approach
Holistic approach
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host systems. In the present study, Pichia pastoris X-33strain was used as a host with pICZαA expression
vector to obtain extracellular expression of full length tPA gene. Specific primers were designed in such a
way to get native tPA protein sequence in subsequent purification steps. Further, construct pICZαA-tPA
was developed and electroporated into host to achieve stablert-PA gene by achieving genome integration.
The transformants were screened for phenotypic characters.Mut+
phenotypic colony named Pichia tPA-3
showed expression of rt-PA at 66 kDa on SDS PAGE. Size Exclusion Chromatography (SEC) was
performed, resulting in product peak at same RT as reference standard. (alteplase).Cloning and expression
of rt-PA was successfully achieved in microbial system. Further process optimization at larger scales will
surely provide cost effective alternative to mammalian system forrt-PA production.
CLONING AND EXTRACELLULAR EXPRESSION OF RECOMBINANT TISSUE PLASMINOGEN ACTIVA...
Tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) has noteworthy application in treatment of acute myocardial infarctions. This study focuses on expression of rt-PA using microbial systems in order to reduce cost
without compromising on quality as an alternative to commercial (rt-PA)produced by using mammalian host systems. In the present study, Pichia pastoris X-33strain was used as a host with pICZαA expression vector to obtain extracellular expression of full length tPA gene. Specific primers were designed in such a way to get native tPA protein sequence in subsequent purification steps
Cloning and extracellular expression of recombinant tissue plasminogen activa...
Tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) has noteworthy application in treatment of acute myocardial
infarctions. This study focuses on expression of rt-PA using microbial systems in order to reduce cost
without compromising on quality as an alternative to commercial (rt-PA)produced by using mammalian
host systems. In the present study, Pichia pastoris X-33strain was used as a host with pICZαA expression
vector to obtain extracellular expression of full length tPA gene. Specific primers were designed in such a
way to get native tPA protein sequence in subsequent purification steps. Further, construct pICZαA-tPA
was developed and electroporated into host to achieve stablert-PA gene by achieving genome integration. The transformants were screened for phenotypic characters.Mut+
phenotypic colony named Pichia tPA-3
showed expression of rt-PA at 66 kDa on SDS PAGE. Size Exclusion Chromatography (SEC) was
performed, resulting in product peak at same RT as reference standard. (alteplase).Cloning and expression
of rt-PA was successfully achieved in microbial system. Further process optimization at larger scales will surely provide cost effective alternative to mammalian system forrt-PA production
Cloning and extracellular expression of recombinant tissue plasminogen activa...
This document summarizes research conducted to clone and express recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rt-PA) using the methylotrophic yeast Pichia pastoris. Specifically, the tissue plasminogen activator gene was cloned into the pICZαA expression vector. This construct was then transformed into Pichia pastoris X33 cells. One transformant, named Pichia tPA-3, showed expression of rt-PA at 66 kDa on SDS-PAGE. Size exclusion chromatography also showed a product peak at the same retention time as a reference tPA standard. Thus, the researchers were able to successfully clone and express rt-PA in the Pichia pastoris system.
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Cloning and Extracellular Expression of Recombinant Tissue Plasminogen Activa...
Tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) has noteworthy application in treatment of acute myocardial
infarctions. This study focuses on expression of rt-PA using microbial systems in order to reduce cost
without compromising on quality as an alternative to commercial (rt-PA)produced by using mammalian
host systems. In the present study, Pichia pastoris X-33strain was used as a host with pICZαA expression
vector to obtain extracellular expression of full length tPA gene. Specific primers were designed in such a
way to get native tPA protein sequence in subsequent purification steps. Further, construct pICZαA-tPA
was developed and electroporated into host to achieve stablert-PA gene by achieving genome integration.
The transformants were screened for phenotypic characters.Mut+
phenotypic colony named Pichia tPA-3
showed expression of rt-PA at 66 kDa on SDS PAGE. Size Exclusion Chromatography (SEC) was
performed, resulting in product peak at same RT as reference standard. (alteplase).Cloning and expression
of rt-PA was successfully achieved in microbial system. Further process optimization at larger scales will
surely provide cost effective alternative to mammalian system forrt-PA production.
CLONING AND EXTRACELLULAR EXPRESSION OF RECOMBINANT TISSUE PLASMINOGEN ACTIVA...
Tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) has noteworthy application in treatment of acute myocardial infarctions. This study focuses on expression of rt-PA using microbial systems in order to reduce cost
without compromising on quality as an alternative to commercial (rt-PA)produced by using mammalian host systems. In the present study, Pichia pastoris X-33strain was used as a host with pICZαA expression vector to obtain extracellular expression of full length tPA gene. Specific primers were designed in such a way to get native tPA protein sequence in subsequent purification steps
Cloning and extracellular expression of recombinant tissue plasminogen activa...
Tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) has noteworthy application in treatment of acute myocardial
infarctions. This study focuses on expression of rt-PA using microbial systems in order to reduce cost
without compromising on quality as an alternative to commercial (rt-PA)produced by using mammalian
host systems. In the present study, Pichia pastoris X-33strain was used as a host with pICZαA expression
vector to obtain extracellular expression of full length tPA gene. Specific primers were designed in such a
way to get native tPA protein sequence in subsequent purification steps. Further, construct pICZαA-tPA
was developed and electroporated into host to achieve stablert-PA gene by achieving genome integration. The transformants were screened for phenotypic characters.Mut+
phenotypic colony named Pichia tPA-3
showed expression of rt-PA at 66 kDa on SDS PAGE. Size Exclusion Chromatography (SEC) was
performed, resulting in product peak at same RT as reference standard. (alteplase).Cloning and expression
of rt-PA was successfully achieved in microbial system. Further process optimization at larger scales will surely provide cost effective alternative to mammalian system forrt-PA production
Cloning and extracellular expression of recombinant tissue plasminogen activa...
This document summarizes research conducted to clone and express recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rt-PA) using the methylotrophic yeast Pichia pastoris. Specifically, the tissue plasminogen activator gene was cloned into the pICZαA expression vector. This construct was then transformed into Pichia pastoris X33 cells. One transformant, named Pichia tPA-3, showed expression of rt-PA at 66 kDa on SDS-PAGE. Size exclusion chromatography also showed a product peak at the same retention time as a reference tPA standard. Thus, the researchers were able to successfully clone and express rt-PA in the Pichia pastoris system.
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This document summarizes research conducted to clone and express recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rt-PA) using the methylotrophic yeast Pichia pastoris. Specifically, the full-length tPA gene was amplified by PCR and cloned into the pICZαA expression vector. This construct was then transformed into Pichia pastoris X33 cells. One transformant, named Pichia tPA-3, showed extracellular expression of rt-PA at 66 kDa on SDS-PAGE after induction with methanol over 144 hours. Size exclusion chromatography of samples from this transformant showed a product peak at the same retention time as a reference tPA standard. Thus, the researchers successfully achieved cloning and extracellular expression of
Nicb Research Overview
The NICB (National Institute for Cellular Biotechnology) is located on the Dublin City University (DCU) campus in Dublin, Ireland. It is a leading multidisciplinary centre of translational research in fundamental and applied cellular biotechnology, molecular cell Biology, ocular diseases and biological chemistry. It includes a multidisciplinary team of Cell and Molecular Biologists, Biotechnologists, Chemists and Informatics specialists.
The NICB prioritises translational research involving collaborations with industry and with clinicians, and is committed to educating people from all backgrounds in the area of Biomedical Science.
This slideshare summarises the main research areas of the NICB, including:
Molecular basis for biopharmaceutical production by animal cells
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Introduction to bioinformatics.pptx
It covers overall concept of bioinformatics and it is appropriate for every one who needs to be familiar with the field
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This document discusses DNA fingerprinting and its uses in forensics and parental testing. It begins by providing a brief history of DNA fingerprinting and then describes the various hypervariable DNA sequences that are examined, including RFLPs, VNTRs, STRs, SNPs, mitochondrial DNA and Y chromosomal DNA. It discusses the methods used, including Southern blots and PCR, as well as statistical and technical considerations. It also mentions DNA databases and issues of privacy. Examples are provided to illustrate DNA fingerprinting techniques and how probabilities of a DNA match are determined.
B.Tech Biotechnology II Elements of Biotechnology Unit 4 DNA Fingerprinting
DNA fingerprinting is a technique used to identify individuals by analyzing their DNA sequences. It focuses on analyzing 0.1-1.0% of human DNA that is unique between individuals, which resides in hypervariable sequences like VNTRs, STRs, and SNPs. DNA fingerprinting was first described in 1985 and can be used for various applications like identifying criminals, determining paternity, and identifying human remains. It involves obtaining a DNA sample, amplifying certain regions of DNA via PCR or Southern blotting, and comparing the results to DNA databases to determine if a match exists.
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The document discusses several topics in biochemistry and molecular biology. It defines biochemistry as the study of chemical processes in living organisms, including genetic code, protein synthesis, and cell transport. Physiology is described as the study of organism functions, like how cells and molecules perform living functions. Microbiology involves studying microorganisms and manipulating them to produce useful products like enzymes and vaccines. Genetics is the study of genes, heredity, and patterns of inheritance. Molecular medicine uses living organisms and bioprocesses in areas like engineering, medicine, and producing bioproducts. It identifies molecular errors underlying diseases and develops interventions to correct them.
Genomics experimental-methods
The document provides an overview of genomics and molecular profiling techniques. It discusses:
- The lab for bioinformatics and computational genomics which has 10 "genome hackers" and 42 scientists.
- An introduction to personalized medicine and biomarkers.
- First generation molecular profiling techniques like gene sequencing, microarrays, PCR.
- Next generation sequencing techniques like Roche 454, Illumina, SOLID which allow high throughput sequencing.
- Next generation applications like RNA sequencing, exome sequencing, epigenetic profiling.
- The role of bioinformatics in analyzing large genomic and molecular profiling data.
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Introduction to Plant Biotechnology- Durgashree Diwakar
Introduction to Plant Biotechnology- Durgashree Diwakar
Cloning and Extracellular Expression of Recombinant Tissue Plasminogen Activa...
Cloning and Extracellular Expression of Recombinant Tissue Plasminogen Activa...
CLONING AND EXTRACELLULAR EXPRESSION OF RECOMBINANT TISSUE PLASMINOGEN ACTIVA...
CLONING AND EXTRACELLULAR EXPRESSION OF RECOMBINANT TISSUE PLASMINOGEN ACTIVA...
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Cloning and extracellular expression of recombinant tissue plasminogen activa...
Cloning and extracellular expression of recombinant tissue plasminogen activa...
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scans holds profound implications for diagnosis. This study presents an ensemble convolutional neural network (CNN) with transfer learning, integrating
the state-of-the-art Deeplabv3+ architecture with the ResNet18 backbone. The
model is rigorously trained and evaluated, exhibiting remarkable performance
metrics, including an impressive global accuracy of 99.286%, a high-class accuracy of 82.191%, a mean intersection over union (IoU) of 79.900%, a weighted
IoU of 98.620%, and a Boundary F1 (BF) score of 83.303%. Notably, a detailed comparative analysis with existing methods showcases the superiority of
our proposed model. These findings underscore the model’s competence in precise brain tumor localization, underscoring its potential to revolutionize medical
image analysis and enhance healthcare outcomes. This research paves the way
for future exploration and optimization of advanced CNN models in medical
imaging, emphasizing addressing false positives and resource efficiency.
官方认证美国密歇根州立大学毕业证学位证书原版一模一样
原版一模一样【微信：741003700 】【美国密歇根州立大学毕业证学位证书】【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原海外各大学 Bachelor Diploma degree, Master Degree Diploma
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
Computational Engineering IITH Presentation
This Presentation will give you a brief idea about what Computational Engineering at IIT Hyderabad has to offer.
An improved modulation technique suitable for a three level flying capacitor ...
This research paper introduces an innovative modulation technique for controlling a 3-level flying capacitor multilevel inverter (FCMLI), aiming to streamline the modulation process in contrast to conventional methods. The proposed
simplified modulation technique paves the way for more straightforward and
efficient control of multilevel inverters, enabling their widespread adoption and
integration into modern power electronic systems. Through the amalgamation of
sinusoidal pulse width modulation (SPWM) with a high-frequency square wave
pulse, this controlling technique attains energy equilibrium across the coupling
capacitor. The modulation scheme incorporates a simplified switching pattern
and a decreased count of voltage references, thereby simplifying the control
algorithm.
2008 BUILDING CONSTRUCTION Illustrated - Ching Chapter 02 The Building.pdf
2008 BUILDING CONSTRUCTION Illustrated - Ching Chapter 02 The Building
22CYT12-Unit-V-E Waste and its Management.ppt
Introduction- e - waste – definition - sources of e-waste– hazardous substances in e-waste - effects of e-waste on environment and human health- need for e-waste management– e-waste handling rules - waste minimization techniques for managing e-waste – recycling of e-waste - disposal treatment methods of e- waste – mechanism of extraction of precious metal from leaching solution-global Scenario of E-waste – E-waste in India- case studies.
artificial intelligence and data science contents.pptx
What is artificial intelligence? Artificial intelligence is the ability of a computer or computer-controlled robot to perform tasks that are commonly associated with the intellectual processes characteristic of humans, such as the ability to reason.
› ...
Artificial intelligence (AI) | Definitio
原版制作(Humboldt毕业证书)柏林大学毕业证学位证一模一样
原件一模一样【微信：bwp0011】《(Humboldt毕业证书)柏林大学毕业证学位证》【微信：bwp0011】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）原件一模一样纸张工艺/offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原。
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问微bwp0011
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二.真实使馆公证(即留学回国人员证明,不成功不收费)
三.真实教育部学历学位认证（教育部存档！教育部留服网站永久可查）
四.办理各国各大学文凭(一对一专业服务,可全程监控跟踪进度)
如果您处于以下几种情况：
◇在校期间，因各种原因未能顺利毕业……拿不到官方毕业证【微bwp0011】
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◇需要报考公务员、购买免税车、落转户口
◇申请留学生创业基金
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
Mechanical Engineering on AAI Summer Training Report-003.pdf
Mechanical Engineering PROJECT REPORT ON SUMMER VOCATIONAL TRAINING
AT MBB AIRPORT
学校原版美国波士顿大学毕业证学历学位证书原版一模一样
原版一模一样【微信：741003700 】【美国波士顿大学毕业证学历学位证书】【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原海外各大学 Bachelor Diploma degree, Master Degree Diploma
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
Electric vehicle and photovoltaic advanced roles in enhancing the financial p...
Climate change's impact on the planet forced the United Nations and governments to promote green energies and electric transportation. The deployments of photovoltaic (PV) and electric vehicle (EV) systems gained stronger momentum due to their numerous advantages over fossil fuel types. The advantages go beyond sustainability to reach financial support and stability. The work in this paper introduces the hybrid system between PV and EV to support industrial and commercial plants. This paper covers the theoretical framework of the proposed hybrid system including the required equation to complete the cost analysis when PV and EV are present. In addition, the proposed design diagram which sets the priorities and requirements of the system is presented. The proposed approach allows setup to advance their power stability, especially during power outages. The presented information supports researchers and plant owners to complete the necessary analysis while promoting the deployment of clean energy. The result of a case study that represents a dairy milk farmer supports the theoretical works and highlights its advanced benefits to existing plants. The short return on investment of the proposed approach supports the paper's novelty approach for the sustainable electrical system. In addition, the proposed system allows for an isolated power setup without the need for a transmission line which enhances the safety of the electrical network
Advanced control scheme of doubly fed induction generator for wind turbine us...
This paper describes a speed control device for generating electrical energy on an electricity network based on the doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) used for wind power conversion systems. At first, a double-fed induction generator model was constructed. A control law is formulated to govern the flow of energy between the stator of a DFIG and the energy network using three types of controllers: proportional integral (PI), sliding mode controller (SMC) and second order sliding mode controller (SOSMC). Their different results in terms of power reference tracking, reaction to unexpected speed fluctuations, sensitivity to perturbations, and resilience against machine parameter alterations are compared. MATLAB/Simulink was used to conduct the simulations for the preceding study. Multiple simulations have shown very satisfying results, and the investigations demonstrate the efficacy and power-enhancing capabilities of the suggested control system.
Design and optimization of ion propulsion drone
Electric propulsion technology is widely used in many kinds of vehicles in recent years, and aircrafts are no exception. Technically, UAVs are electrically propelled but tend to produce a significant amount of noise and vibrations. Ion propulsion technology for drones is a potential solution to this problem. Ion propulsion technology is proven to be feasible in the earth’s atmosphere. The study presented in this article shows the design of EHD thrusters and power supply for ion propulsion drones along with performance optimization of high-voltage power supply for endurance in earth’s atmosphere.
AI assisted telemedicine KIOSK for Rural India.pptx
It gives the overall description of SIH problem statement " AI assisted telemedicine KIOSK for Rural India".
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Redefining brain tumor segmentation: a cutting-edge convolutional neural netw...
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Electric vehicle and photovoltaic advanced roles in enhancing the financial p...
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What is Bioinformatics.pdf
- 1. What is Bioinformatics? Mathematics and Statistics Biology Computer Science
- 2. A working definition is that of House of Representatives Standing Committee on Primary Industries and Regional Services Inquiry :- "All aspects of gathering, storing, handling, analyzing, interpreting and spreading vast amounts of biological information in databases. The information involved includes gene sequences, biological activity/function, pharmacological activity, biological structure, molecular structure, protein- protein interactions, and gene expression. Bioinformatics uses powerful computers and statistical techniques to accomplish research objectives, for example, to discover a new pharmaceutical or herbicide." What is bioinformatics?
- 3. • Molecular biology and genetics • Phylogenetic and evolutionary sciences • Different aspects of biotechnology including pharmaceutical and microbiological industries • Medicine • Agriculture •Eco-management Areas of current and future development of bioinformatics
- 4. • Exponential growth of investments • Constant deficit of trained professionals • Diversification of bioinformatics applications • Need in different types of bioinformaticians Why bioinformatics?
- 5. Central Dogma of Molecular Biology GENOTYPE (i.e. Aa) PHENOTYPE (pink) GENE (DNA) MESSENGER (RNA) PROTEIN TRAIT ATGCAAGTCCACTGTATTCCA UACGUUCAGGUGACAUAAGGG transcription reverse tr translation replication
- 6. DNA Symbol Meaning Explanation G G Guanine A A Adenine T T Thymine C C Cytosine R A or G puRine Y C or T pYrimidine N A, C, G or T Any base Double helix 5’ 3’ 3’ 5’ A C G T C A T G T G C A G T A C RNA 5’ 3’ A C G U C A U G template U U Uracil
- 7. Genetic Code 1. Amino acids are coded by codons – triplets of nucleotides, e.g. |ACG|TAT|…. 2. There are 43 = 64 codons for ~20 amino acids, the code is degenerate 3. Codons do not overlap 4. Deletions or insertions of one or few nucleotides (not equal to 3 x N) usually destroy a message by shifting a reading frame 5. Three specific codons (stop codons) do not code any amino acid and are always located at the very end of the protein coding part of a gene
- 9. The 20 amino acids common in living organisms
- 10. PROTEINS Green Fluorecent Protein (GFP) 1 mcgkkfelki dnvrfvghpt llqpphtiqa sktdpspkre lptmilfsvv falranadas 61 viscmhnlsr riaialqhee rrcqyltrea klmlamqdev ttiidsdgsp qspfrqilpk 121 cklardlkea ydslcttgvv rlhinnwlev sfclphkihr vggkhiplea lerslkairp
- 11. Genomic Hierarchy in Eukaryotes Genome nuclear (1) Chromosomes (23x2) DNA molecules (23x2) Genes (~30,000); only a small fraction of genome Nucleotides (~3x109)
- 12. Eukaryotic genes are complex Promoter Exon 1 Exon 2 Exon 3 Exon 4 Start codon Intron 1 Intron 2 Intron 3 Stop codon Protein coding regions