This paper therefore appeared to illustrate in general three major pillars: economic socio-cultural
and ‘environmental’. These three components, although analyzed separately, are certainly linked. Indeed, the
organization and the economic structure of the region affected by tourism development lead to social
transformations wich themselves influence future tourism development and modify the characteristics of the
different economic variables of the Chaouen-Ouazzane
A presentation given by Karen Hill, Head of SIGMA (Support for Improvement in Governance and Management) at a workshop on efficiency and effectiveness in public administration amongst the Balkan countries, held in Ankara 24 and 25 April. Participants from the Prime Ministries of five countries Turkey, Albania, the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Kosovo and Bosnia and Herzegovina shared their experience and debated issues such as how to reduce administrative burdens on citizens and business.
The Constitutional Transitions Clinic ‘back office’ has, from 2011 to 2014, prepared
a series of thematic, comparative research reports on issues in constitutional design
that have arisen in the Middle East and North Africa. Zaid Al-Ali, Senior Adviser on
Constitution Building at International IDEA, acted as an adviser on these reports and
oversaw International IDEA’s participation in the report-drafting process. The United
Nations Development Programme’s Regional Center provided both material and
substantive support in relation to the last three of the six reports.
The first three of these reports are jointly published by Constitutional Transitions and
International IDEA. The second three are jointly published by Constitutional Transitions,
International IDEA and the United Nations Development Programme. The reports are
intended to be used as an engagement tools in support of constitution-building activities
in the region. The full list of reports is:
• Constitutional Courts after the Arab Spring: Appointment Mechanisms and Relative
Judicial Independence (Spring 2014)
• Semi-Presidentialism as Power Sharing: Constitutional reform after the Arab Spring
(Spring 2014)
• Political Party Finance Regulation: Constitutional reform after the Arab Spring (Spring
2014)
• Anti-Corruption: Constitutional Frameworks for the Middle East and North Africa (Fall
2014)
• Decentralization in Unitary States: Constitutional Frameworks for the Middle East
and North Africa (Fall 2014)
• Oil and Natural Gas: Constitutional Frameworks for the Middle East and North
Africa (Fall 2014)
A presentation given by Karen Hill, Head of SIGMA (Support for Improvement in Governance and Management) at a workshop on efficiency and effectiveness in public administration amongst the Balkan countries, held in Ankara 24 and 25 April. Participants from the Prime Ministries of five countries Turkey, Albania, the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Kosovo and Bosnia and Herzegovina shared their experience and debated issues such as how to reduce administrative burdens on citizens and business.
The Constitutional Transitions Clinic ‘back office’ has, from 2011 to 2014, prepared
a series of thematic, comparative research reports on issues in constitutional design
that have arisen in the Middle East and North Africa. Zaid Al-Ali, Senior Adviser on
Constitution Building at International IDEA, acted as an adviser on these reports and
oversaw International IDEA’s participation in the report-drafting process. The United
Nations Development Programme’s Regional Center provided both material and
substantive support in relation to the last three of the six reports.
The first three of these reports are jointly published by Constitutional Transitions and
International IDEA. The second three are jointly published by Constitutional Transitions,
International IDEA and the United Nations Development Programme. The reports are
intended to be used as an engagement tools in support of constitution-building activities
in the region. The full list of reports is:
• Constitutional Courts after the Arab Spring: Appointment Mechanisms and Relative
Judicial Independence (Spring 2014)
• Semi-Presidentialism as Power Sharing: Constitutional reform after the Arab Spring
(Spring 2014)
• Political Party Finance Regulation: Constitutional reform after the Arab Spring (Spring
2014)
• Anti-Corruption: Constitutional Frameworks for the Middle East and North Africa (Fall
2014)
• Decentralization in Unitary States: Constitutional Frameworks for the Middle East
and North Africa (Fall 2014)
• Oil and Natural Gas: Constitutional Frameworks for the Middle East and North
Africa (Fall 2014)
Philosophy of Local Government - Why Local Self Government?Ravikant Joshi
This presentation is about underlying philosophy on which concept of Local Self Governments is based. It examines Why of the Local Self Government Institutions.
Explain the scope of public administration as a discipline
Explain the scope of public administration AS AN ACTIVITY
IDENTIFY AND DISCUSS THE VARIOUS AREAS WITHIN THE SCOPE OF PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION
This is a recap report on the seminar organized by JFRC on 18 April 2015 about the policies of tripartite partnership between the public sector, the civil society and private sector.
Political (In)Stability and Public Policy Transplantation: a Macedonian Casejpsjournal1
In recent years, a set of new post-empiricist advances to public policy, drawing on discursive analyses and
participatory, deliberative practices, have come to challenge the leading technocratic, empiricist models in
policy analyses. According to Pessali, the transplantation of public policies is an influential instrument in
the hands of economic development – important as it may be, transplantation may not be inevitably
successful, therefore not always looked for. There are good economic reasons to consider the practice of
grafting in public policy transplants, i.e., consideration for the specific cities of existing local institutions
and how they may interact with a set of predominant policy requirements and guidelines. By taking into
account Pessali's alternative method that institutionalizes some sort of cooperation between policy makers
and stakeholders, in contrast with some other common variants of the policy transplantation method, we
discuss an architecture for public policy inputs in a country context, which may help to avoid some of the
underlying risks of standard transplantation architectures. The article concludes that the “transplantation
metaphor” can be a powerful tool in organizing our thoughts and framing our decisions, which can lead to
better use of it for the purposes of public policy design in societies only in cases of political stability.
Philosophy of Local Government - Why Local Self Government?Ravikant Joshi
This presentation is about underlying philosophy on which concept of Local Self Governments is based. It examines Why of the Local Self Government Institutions.
Explain the scope of public administration as a discipline
Explain the scope of public administration AS AN ACTIVITY
IDENTIFY AND DISCUSS THE VARIOUS AREAS WITHIN THE SCOPE OF PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION
This is a recap report on the seminar organized by JFRC on 18 April 2015 about the policies of tripartite partnership between the public sector, the civil society and private sector.
Political (In)Stability and Public Policy Transplantation: a Macedonian Casejpsjournal1
In recent years, a set of new post-empiricist advances to public policy, drawing on discursive analyses and
participatory, deliberative practices, have come to challenge the leading technocratic, empiricist models in
policy analyses. According to Pessali, the transplantation of public policies is an influential instrument in
the hands of economic development – important as it may be, transplantation may not be inevitably
successful, therefore not always looked for. There are good economic reasons to consider the practice of
grafting in public policy transplants, i.e., consideration for the specific cities of existing local institutions
and how they may interact with a set of predominant policy requirements and guidelines. By taking into
account Pessali's alternative method that institutionalizes some sort of cooperation between policy makers
and stakeholders, in contrast with some other common variants of the policy transplantation method, we
discuss an architecture for public policy inputs in a country context, which may help to avoid some of the
underlying risks of standard transplantation architectures. The article concludes that the “transplantation
metaphor” can be a powerful tool in organizing our thoughts and framing our decisions, which can lead to
better use of it for the purposes of public policy design in societies only in cases of political stability.
A Reflection On Public Administration Essay
Public Administration
Essay on Approaches to Public Administration
Strengths And Weaknesses Of Public Administration
Reflection On Public Administration
Public Administration And The Public Sector
Importance Of Leadership In Public Administration
Public Administration: Accountability
The Field Of Public Administration Essay
Essay about The Study of Public Administration
Importance of Public Administration
Characteristics of Public Administration
Traditional Public Administration
public administration Essay
The Five Paradigms Of Public Administration
Essay on Public Policy and Administration
Public Administration and Ethics Essay
The work presents a theoretical framework, and offers a tentative analytical framework for building strategies for combating systemic corruption of the kind that is observed in Ukraine. It argues that, as in some other countries undergoing the process of modernization, corruption in Ukraine plays an important social role by filling gaps between formal (often impracticable) rules, and informal ones. At the same time, it creates incentives and provides the means for maintaining and widening these gaps, as in the critically important case of “capture” of the state by extorting officials endowed with abnormal administrative discretion and affiliated with crony businesses. Systemic factors of such kind make corruption so persistent and anti-corruption so necessary for development.
Authored by: Vladimir Dubrovskiy
Published in 2006
Tourism Management and its Impact to the Economyijtsrd
Since the first researches on tourism, several authors have paid attention to the action of public authorities oriented to the phenomenon. However, there is a notable lack of precision in the use of four concepts that designate different realities tourism government, tourism policy, planning or public management. The aim of this paper is to reflect on these concepts, trying to understand how they relate to and delimit their use to specific phenomena of public action in the field of tourism. Our proposal is to group them into a relational approach or a rational approach, each with its own questions and with determined budgets, although with closely related concerns and work proposals. Improving the understanding of these concepts and approaches will allow us to develop a more solid research agenda on public action in tourism. Inom Tursunkulov | Dilbar Boyzoqova "Tourism Management and its Impact to the Economy" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-4 , June 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd31127.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/management-development/31127/tourism-management-and-its-impact-to-the-economy/inom-tursunkulov
The EBRD is investing in changing
people’s lives from central Europe
to central Asia and the southern
and eastern Mediterranean.
Working together with the private
sector, we invest in projects,
engage in policy dialogue and
provide technical advice that fosters
innovation and builds sustainable
and open market economies.
APRM and the quest for a devlopment state: The role of CSOs in implementing t...Dr Lendy Spires
The purpose of this parliamentary document is to review the state of implementation of the African Peer Review Mechanism (APRM), in particular the National Programme of Action (NPoA), and the role that civil society can play in ensuring that the NPoA is comprehensively implemented. The document assesses this important concepts and processes in the context of the Developmental State, illustrating the potential of APRM to foster and propel States towards achieving this status through building and gainfully utilizing important partnerships with civil society. The paper examines the World Bank and IMG-sponsored Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers (PRSPs) as a comparable approach to governance mechanisms, from which lessons can be drawn. It also underscores the unique architecture, concepts and principles in the APRM process that avoid some of the potential pitfalls that beset PRSP and other existing governance mechanisms in Africa.
The paper further looks at some of the strategies that civil society has employed in various APRM country processes and which strategies have worked well and can be improved. It then addresses challenges that civil society organizations (CSOs) have faced in the pursuit of good governance through the APRM process. The prospects for future CSO participation and use of the NPoA as a tool for constructing as a Developmental State are also propounded in the paper, with a view of informing policymakers on areas that may need strengthening and re-orientation.
Many countries have seen the importance of financial education by making financial
education a national strategy. In Vietnam, although the National Strategies for Inclusive Financial
Education has been proposed since 2017 and officially included in the National Financial Inclusion
Strategy in 2020, however, financial education is still quite new, and many people are not aware of
the necessity of financial l
Today, in the rapidly emerging globalization process, increasing the competitiveness of enterprises
depends on increasing of their firm performance. Although there are many methods and techniques affecting
firm performance, Information technology (IT) capabilities has become one of the most widely used method,
especially in dealing with supply chain matters of a firm. The aim of our study is to express whether innovation
and organization learning is effective as intermediate variable to the effects of IT capabilities at firm’s
performance. The opinion which claim
Globally, the number of startup companies has rapidly expanded during the last 5-8 years. Offering
products and/or services that greatly enhance the lives of its clients is a major focus for these firms. In India,
local and federal government initiatives have provided new enterprises and entrepreneurs with much
momentum and assistance, helping India become the world's top startup location. The Government of India
(GOI) launched the "Startup India" campaign in 2015 to promote entrepreneurship and support businesses to
achieve this goal (Babu, S., Sridevi, K.,2019). An IBM Center for Business Value and Oxford Economics study
in 2018 found that 90% of Indian companies fail within the first five years of operation. Potential difficulties
that startups may run across, both generally and specifically in the Indian market, have been described by
several authors.
Behaviour finance is the study of how psychological phenomena affect financial behaviour. This
financial science is used in making financial decisions. Amid the development of the digital economy, paylater
innovation has emerged. It is feared that the ease of use of paylater can have a negative impact, one of which is
the attitude of impulsive buying. This research will analyze the effect of financial literacy, self-control, risk
perception, and percieved ease of use on impulsive buying behaviour. This research is based on Decision Affect
Theory, which is a theory that discusses financial decision behaviour that is influenced by self-emotion. This
research is uses purposive sampling wi
Improving the business environment is one of the key strategies to promote local and regional
economic development. However, which factors affect the business environment of the provinces is still
controversial. Using survey data from 400 investors and managers and a multivariate regression analysis
method, this study has identified the factors affecting the business environment of Hai Phong province. The
analysis results show that there are 09 factors affecting the business environment of Hai Phong City, including
entry costs, land access and tenure, transparent, informal charges, time cost, pro-activeness, business support
services, labor training and legal institutions. In
The effect of work attitude and innovation ability on employee innovation performance is of great
significance for improving the innovation ability of manufacturing enterprises and building an "Innovative
Country" in China.This article theoretical analysis was conducted on the mechanism by which the work attitude
of employees in manufacturing enterprises affects innovation performance and the mediating mechanism of
innovation ability. Based on data from Chinese manufacturing enterprises, empirical analysis was conducted
using SEM models. Resear
The concept of organizational resilience continues to grow in focus and importance, but there
has yet to be an agreed upon measure of organizational resilience. Organizational resilience can be seen as a
corporation’s ability to adapt to change and maintain flexibility within their supply chain. Resilience and
flexibility at all organizational levels is necessary, in a proactive manner, to turn resilience into a competitive
advantage
In this paper, by using the basic method of differential geometry, combined with the optimization
theory and the basic technique of data analysis, the definition, basic properties and statistical characteristics of
nonlinear correlation coefficients on manifolds are studied and given, test the rationality and validity of the
nonlinear correlation coefficient defined in this paper. Therefore, the study of this paper has certain theoretical
value and potential practical significance.
This study aims to analyze and prove whether there is a positive and significant influence
between product quality and poki prices on purchasing decisions for Kobba brand coffee. The survey was
conducted using 53 respondents who were buyers who had purchased Kobba brand coffee more than once.
Information from respondents was obtained through a list of questions that were sent and returned by
respondents
In this paper, we introduce a universal framework for mean-distortion robust risk measurement and
portfolio optimization. We take accounts for the uncertainty based on Gelbrich distance and another uncertainty
set proposed by Delage & Ye. We also establish the model under the constraints of probabilistic safety
criteria and compare the different frontiers and the investment ratio to each asset. The empirical analysis in the
final part explores the impact of different parameters on the model results.
Despite the attainment of the famous Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) of reducing the number
of poor people across the globe a significant number still live below the poverty line. The problem of poverty is
more endemic in developing countries like Nigeria. Several intervention efforts have been in place to address
the poverty question which persists partly due to serious financial exclusion and unethical activities of informal
finance providers.
The focus of this research was to establish the effect of entrepreneurship Ecosystem in inculcating
entrepreneurial propensity for community development. Promotion of entrepreneurship in Kenya has existed
ever since independence. The Government has shown tremendous support to entrepreneurship growth. The
Government have channelled financial support through funding such as Women Enterprise fund, Youth
Enterprise Fund and Uwezo Fund
In this paper, we consider an AAI with two types of insurance business with p-thinning dependent
claims risk, diversify claims risk by purchasing proportional reinsurance, and invest in a stock with Heston
model price process, a risk-free bond, and a credit bond in the financial market with the objective of maximizing
the expectation of the terminal wealth index effect, and construct the wealth process of AAI as well as the the
model of robust optimal reinsurance-investment problem is obtained, using dynamic programming, the HJB
equation to obtain the pre-default and post-default reinsurance-investment strategies and the display expression
of the value function, respectively, and the sensitivity of the model parameters is analyzed through numerical
experiments to obtain a realistic economic interpretation. The model as well as the results in this paper are a
generalization and extension of the results of existing studies.
:Textiles and clothing are a fundamental part of everyday life and an important sector in the global
economy. It is hard to imagine a world without textiles. Clothes are worn by almost everyone, almost all the time
and it also becomes an important expression for an individuality. In 2015, emission from textiles production
totaled 1.2 billion tons of CO2 equivalent throughout its lifecycle. The fashion industry is a large consumer of
water, high volumes of water containing
In this paper, we construct a Credit Default Swap pricing model for default recovery rates under
distributional uncertainty based on a structured pricing model and distributional uncertainty theory. The model
is algorithmically transformed into a solvable semi-definite programming problem using the Lagrangian dual
method, and the solution of the model is given using the projection interior point method. Finally, an empirical
analysis is conducted, and the results show that the model constructed in this paper is reasonable and efficient
The closures of schools, colleges, and universities in many countries worldwide during the COVID19 pandemic have reshaped every aspect of our normal lives and educational experience. As a result of
extended periods of lockdown, whole populations have been advised to stay in their households and
communicate with others through distance electronic communications methods such as Zoom, Teams, Google
meetings etc. More than 1
Even though economists and academics have been studying money laundering for many years, there
are still gaps in the research because there is a dearth of trustworthy data on the activity as well as an absence
of specific sources and methods of collection in government-based reporting. The Walker-Unger gravity model
was used in this study to determine the countries that Russian-based money launderers used as funding
destinations between the years 2000 and 2020, as well as whether there are any variations in country rankings
during economic downturns. The investigation's findings indicated that even during recessionary times, money
launderers with Russian bases consistently preferred certain countries as their destination
This study will establish a scientific foundation for analyzing and assessing the development of
human resources in industrial parks of Hai Duong province. According to statistics and primary data, the
study analyzes the current situation of human resource development in the industrial parks in Hai Duong
province, states achievements, limitations and their causes, thereby giving solutions to improve the human
resource development in industrial parks of Hai Duong province in the future for the economic development
of industrial parks in particular and Hai Duong province in general.
Solar photovoltaic systems are becoming essential in renewable energy sources to help reduce
dependence on renewable energy sources, fossil fuels and mitigate climate change. In the world today, many
successful businesses bring efficiency to the environment as well as the global economy. However, to evaluate
the business performance of the global supply chain, it is necessary to find an appropriate method. This article
uses data envelopment analysis (DEA) and Malmquist Productivity Index (MPI) methods to compare
performance across businesses
The objective of this research is 1) to study social media usage behavior of the elderly and 2) to
examine the relationship between factors of the social media usage behavior of the elderly in Surat Thani
Province, Thailand. The data were collected from selected elderly aged 60 years and older in Surat Thani
Province. The number of the sample in this study was 400. The questionnaire was used as a tool to collect the
data. Statistics used were frequency, percentage, mean, standard deviation, and Chi-Square
More from International Journal of Business Marketing and Management (IJBMM) (20)
WINDING UP of COMPANY, Modes of DissolutionKHURRAMWALI
Winding up, also known as liquidation, refers to the legal and financial process of dissolving a company. It involves ceasing operations, selling assets, settling debts, and ultimately removing the company from the official business registry.
Here's a breakdown of the key aspects of winding up:
Reasons for Winding Up:
Insolvency: This is the most common reason, where the company cannot pay its debts. Creditors may initiate a compulsory winding up to recover their dues.
Voluntary Closure: The owners may decide to close the company due to reasons like reaching business goals, facing losses, or merging with another company.
Deadlock: If shareholders or directors cannot agree on how to run the company, a court may order a winding up.
Types of Winding Up:
Voluntary Winding Up: This is initiated by the company's shareholders through a resolution passed by a majority vote. There are two main types:
Members' Voluntary Winding Up: The company is solvent (has enough assets to pay off its debts) and shareholders will receive any remaining assets after debts are settled.
Creditors' Voluntary Winding Up: The company is insolvent and creditors will be prioritized in receiving payment from the sale of assets.
Compulsory Winding Up: This is initiated by a court order, typically at the request of creditors, government agencies, or even by the company itself if it's insolvent.
Process of Winding Up:
Appointment of Liquidator: A qualified professional is appointed to oversee the winding-up process. They are responsible for selling assets, paying off debts, and distributing any remaining funds.
Cease Trading: The company stops its regular business operations.
Notification of Creditors: Creditors are informed about the winding up and invited to submit their claims.
Sale of Assets: The company's assets are sold to generate cash to pay off creditors.
Payment of Debts: Creditors are paid according to a set order of priority, with secured creditors receiving payment before unsecured creditors.
Distribution to Shareholders: If there are any remaining funds after all debts are settled, they are distributed to shareholders according to their ownership stake.
Dissolution: Once all claims are settled and distributions made, the company is officially dissolved and removed from the business register.
Impact of Winding Up:
Employees: Employees will likely lose their jobs during the winding-up process.
Creditors: Creditors may not recover their debts in full, especially if the company is insolvent.
Shareholders: Shareholders may not receive any payout if the company's debts exceed its assets.
Winding up is a complex legal and financial process that can have significant consequences for all parties involved. It's important to seek professional legal and financial advice when considering winding up a company.
Military Commissions details LtCol Thomas Jasper as Detailed Defense CounselThomas (Tom) Jasper
Military Commissions Trial Judiciary, Guantanamo Bay, Cuba. Notice of the Chief Defense Counsel's detailing of LtCol Thomas F. Jasper, Jr. USMC, as Detailed Defense Counsel for Abd Al Hadi Al-Iraqi on 6 August 2014 in the case of United States v. Hadi al Iraqi (10026)
ALL EYES ON RAFAH BUT WHY Explain more.pdf46adnanshahzad
All eyes on Rafah: But why?. The Rafah border crossing, a crucial point between Egypt and the Gaza Strip, often finds itself at the center of global attention. As we explore the significance of Rafah, we’ll uncover why all eyes are on Rafah and the complexities surrounding this pivotal region.
INTRODUCTION
What makes Rafah so significant that it captures global attention? The phrase ‘All eyes are on Rafah’ resonates not just with those in the region but with people worldwide who recognize its strategic, humanitarian, and political importance. In this guide, we will delve into the factors that make Rafah a focal point for international interest, examining its historical context, humanitarian challenges, and political dimensions.
In 2020, the Ministry of Home Affairs established a committee led by Prof. (Dr.) Ranbir Singh, former Vice Chancellor of National Law University (NLU), Delhi. This committee was tasked with reviewing the three codes of criminal law. The primary objective of the committee was to propose comprehensive reforms to the country’s criminal laws in a manner that is both principled and effective.
The committee’s focus was on ensuring the safety and security of individuals, communities, and the nation as a whole. Throughout its deliberations, the committee aimed to uphold constitutional values such as justice, dignity, and the intrinsic value of each individual. Their goal was to recommend amendments to the criminal laws that align with these values and priorities.
Subsequently, in February, the committee successfully submitted its recommendations regarding amendments to the criminal law. These recommendations are intended to serve as a foundation for enhancing the current legal framework, promoting safety and security, and upholding the constitutional principles of justice, dignity, and the inherent worth of every individual.
Responsibilities of the office bearers while registering multi-state cooperat...Finlaw Consultancy Pvt Ltd
Introduction-
The process of register multi-state cooperative society in India is governed by the Multi-State Co-operative Societies Act, 2002. This process requires the office bearers to undertake several crucial responsibilities to ensure compliance with legal and regulatory frameworks. The key office bearers typically include the President, Secretary, and Treasurer, along with other elected members of the managing committee. Their responsibilities encompass administrative, legal, and financial duties essential for the successful registration and operation of the society.
Car Accident Injury Do I Have a Case....Knowyourright
Every year, thousands of Minnesotans are injured in car accidents. These injuries can be severe – even life-changing. Under Minnesota law, you can pursue compensation through a personal injury lawsuit.
What Governance for Tourist Areas: The Case of OuazzaneChefchaouen Morocco
1. International Journal of Business Marketing and Management (IJBMM)
Volume 5 Issue 2 February 2020, P.P. 78-88
ISSN: 2456-4559
www.ijbmm.com
International Journal of Business Marketing and Management (IJBMM) Page 78
What Governance for Tourist Areas: The Case of Ouazzane-
Chefchaouen Morocco.
1
Salim Kaidi, 2
Louhmadi Abdeljalil
,
Doctoral student in economics, management and sustainable development Abdelmalek Essaidi University of
Tangier (Morocco).
2
Professor, Department of Geography and Economic Environment, Abdelmalek Essaidi University of Tangier
(Morocco).
.
Abstract: This paper therefore appeared to illustrate in general three major pillars: economic socio-cultural
and ‘environmental’. These three components, although analyzed separately, are certainly linked. Indeed, the
organization and the economic structure of the region affected by tourism development lead to social
transformations wich themselves influence future tourism development and modify the characteristics of the
different economic variables of the Chaouen-Ouazzane region the process of transformation of the environment
following the development of the tourism industry has consequences highlighted here by the study of the recent
evolution of the two societies, its economic activities, it’s individual and collective reflexes as well as ecological
consequences and cultural and observables.
Key Wards: Territory and tourism, promoter market, Territorial marketing a tourist model, sustainable
development goals.
I. Introduction
"There is no wealth that, of men", an aphorism of Jean BODIN who describes the truth of wealth, the
human factor which is very important in a process of development. Although a country is rich in resources, it
can never turn them into real wealth without contribution of Men capable of producing and adding value in this
transformation process. Since the appearance of the concept of development, a disparity in resources and income
has widened between the two hemispheres of the world. "North and South", "developed and underdeveloped
countries",... names to show this disparity, however, they are not very precise at the moment that they are
neither reality nor geographic, nor economic. UNDP under the aegis of The United Nations is increasing its
efforts to eliminate these disparities, with well-defined objectives. Since then, this vision of underdevelopment
evolved towards a notion of "Maldevelopment" which tries to understand the origins of the discrepancies
between "the countries from the north "and" those said from the south ". Consequently, the appellations already
mentioned are gradually abolished, to be replaced by other racist and visionary people global, in particular,
“developing destinations” and “the most emerging regions”. UN programs were to conceptualize concepts to put
a state of play in developing areas, in terms of general policies and management of public affairs, they focus on
perception as a major focus in the establishment of mechanisms for human development before it happens
economic. While having certain knowledge that the two notions are interrelated. The human development is
seen as a lever for these countries; it is endogenous and provides the involvement of local populations in the
whole process. Nevertheless, growth economic in parallel is desirable. IMF and World Bank Advocate also
practices and actions favoring the development of these regions. Systems standards have been introduced, such
as governance.
Indeed, Assessment and health indicators of governance are already pre-established. We find the level
of participation of the populations, transparency and information sharing, the effectiveness of local authorities in
transforming objectives set for development in favor of the populations and the management of public
resources, as well as fairness and the equal and impartial treatment of similar cases of from local authorities. In
an advanced level of local governance, sensitivity to the gender approach is essential in realizing the importance
of the rights of women. “Bad governance” is characterized by random decisions, according to arbitrary choices.
2. What Governance for Tourist Areas: The Case of Ouazzane-Chefchaouen Morocco.
International Journal of Business Marketing and Management (IJBMM) Page 79
It has an unfair judicial system to say the least nonexistent. In general, said governance marks negative or weak
points in previously mentioned indicators such as the length of administrative procedures and insufficient
reporting procedures. From another point of view the good governance is the sine qua non condition for
economic development sustainable, which knows the principles of social justice and equity. Among the
objectives of the good governance we find the rule of law and integrity without forgetting the commitment of all
spheres of society and a great sharing of information. This brings us to open the research angle on interaction
mechanisms and means of concertation.
.
Figure 1: Three spheres of governance
I SECTION: Global Governance Indicators (Worldwide Governance Indicators) WGI:
The WGI Global Governance Indicators Project brings together global and individual governance indicators for
215 countries over the period 1996-2013, for six dimensions of governance:
- Voice and empowerment.
- Political stability and absence of violence.
- Efficiency of public authorities.
- Quality of regulations.
- Law authority.
- Fight against corruption.
These global indicators combine the assessments of a large number of companies, citizens and expert surveys in
industrialized countries and those in development. They are based on 32 individual data sources and are
produced by a variety of polling institutes, think tanks, non-profit organizations government, international
organizations and private sector companies. We have chosen three North African countries, countries that have
at least one character common with Morocco; however, the realities are not reflected in the figures.
Governance as well takes the form of “government or public administration”, its main characteristics are the
implication of the populations in the projects which concern them and that they have chosen, the growing
participation of these populations in decision-making, finally, cooperation between the various actors and the
establishment of pluralism are practices that are challenged. In his countries, reforms are no longer inspired
from below but imposed from above and the populations must comply with it because these reforms are
3. What Governance for Tourist Areas: The Case of Ouazzane-Chefchaouen Morocco.
International Journal of Business Marketing and Management (IJBMM) Page 80
supposed to meet their expectations. Four requirements are part of a kind of protocol established by this
institution, in order to obtain funding, being: - Rule of law: Ensuring the security of citizens and guaranteeing
the laws what must be accomplished by the independence of the magistrates. - Good administration: Public
expenditure must be managed correctly and fair by public bodies. - Responsibility and accountability: Political
leaders must account for their actions before the populations. - Transparency: Information must be available and
easily accessible to all citizens.
These requirements stem from human rights, on the other hand, few States, including some from the north,
prove to be able to satisfy them. The peculiarity of developing countries is that States undergo this governance
more than they adopt it as a political choice. The introduction of governance on the internal scene in these States
cannot to be well received, as in this region of Ouazzane-Chaouen, for the simple reason that it coincides with
the process of democratization engaged by this region. Civil society sees a tool that allows it involvement in
public policies, participation in choices, projects and decisions concerning them. However, if the withdrawal of
the State and the diversification of actors is reflected in certain parts of the territory by positive effects, in the
periphery parts, this process turns out to be negative, as long as the withdrawal of the State undoubtedly
constitutes a loss. Talk about governance where the presence of the State must be strengthened and where the
populations call for the State. Here it is the force of the State which is praised is not its withdrawal.
Figure 2: Lake Boudaroua development plan
The methodology followed in this work must take into account the characteristics of the subject. Being a topical
subject, territorial governance in Morocco is in its embryonic state and its impacts are difficult to measure. we
are satisfied at first with the observation of the changing arena Politics. This phase was accompanied by
readings and information gathering. We let's aim to understand this concept and conceptualize it in a theoretical
framework allowing to assimilate this paradigm.
After the observation, we proceeded to the drafting of the problem and the collection of different studies in the
form of books and articles, available at the library of the ministry of tourism, and to the directorate of regional
planning.
The objective being to guarantee a better treatment of the subject and allow benefiting as long as possible lived
experiences in piloting and planning strategies and visions. We also toured publications and articles in scientific
journals, in order to collect as many references from different sources as possible. So we have undertaken a
conceptualization of all the phenomena and practices entering into intersection with our problem. Given the
importance of a systems approach maintained in questions of the same magnitude, we present this theoretical
framework under form of three chapters focusing on systems interacting with the elements the governance
system.
4. What Governance for Tourist Areas: The Case of Ouazzane-Chefchaouen Morocco.
International Journal of Business Marketing and Management (IJBMM) Page 81
II Section: The territory, the raw material of tourism?
Territory and tourism: an essential duo. Being a well-defined geographical space, the territory enjoys a
particularity from a social and cultural point of view; it brings together a homogeneous community sharing the
same habits and customs. However, we find in the same territory diversity that it either natural or human which,
despite its opposition to the homogeneity of the territory, has an important attraction on which it bases its
development process. The territory therefore becomes a tourist destination with a certain level attractiveness and
competitiveness. The cultural factor is made to generate positive impacts on tourism in general. However, we
must not forget the strengths of territory in terms of natural resources.
Cultural, rural tourism and its close relationship with the territory:
The relationship between cultural tourism and territory is not the same depending on the location. The identity
of the territory, the age and the form of the flow of cultural tourism come online account to define this
relationship. According to professionals in the sector there is a typology according to which we can define four
regions of cultural and rural tourism being:
The potential tourist areas of Ouazzane-Chaouen: In this scenario, the territory has an attraction potential which,
if duly valued, can attract a tourist flow.
Tourism activity is marginal for the moment. To create a flow of cultural and rural tourism, these regions are
implementing new cultural and rural tourism products thanks to the implementation tourism of culture and
nature, that is to say the opening and adaptation of the cultural and rural offer to a tourist clientele.
Expanding tourist areas: In these regions, demand tourism is expanding. The cultural tourism offer already
exists, but it is increasing in volume and is diversifying to adapt to growing demand, particularly in terms of
concerns receptive capacities and complementary para-receptive services. If the cultural tourism products
already exist, they are changing, in particular to allow the positive development of the territory's image.
To complete the offer, investments infrastructure can be carried out. The mature Ouazzane-Chaouen tourist
regions: The mature tourist regions have an image, tourism products and tourism flows stabilized.
Tourism demand still growing, but slower than in a growing tourist region. The typological composition of
demand is also stabilizing and allows local supply to reorganize sustainably to fully adapt to it.
The tourist regions of Ouazzane-Chaouen saturated: In these areas, the accommodation capacities of tourist
flow are exceeded. Consequently, the attractiveness of the region decreases and the tourist flow can go towards
competing territories. Demand, prices and investment level decrease. There is a disqualification of the tourist
flow, the image and the attractiveness of the territory.
This territory, from a geographic area to a tourist destination: The notions of space and territory are omnipresent
in geography and seem to refer to two fundamental conceptions of this discipline, they are approached to several
times but sometimes they are opposed. However we see that their opposition is also built, and can be exceeded.
These two notions are not really present at the beginning of geography, but develop through other notions: the
notion of environment, the notion of region, etc. … In Indeed, it is a question of getting out of the idea of
geography as a simple framework of history for scientifically build the discipline, find specific forms of
explanation, as well geography is close to a naturalist model. The territory is a type of space, it is also the
identity, ideal and imaginary of space, which refers as in classical geography to organized space, for production.
Nevertheless, the geographic nuances of a territory are reflected in the form of exploitable assets in the context
of promoting the territory as a destination nature tourism or ecotourism. Consequently this geographic space,
with all its natural potential and its cultural richness, becomes a tourist brand and is positioned among the
competitors of the tourism market. This brings positive points to level of attractiveness which depends on the
resource itself. We arrive at the phase where the territory acquires a tourist vocation, starting which claims to
have a place among tourist destinations on a regional scale. A monitoring system is recommended, in particular
the tourism barometer and observatories regional. It is a vocation that the territory must preserve but which also
admits the "assessment.
III SECTION: The tourist vocation of the territory:
5. What Governance for Tourist Areas: The Case of Ouazzane-Chefchaouen Morocco.
International Journal of Business Marketing and Management (IJBMM) Page 82
It is a question of referring then to the geographical space, subsystem of the territory, and symbolic or ideal, this
time in relation to the systems of representation that guide societies in their apprehension of their
"Environment". One thing is clear; tourism can be a lever for local development at regional level. A booming
sector, it stimulates traditional economic activities and highlighting cultural peculiarities while providing
employment opportunities for young people. Tourism is not however not the panacea to solve the problems of
development and all the territories are not predisposed to it. It would be wrong to see in this sector the only
possible alternative to agriculture or other local economic activity in difficulty. Only an evaluation rigorous,
taking into account supply, demand, competition and market trends can be used to confirm whether a territory
really has the potential to tourism development that can justify investments.
Beyond the lighting it provides on tourist opportunities in territory, this assessment also makes it possible to
overcome significant handicaps and avoid number of errors. For example:
- A wrong vision of the tourist vocation can cause an oversizing of projects, with negative effects on the
environment (pollution, degradation of natural sites, etc.), culture (loss or “folklorization” of local identity, etc.),
economic activity of territory (dependence, increase in the cost of living, indebtedness of municipalities, etc.);
- Poor perception of the characteristics and specificities of the territory makes it difficult the development of an
original local tourist offer making it possible to differentiate from regions comparable competitors. According to
the European Leader Observatory, the potential of a territory is assessed in two main phases which are essential,
the analysis of the situation and the diagnosis.
Figure3: Lake Boudaroua development plan
The majority of the tourism sector's contribution to the local economy remains low given the natural and
sociocultural resources of the province. However Chefchaouen and Ouazzane weigh very little in the Moroccan
tourist map, if we draw a parallel between the tourist indicators of the province to the national ensemble. Most
of the tourism infrastructure is concentrated mainly in the two cities of Chefchaouen-Ouazzane which has 5
classified hotels.
6. What Governance for Tourist Areas: The Case of Ouazzane-Chefchaouen Morocco.
International Journal of Business Marketing and Management (IJBMM) Page 83
Source: taken by ourselves
Figure 4: the Hailloula festivity site
It is obvious, therefore, that tourism development is almost always driven by economic motives that favor the
interests of those who take or influence decisions. The implementation strategy subject to the dictates of any
one, economic and political powers entails: a revaluation of the environment and a new growth of cultural
values; a transformation of the environment leading to the destruction of ambient cultural values through the
imposition of values and patterns of behavior of those. Who invade the tourist area?
For Tourism has for some years been considered as an "almost miracle" solution to regional disparities and the
problems of disadvantaged countries ....,it is worth remembering that the classic assertion that tourism is the
panacea for economic ills is more a slogan than an economic analysis. Several reasons militate in favor of this
widespread opinion. By its very nature, the tourism industry has apparent advantages, namely a propensity to
create job creation (in a very large proportion) and income (in the form of remuneration for workers) when it is
set up. on the level of prices (consumer goods), an economic equilibrium on the various economic variables and
on the basis and the economic structure of the area, (know-how, labor, reallocation of resources, capital , lead to
investments in companies where implementation is considered relatively easy (technology is not very complex,
with short implementation times, etc.).
7. What Governance for Tourist Areas: The Case of Ouazzane-Chefchaouen Morocco.
International Journal of Business Marketing and Management (IJBMM) Page 84
Clearly, however, the benefits are partly and sometimes fully offset by inconsistent, seasonal and cyclical
limitations to the characteristics of the industry itself and the industrial structure of the region where it is
located.
That is to say, the economic value of tourism in this good corner of the Kingdom is largely the function of the
very structure of the local economy, the role that this type of tourism will play as a factor of local development
is in the majority of cases much more global than the direct economic benefits suggest.
Ultimately, these few rules of conduct, planning, and development of ways to reconnect with key local
economic variables, remain a cultural experience and a natural blend of which the local tourism industry will
also receive a useful boost. , whose sustainable development is a point of honor of the strategy of tourism in
Morocco (vision 2020), one leans on the past, one develops the present, and one questions the future?
Figure 5: northern development agency portal
The analysis of the impact of the development of the tourist industry in rural and cultural areas is approached
taking into account that its activities are difficult to define, that its external aspect hides economic ramifications
and that its monetary profitability is not aspect of the overall impact it exerts.
Indeed, the two provinces are full of a variety is now a major tourist attraction this area has many strengths but
several weaknesses constitute a handicap to the development of the national strategy of development of the
sector. Research that has been done in this context, seeks to highlight the issue of the conduct of economic
policy in a potential field: the case of Chefchaouen and Ouazzane as a small developing economy that can turn
into a great commercial and tourist enterprise.
However, the diagnostic elements highlight various problems and paradoxes. Hence the central question
revolves around the absence of a real territorial tourism development strategy, which summarizes the various
other associated issues, namely a poor exploitation of resources, low tourism profitability, low valuation tourism
image, disjointed management of the sector, lack of communication and visibility, poor distribution of tourist
flows, lack of quality and diversification of supply, unskilled human resources, unprofessional tourism
companies, governance issues, no business intelligence, lack of statistical studies, lack of information
centralization mechanism, accommodation capacity around 1000 beds including unclassified accommodation,
arrivals and nights have little weight in the national tourism scene, the number of nights has never 40000 and
therefore the stay of tourists remains very short (1 and 2 days).
The province is absent in tourist brochures of tour operators. The province's tourism infrastructure has not
evolved concomitantly with the needs and imperatives of the sector, and has even deteriorated considerably. The
isolation of the sites, the lack of means of communication, the lack of investment initiatives and the
modernization of the tourism sector are all factors against the rational and pragmatic exploitation of the
8. What Governance for Tourist Areas: The Case of Ouazzane-Chefchaouen Morocco.
International Journal of Business Marketing and Management (IJBMM) Page 85
province's tourism potential. The province's tourism policy must focus on making a tourism product that
highlights the diversity of local opportunities. In addition, the absence of a provincial tourism delegation
hampers the development of this sector at the provincial level. In addition, tourism activity in this province is
seasonal.
Faced with this problem tree, a contradiction that presents the region, and which will lead him to seek the keys
of a tourist model in coherence with its values and its potentialities, but especially to change the perceived and
lived image of the desired image and the lorgnate image.
The methodology:
The methodology followed in this work must take into account the charachristics of the subject treated. Being a
topical subject, territorial governance in Morocco is in its embryonic state and its impacts are difficult to
measure. We were satisfied at first with the observation of the changing political arena. This phase was
accompanied by readings and information gathering. We thus aim to understand this concept and conceptualize
it in a theoretical framework allowing assimilating this paradigm.
IV. AIMS
As such and others, our experience in a specific field of investigation can serve as a reference for other
researchers. The ultimate goal is also linked to the development model of a region in turmoil.
Indeed, this thesis is part of a logic of analysis of an evolutionary phase of spatial relations tourism and
economic in a region undergoing transformation and reorganization. It allows influencing the decision in the
sense of a rebalancing spatial, tourist but also economic, and social that would allow a functioning adapted to
the scale of the ambitions of the population of the Country Jbala of Morocco at the local and regional level.
It was therefore necessary to adopt a coherent work method that integrates several elements in order to study the
impact of the 2020 vision on regional spatial and economic development in the North of Morocco through:
- Theoretical analysis of the 2020 vision and sustainable local development.
- An empirical study, aimed essentially at doubling the size of the sector at the regional level. The aim is to
analyze the impact of the projects carried out within the framework of this strategy on the economic and social
development of the region.
- Recommendations to improve the action of local development actors involved in projects A new governance
structure, capable of providing the necessary dynamics and leadership, in order to optimize the impacts of the
latter on all the components of the territories concerned.
- An integrated approach of sustainable development, respectful of the environment and socio-cultural
authenticity.
- Based on the experience of the project and in light of the lessons learned, we recommend that the following
activities be considered to further develop cultural and rural tourism in Morocco:
9. What Governance for Tourist Areas: The Case of Ouazzane-Chefchaouen Morocco.
International Journal of Business Marketing and Management (IJBMM) Page 86
Source: Made by ourselves
Le
.
Conclusion
The potential articulation / product / type of
redevelopment and renovation
Type of tourism potential determines
Type of tourism product.
Type of tourism development
Different
tourism
products
Rural
tourism
Cultural
tourism
So
different
tourism
potentials
give rise
to:
10. What Governance for Tourist Areas: The Case of Ouazzane-Chefchaouen Morocco.
International Journal of Business Marketing and Management (IJBMM) Page 87
Source: Made by ourselves
FUTURE ACTIONS
• Promote and strengthen the capacities of the Rural and Cultural Tourism Department.
• Update and launch the website for rural and cultural tourism developed with USAID support, making it a
dynamic site where users can find relevant, reliable and regularly updated information.
• Organize annual national trade fairs to allow PAT3 and private rural tourism providers to promote themselves
by keeping incoming agents aware of new developments and products.
• Organize a study trip for the northern giants, where rural tourism is better organized and more developed.
• Train tourism information center staff on customer focus, visitor expectations, and regional attractions.
• Organize a workshop with Moroccan banks on the financing of cultural and rural tourism projects and carry
out case studies on investment returns and repayment terms
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The cities of Ouazzane-Chaouen were ranked as the 20 top tourist destinations to discover in 2019 Instagram,
according to the English news site Stepfeed based in Dubai.
BUZZEFF.TV
.
REFERENCES
1. Hamid El AMOURI. 2004 adminstration,governance, and public decision,(Dir ALI sedraji)
2. ADL. 2002, Inventory of Tourism Resources and Potentials of Chefchaouen Province.
3. The morning. 07 February 2016, Mobilization around solidarity and responsible tourism "Forum
Solidarity tourism, lever of local development" is the theme of a meeting organized in the province of
Ouazzane.
4. Ministry of Tourism. UNWTO. Pnud, 2002, Rural Tourism Development Strategy, Ministry of
Tourism, General Secretariat, Rural Tourism Development Bureau 261 P
5. Ministry of Tourism. 2017, Annual Report of the Provincial Tourism Delegation of Tetouan, the
Stepfeed Anglophone news website based in Dubai.
6. THOMPSON E. 2011, Implementation of ecotourism for the conservation of natural resources in
protected areas: Case study of Talassemtane National Park, Chefchaouen, Morocco, Master thesis,
AgroParisTech-ENGREF
Scientific Review Articles:
Jean-Pierre Gaudin. Why governance ? Paris: Presses de Sciences Po. 2002
Marc Gramberger. Partner citizens. OECD Handbook on Information, consultation and participation in the
formulation of public policies. 2002
Marc Hufty. “Proposal for implementing the concept of governance: the analytical framework of governance
»2009
Marie-Claude Smouts, Dario Battistella and Pascal Vennesson. Dictionary of relationships conferences:
Doctrines concepts approaches, Paris: Dalloz 2003
Marie-Françoise Lanfant. Commodification, culture and tourism. 1995
Michel Picard. Bali, Cultural tourism and tourist culture. 1992
Olivier Lazzarotti. Geography in the tourist controversy. 1994
Olivier PAYE. “Governance: From a polysemic notion to a Politological concept”, International studies. 2005
11. What Governance for Tourist Areas: The Case of Ouazzane-Chefchaouen Morocco.
International Journal of Business Marketing and Management (IJBMM) Page 88
Reports:
Regionalization advisory committee. Premier Book, General
http://www.ces.ma/Documents/PDF/Web-Rapport-NMDPSR
National Vision 2020 Program Contract.
Www.fnih.ma/download/CPN-VISION%202020.pdf.
Semi-structured interviews:
Mr. Driss Hammouch. Responsible for the permanent secretariat of the Superior Council of territory planning.
Mr. Mustapha Ibrahimi, Head of Strategy and Planning Division at the Ministry of Tourism.
Ms. Latifa NEHNAHI, Head of the Evaluation and Prospective Division at the Regional Planning Department.