What are codons, the genetic code, redundancy, and reading frames.pdf
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What are codons, the genetic code, redundancy, and reading frames? What are the important structural features of a tRNA? What is the relationship between the number of possible codons, amino acids, and tRNAs? What is tRNA charging? What is the enzyme responsible for tRNA charging? What are ribosomes made of? What are the roles of the large and small subunit? What are the E, P, and A sites? What is the function of the rRNAs? What are the steps in translation including initiation, elongation, and termination? What are the roles of the initiator tRNA, translation initiation factors, EF-Tu/EF1, EF-G/EF2, and release factors? What is the match between a codon and tRNA proofread? What is a polysome? What do proteasomes, ubiquitin, and proteases have to do with protein degradation (proteolysis)? Solution Codons: These are three letter codes, each letter coding for one of the four nitrogenous bases. These codons make up the genetic code. Each codon identifies one amino acid. Genetic code: The genetic code is made up of 64 different combination of codons which codes for 20 different amino acids. Redundancy: Although genetic code is made up of 64 codons, however there are only 20 amino acids. This is because more than one codons can code for single amino acids. This is why genetic code is redundant. Reading frame: Reading frame is a way of dividing the genetic code into triplet codons that ends in a stop codon such that it can be finally translated into functional proteins..
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Differences in translation and transcription in prokaryotes and e.pdf
Differences in translation and transcription in prokaryotes and eukaryotes?
Differences in translation and transcription in prokaryotes and eukaryotes?
Solution
Transcription is the generation of RNA molecules from DNA and Translation is the generation
of protein molecules from RNA. In this way the information from DNA is passed for synthesis
of new proteins or enzymes. Although the basic concepts of transcription and translation are
same into prokaryotes and eukaryotes but due to organizational differences between the two cell
types some differences are there in their transcription and translation.
Because in prokaryotes there are no nucleus both processes here take place in cytoplasm. But in
eukaryotes RNA transcript generation and post transcriptional processing occurs in nucleus.
Apart from that following differences are present in transcription for the two cell types.
In transcription RNA polymerase is responsible for reading the codes of DNA. Three types of
RNA molecules are there: rRNA for ribosomal RNA, mRNA or messenger RNA for all RNA
except ribosomal and tRNA and tRNA or transfer RNA required during translation or transfer of
information from RNA to protein. In prokaryotes all the three types of RNA are produced by
single type of RNA polymerase and the polymerase is composed of five polypeptides. In
eukaryotes there are three types of polymerases namely rRNA is transcriped by RNA Pol I,
mRNA by Pol II and tRNA by Pol III. Each type is composed of 10-15 polypeptides.
Transcription has three phases: Initiation, elongation and termination. Seperate enzymes and
protein factors are required during each phase. In prokaryotes no initiation factors are there &
number of elongation factors are much less than prokaryotes. In eukaryotes initiation factors are
TFIIA, TFIIB, TFIID, TFIIE, TFIIF and TFIIH.
Another major difference is the polycistronic nature of mRNA in prokaryotes i.e genes more
than one present on a single mRNA transcript. But eukaryotic mRNA is monocistronic i.e each
mRNA contains a single gene.
In prokaryotes termination is of 2 types rho factor dependent and rho factor independent. But in
eukaryotes transcripts are vary long and actual process is still unknown.
After generation of primary transcript the post transcriptional processing of the RNAs are less
complex in prokaryotes in comparison to eukaryotes. In prokaryotes translation begins
immediately following transcription. But in eukaryotes all the three types of RNAs undergo
many post transcriptional modifications where the unnecessary sequences are cut off and some
sequences are also added up. For example 5\' capping, addition of the poly A tail, and splicing.
The 5\' capping reaction replaces the triphosphate group at the 5\' end of the RNA chain with a
special nucleotide that is referred to as the 5\' cap. It is thought to help with mRNA recognition
by the ribosome during translation. A modification also takes place at the opposite end of the
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Protein synthesis involves transcription of DNA to mRNA in the nucleus, which is then transported to the cytoplasm and translated to a protein with the help of ribosomes. During transcription, RNA polymerase builds mRNA along the DNA template strand in 5' to 3' direction. Translation then occurs as ribosomes read the mRNA to assemble a polypeptide chain based on the three-nucleotide genetic code. There are start and stop codons that signal the beginning and end of protein synthesis.
6. DNA
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Transcription in Eukaryotes-Complete.ppt
TRANSCRIPTION IN EUKARYOTES
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MECHANISM OF TRANSCRIPTION IN EUKARYOTES:
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- ELONGATION
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ACTIVATORS, MEDIATORS & CHROMATIN MODIFYING PROTEINS
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for more notes of biology and lifescience visit
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Differences in translation and transcription in prokaryotes and e.pdf
Differences in translation and transcription in prokaryotes and eukaryotes?
Differences in translation and transcription in prokaryotes and eukaryotes?
Solution
Transcription is the generation of RNA molecules from DNA and Translation is the generation
of protein molecules from RNA. In this way the information from DNA is passed for synthesis
of new proteins or enzymes. Although the basic concepts of transcription and translation are
same into prokaryotes and eukaryotes but due to organizational differences between the two cell
types some differences are there in their transcription and translation.
Because in prokaryotes there are no nucleus both processes here take place in cytoplasm. But in
eukaryotes RNA transcript generation and post transcriptional processing occurs in nucleus.
Apart from that following differences are present in transcription for the two cell types.
In transcription RNA polymerase is responsible for reading the codes of DNA. Three types of
RNA molecules are there: rRNA for ribosomal RNA, mRNA or messenger RNA for all RNA
except ribosomal and tRNA and tRNA or transfer RNA required during translation or transfer of
information from RNA to protein. In prokaryotes all the three types of RNA are produced by
single type of RNA polymerase and the polymerase is composed of five polypeptides. In
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mRNA by Pol II and tRNA by Pol III. Each type is composed of 10-15 polypeptides.
Transcription has three phases: Initiation, elongation and termination. Seperate enzymes and
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After generation of primary transcript the post transcriptional processing of the RNAs are less
complex in prokaryotes in comparison to eukaryotes. In prokaryotes translation begins
immediately following transcription. But in eukaryotes all the three types of RNAs undergo
many post transcriptional modifications where the unnecessary sequences are cut off and some
sequences are also added up. For example 5\' capping, addition of the poly A tail, and splicing.
The 5\' capping reaction replaces the triphosphate group at the 5\' end of the RNA chain with a
special nucleotide that is referred to as the 5\' cap. It is thought to help with mRNA recognition
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Protein synthesis involves transcription of DNA to mRNA in the nucleus, which is then transported to the cytoplasm and translated to a protein with the help of ribosomes. During transcription, RNA polymerase builds mRNA along the DNA template strand in 5' to 3' direction. Translation then occurs as ribosomes read the mRNA to assemble a polypeptide chain based on the three-nucleotide genetic code. There are start and stop codons that signal the beginning and end of protein synthesis.
6. DNA
DNA contains the genetic instructions used in the synthesis of proteins. It is transcribed into mRNA which is translated by ribosomes to produce proteins. There are 20 standard amino acids that join together via peptide bonds to form polypeptide chains that fold into specific three-dimensional shapes defined by the genetic code. The shape of the protein determines its function in the cell.
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INTRODUCTION
TYPES OF RNA
A STRUCTURAL GENE
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- INITIATION
- ELONGATION
- TERMINATION
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ACTIVATORS, MEDIATORS & CHROMATIN MODIFYING PROTEINS
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upladed by bioguru..
for more notes of biology and lifescience visit
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4,transcription
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Translation and post translation tmmo502 19012018
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3.5 transcription & translation
DNA and RNA both contain nucleotides with sugars, bases, and phosphates. DNA contains deoxyribose and thymine, while RNA contains ribose and uracil. DNA exists as two strands, while RNA exists as a single strand. The genetic code uses three-base sequences called codons to specify the twenty amino acids. Transcription produces mRNA from DNA, and translation uses mRNA, tRNA, ribosomes and amino acids to assemble polypeptides specified by mRNA codons. Originally it was believed one gene specified one polypeptide, but exceptions to this rule have been discovered.
Genetic Information Transfer (Biology for Engineers)
Information Transfer: Purpose: The molecular basis of coding and
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single stranded to double helix to nucleosomes. Concept of genetic code.
Universality and degeneracy of genetic code. Define gene in terms of
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The document discusses gene expression and transcription. It defines gene expression as the process by which a gene's information is converted into functional molecules like proteins or RNA. Transcription is the first step, where RNA polymerase makes an RNA copy of the gene. In eukaryotes, the initial RNA copy undergoes processing like capping, polyadenylation, and splicing before becoming messenger RNA. The mRNA is then transported out of the nucleus and translated by ribosomes into a protein product.
Genes code for gene products. What does this statement mean Briefly.pdf
Genes code for gene products. What does this statement mean? Briefly describe the structure of
DNA by using the following terms: nucleotide, strand, complementary, deoxyribose, phosphate,
anti-parallel, base pairing, adenine, cytosine. How many DNA molecules are in a chromosome?
How many genes are in an average bacterial chromosome? What is the purpose of DNA
replication? (\"To make more DNA\" would not be a complete answer.) Summarize the process
of DNA replication by using the following terms: replication fork, template, nucleotide, primer,
DNA polymerase, DNA ligase. (Know what each term means.) Summarize the process of RNA
synthesis (transcription) by using the following terms: template, promo RNA polymerase,
rRNA, mRNA, tRNA, terminator. (Know what each term means.) Where are operons found and
what is the advantage of organization of genes within operons? What are some fundamental
differences in organization of genes between prokaryotes and eukaryotes? How do eukaryotes
produce mRNA that they can use for translation? Summarize the process of protein synthesis
(translation) by using the following terms: genetic code, ribosome, mRNA, protein, amino acid,
tRNA, codon, anticodon, start codon, stop codons, polypeptide. (Know what each term means.)
Be able to predict the sequence of a complementary strand in both DNA and RNA synthesis, w
hen the template sequence is given. Be able to use genetic code table to predict amino-acid
sequence of a encoded by a nucleic acid, when the nucleic acid sequence is given. Classify
mutations by type and briefly describe how mutations arise, are prevented or repaired. Explain
why mutations are important by giving at least three different examples. Why do bacteria and
viruses mutate so much faster than eukaryotes? What are some consequences of Briefly explain
(and be able to compare and contrast) three different mechanisms of horizontal gene in bacteria:
transformation, conjugation and transduction. What are some practical implications of these
phenomena?
Solution
3. Genes code for gene products
Gene is a portion of DNA. It is made up of nucleotide sequences. It expresses itself and transfer
from one generation to next generation.
Gene expression means the nucleotide sequence is used for synthesizing a biomolecules-
generally it is protein but it may be RNA molecules. Here gene products are those proteins and
RNAs.
4. Structure of DNA
DNA or deoxyribonucleic acid is the molecule that contains all genetic information of an
organism.
DNA has a double helix shape, which is like a ladder twisted into a spiral. Each spiral is
composed of polynucleotides. Each nucleotide is made up of - deoxyribose, a kind of sugar with
5 carbon atoms; a phosphate group made of phosphorus and oxygen, and nitrogenous base. There
are four types of nucleotide: Adenine (A), Thymine (T), Cytosine (C), Guanine (G). Nucleotides
are joined to one another by covalent bonds between the sugar of one nucleotide and the
phosphate of the next, kn.
LO32 Identify the differences between transcription and translation LO.docx
LO32 Identify the differences between transcription and translation LO33 identify the parts of a mature RNA Why doesn't the first line of DNA have a corresponding amino acid below? Beratise the first line corresponds to the 5 UTR Pecause there is a mutation that coces for a stop codon in that part Because the first in e corresponds to the promoter Because the genetic code is degenerated and some codons do not code for anything Question 14 0/1 pts LO36 Explain why the genetic code is degenerated If we focus on line 2 of the troponin gene And knowing that each letter of the alphabet represent a different amino-acid, what can you conclude based only on the diagram? There are more than one codon that codes for the Eamino acid the codons that are symonimous for the A amino acid are affectes by the wockle effect All amino acids in the picture can be coded by at least two ditferent codons There are more than one amino acid that is coded by the GAG codon LO33 Identify the parts of a mature mRNA Remember the image represents the DNA sequence of the troponin gene. However, you are not getting the entire DNA sequence of the troponin gene. You are seeing the 5 ' strand starting in position 1. Although the MRNA is different from the DNA, if you were to transcribe the gene as provided into RNA, what would you be missing if you compare it to an IMMATURE RNA molecule? The stop codon The introns: The promoter The exons The start codon
.
The flow of genetic information translation (1)
Genetics dentistry part 1 2017
Lama El Banna
https://dentist2015blog.wordpress.com/2017/06/11/genetics/
Lesson 13.2
1) Ribosomes use the sequence of codons in mRNA to assemble amino acids into polypeptide chains through the process of translation.
2) Messenger RNA carries codons that are read by ribosomes to direct the binding of transfer RNA molecules and the addition of amino acids to form a polypeptide chain.
3) The central dogma of molecular biology is that genetic information flows from DNA to RNA to protein, with DNA containing the genetic instructions and proteins performing most functions in cells.
Translation
Translation is the process by which the genetic code in mRNA is used to direct the synthesis of proteins. It involves three main steps - initiation, elongation, and termination. Initiation requires the small and large ribosomal subunits to assemble around an mRNA molecule along with initiator tRNA and other initiation factors. Elongation then adds amino acids one by one to the growing polypeptide chain according to the mRNA codons. Termination occurs when a stop codon is reached, causing the ribosome to dissociate and release the complete protein.
08 transcription, translation and mutation
This document discusses transcription, translation, and mutations. It explains that DNA is transcribed into mRNA which is then translated into proteins. Transcription occurs when mRNA is produced using one DNA strand as a template. Translation occurs when the mRNA code is read by ribosomes to produce a protein. Mutations can occur during transcription or via external factors damaging DNA. Mutations result in substitutions, insertions, or deletions of DNA bases and can impact proteins and organism characteristics.
Genetic code
Genetic code describes codons that code amino acids. Contents are well defined according to process central dogma specially Translation mechanism.
match the following attributes to the parts of a compilerstrips ou.pdf
match the following attributes to the parts of a compiler
strips out the comments and whitespace
converts text into lexemes
generates an Abstrat Symbol Tree
recursive descent or table driven
uses BNF or EBNF definitions
a. lexer
b. parser
Solution
The Program and Portfolio Management Maturity Model is an effective tool for organizations to
decide quickly what PPM improvements they should make to enhance their organization\'s
ability to optimize investments, execute big changes and deliver value.
Overview
Key Findings
Real project, program and portfolio management, when operating at the level of well-integrated
practices, is the key enabler that allows organizations to identify and execute strategic change.
Any meaningful undertakings to enhance or evolve the program and portfolio management
(PPM) function must pay more than lip service to organizational structure, business model and
culture to have any chance of success.
Competitive pressures and changing market conditions are forcing organizations toward Level 3,
and most organizations still aren\'t ready to make the leap.
Recommendations
At any level of PPM maturity, focus first on helping the organization make well-informed
investment choices. This will improve the odds of project success more than any other factor.
For organizations that require enterprisewide change and capabilities, it is worth the effort to
pursue Level 4, where enterprise PPM practices are built.
Identify objectives for your enterprise, and use them to identify the most salient improvement
opportunities for your enterprise.
Meticulously manage the change involved in maturing/improving your PPM capabilities.
Analysis
Project/program/portfolio management office (PMO) leaders, program managers and portfolio
managers are frequently challenged by ineffective processes, lack of stakeholder engagement and
difficult-to-quantify value. 1 Part of the problem is failure to match their processes, people and
technology approaches to the maturity level of their organizations. 2
The Gartner Program and Portfolio Management (PPM) Maturity Model assessment is designed
to help PPM leaders understand best practices around large project management, as well as PPM
to handle delivery of strategic value. This model assumes that organizations progress through a
maturity curve and that each level of organizational maturity directly affects the level of
investment and types of PPM approaches organizations choose to adopt.
arsing
A parser is an algorithm that determines whether a given input string is in a language and, as a
side-effect, usually produces a parse tree for the input. There is a procedure for generating a
parser from a given context-free grammar.
Recursive-Descent Parsing
Recursive-descent parsing is one of the simplest parsing techniques that is used in practice.
Recursive-descent parsers are also called top-down parsers, since they construct the parse tree
top down (rather than bottom up).
The basic idea of recursive-descent par.
Multiple-Choice Which one is a discrete variableRadius of a ball.pdf
Multiple-Choice: Which one is a discrete variable?
Radius of a ball in an urn
Weight of a ball in an urn
Diameter of a ball in an urn
Number of balls in an urn
Solution
A discrete variable can only take up some specific values.
Hence,
OPTION D: Number of balls in an urn [ANSWER]
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Protein Syntheis
A gene is selected for protein production and RNA polymerase unwinds the DNA at that gene. It uses one DNA strand as a template to produce mRNA through transcription. The primary mRNA transcript is processed to remove introns, leaving exons that are spliced together. The mature mRNA then binds to ribosomes for translation, where tRNA matches its anticodon to mRNA codons and carries the corresponding amino acids. The ribosome catalyzes peptide bond formation between amino acids specified by mRNA to produce the protein.
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The genetic code is universal and specifies how nucleotides in DNA and mRNA are translated to amino acids in proteins. It uses 64 codons consisting of 3 nucleotides each to encode the 20 standard amino acids. The code is degenerate, with most amino acids specified by multiple codons. It also has start and stop codons to initiate and terminate translation. Wobble base pairing in the third codon position allows fewer tRNAs to recognize all codons.
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2. In eukaryotes, transcription and translation are separated in space and time, and primary RNA transcripts undergo extensive processing.
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The document discusses the genetic code and process of translation. It explains that DNA or mRNA carries the genetic code to produce proteins using codons. There are 64 possible codon combinations that code for 21 amino acids, with some codons coding for the same amino acid. Transfer RNA (tRNA) molecules contain anticodons that bind to codons and attach the corresponding amino acid. The ribosome then synthesizes proteins using the mRNA template through reading the codons and incorporating amino acids.
RNA- STRUCTURE AND FUNCTIONS
Ribonucleic acid (RNA) is a polymeric molecule essential in various biological roles in coding, decoding, regulation, and expression of genes. RNA and DNA are nucleic acids, and, along with proteins and carbohydrates, constitute the four major macromolecules essential for all known forms of life. Like DNA, RNA is assembled as a chain of nucleotides, but unlike DNA it is more often found in nature as a single-strand folded onto itself, rather than a paired double-strand.
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replication? (\"To make more DNA\" would not be a complete answer.) Summarize the process
of DNA replication by using the following terms: replication fork, template, nucleotide, primer,
DNA polymerase, DNA ligase. (Know what each term means.) Summarize the process of RNA
synthesis (transcription) by using the following terms: template, promo RNA polymerase,
rRNA, mRNA, tRNA, terminator. (Know what each term means.) Where are operons found and
what is the advantage of organization of genes within operons? What are some fundamental
differences in organization of genes between prokaryotes and eukaryotes? How do eukaryotes
produce mRNA that they can use for translation? Summarize the process of protein synthesis
(translation) by using the following terms: genetic code, ribosome, mRNA, protein, amino acid,
tRNA, codon, anticodon, start codon, stop codons, polypeptide. (Know what each term means.)
Be able to predict the sequence of a complementary strand in both DNA and RNA synthesis, w
hen the template sequence is given. Be able to use genetic code table to predict amino-acid
sequence of a encoded by a nucleic acid, when the nucleic acid sequence is given. Classify
mutations by type and briefly describe how mutations arise, are prevented or repaired. Explain
why mutations are important by giving at least three different examples. Why do bacteria and
viruses mutate so much faster than eukaryotes? What are some consequences of Briefly explain
(and be able to compare and contrast) three different mechanisms of horizontal gene in bacteria:
transformation, conjugation and transduction. What are some practical implications of these
phenomena?
Solution
3. Genes code for gene products
Gene is a portion of DNA. It is made up of nucleotide sequences. It expresses itself and transfer
from one generation to next generation.
Gene expression means the nucleotide sequence is used for synthesizing a biomolecules-
generally it is protein but it may be RNA molecules. Here gene products are those proteins and
RNAs.
4. Structure of DNA
DNA or deoxyribonucleic acid is the molecule that contains all genetic information of an
organism.
DNA has a double helix shape, which is like a ladder twisted into a spiral. Each spiral is
composed of polynucleotides. Each nucleotide is made up of - deoxyribose, a kind of sugar with
5 carbon atoms; a phosphate group made of phosphorus and oxygen, and nitrogenous base. There
are four types of nucleotide: Adenine (A), Thymine (T), Cytosine (C), Guanine (G). Nucleotides
are joined to one another by covalent bonds between the sugar of one nucleotide and the
phosphate of the next, kn.
LO32 Identify the differences between transcription and translation LO.docx
LO32 Identify the differences between transcription and translation LO33 identify the parts of a mature RNA Why doesn't the first line of DNA have a corresponding amino acid below? Beratise the first line corresponds to the 5 UTR Pecause there is a mutation that coces for a stop codon in that part Because the first in e corresponds to the promoter Because the genetic code is degenerated and some codons do not code for anything Question 14 0/1 pts LO36 Explain why the genetic code is degenerated If we focus on line 2 of the troponin gene And knowing that each letter of the alphabet represent a different amino-acid, what can you conclude based only on the diagram? There are more than one codon that codes for the Eamino acid the codons that are symonimous for the A amino acid are affectes by the wockle effect All amino acids in the picture can be coded by at least two ditferent codons There are more than one amino acid that is coded by the GAG codon LO33 Identify the parts of a mature mRNA Remember the image represents the DNA sequence of the troponin gene. However, you are not getting the entire DNA sequence of the troponin gene. You are seeing the 5 ' strand starting in position 1. Although the MRNA is different from the DNA, if you were to transcribe the gene as provided into RNA, what would you be missing if you compare it to an IMMATURE RNA molecule? The stop codon The introns: The promoter The exons The start codon
.
The flow of genetic information translation (1)
Genetics dentistry part 1 2017
Lama El Banna
https://dentist2015blog.wordpress.com/2017/06/11/genetics/
Lesson 13.2
1) Ribosomes use the sequence of codons in mRNA to assemble amino acids into polypeptide chains through the process of translation.
2) Messenger RNA carries codons that are read by ribosomes to direct the binding of transfer RNA molecules and the addition of amino acids to form a polypeptide chain.
3) The central dogma of molecular biology is that genetic information flows from DNA to RNA to protein, with DNA containing the genetic instructions and proteins performing most functions in cells.
Translation
Translation is the process by which the genetic code in mRNA is used to direct the synthesis of proteins. It involves three main steps - initiation, elongation, and termination. Initiation requires the small and large ribosomal subunits to assemble around an mRNA molecule along with initiator tRNA and other initiation factors. Elongation then adds amino acids one by one to the growing polypeptide chain according to the mRNA codons. Termination occurs when a stop codon is reached, causing the ribosome to dissociate and release the complete protein.
08 transcription, translation and mutation
This document discusses transcription, translation, and mutations. It explains that DNA is transcribed into mRNA which is then translated into proteins. Transcription occurs when mRNA is produced using one DNA strand as a template. Translation occurs when the mRNA code is read by ribosomes to produce a protein. Mutations can occur during transcription or via external factors damaging DNA. Mutations result in substitutions, insertions, or deletions of DNA bases and can impact proteins and organism characteristics.
Genetic code
Genetic code describes codons that code amino acids. Contents are well defined according to process central dogma specially Translation mechanism.
Similar to What are codons, the genetic code, redundancy, and reading frames.pdf (20)
Genetic Information Transfer (Biology for Engineers)
Genetic Information Transfer (Biology for Engineers)
Genes code for gene products. What does this statement mean Briefly.pdf
Genes code for gene products. What does this statement mean Briefly.pdf
LO32 Identify the differences between transcription and translation LO.docx
LO32 Identify the differences between transcription and translation LO.docx
More from arpitaeron555
match the following attributes to the parts of a compilerstrips ou.pdf
match the following attributes to the parts of a compiler
strips out the comments and whitespace
converts text into lexemes
generates an Abstrat Symbol Tree
recursive descent or table driven
uses BNF or EBNF definitions
a. lexer
b. parser
Solution
The Program and Portfolio Management Maturity Model is an effective tool for organizations to
decide quickly what PPM improvements they should make to enhance their organization\'s
ability to optimize investments, execute big changes and deliver value.
Overview
Key Findings
Real project, program and portfolio management, when operating at the level of well-integrated
practices, is the key enabler that allows organizations to identify and execute strategic change.
Any meaningful undertakings to enhance or evolve the program and portfolio management
(PPM) function must pay more than lip service to organizational structure, business model and
culture to have any chance of success.
Competitive pressures and changing market conditions are forcing organizations toward Level 3,
and most organizations still aren\'t ready to make the leap.
Recommendations
At any level of PPM maturity, focus first on helping the organization make well-informed
investment choices. This will improve the odds of project success more than any other factor.
For organizations that require enterprisewide change and capabilities, it is worth the effort to
pursue Level 4, where enterprise PPM practices are built.
Identify objectives for your enterprise, and use them to identify the most salient improvement
opportunities for your enterprise.
Meticulously manage the change involved in maturing/improving your PPM capabilities.
Analysis
Project/program/portfolio management office (PMO) leaders, program managers and portfolio
managers are frequently challenged by ineffective processes, lack of stakeholder engagement and
difficult-to-quantify value. 1 Part of the problem is failure to match their processes, people and
technology approaches to the maturity level of their organizations. 2
The Gartner Program and Portfolio Management (PPM) Maturity Model assessment is designed
to help PPM leaders understand best practices around large project management, as well as PPM
to handle delivery of strategic value. This model assumes that organizations progress through a
maturity curve and that each level of organizational maturity directly affects the level of
investment and types of PPM approaches organizations choose to adopt.
arsing
A parser is an algorithm that determines whether a given input string is in a language and, as a
side-effect, usually produces a parse tree for the input. There is a procedure for generating a
parser from a given context-free grammar.
Recursive-Descent Parsing
Recursive-descent parsing is one of the simplest parsing techniques that is used in practice.
Recursive-descent parsers are also called top-down parsers, since they construct the parse tree
top down (rather than bottom up).
The basic idea of recursive-descent par.
Multiple-Choice Which one is a discrete variableRadius of a ball.pdf
Multiple-Choice: Which one is a discrete variable?
Radius of a ball in an urn
Weight of a ball in an urn
Diameter of a ball in an urn
Number of balls in an urn
Solution
A discrete variable can only take up some specific values.
Hence,
OPTION D: Number of balls in an urn [ANSWER]
as it can only take integer values..
Looking for some help with this assignment. 1. Define distribut.pdf
Looking for some help with this assignment.
1. Define distributed computing and the impact it has had on organizations.
2. Why should you be concerned about the innovation butterfly is you are an IT professional?
3. What is the difference between single threading and multithreading and how would I use it in
a Distributed system?
4. What is a mobile architecture and what are some of the design considerations?
5. Explain why naming conventions are important in large enterprise organizations.
6. What is the difference between a disruptive and a sustaining technology?
7. Describe the difference amongst Mobile, Cloud and Embedded systems.
8. Explain the role time plays in distributed systems and why it is difficult to manage.
9. What are the major challenges IOT plays in a distributed system?
10. How does mobility, ubiquity and PAN increase the complexity of distributed systems.
Solution
1)
sol:defnition:
it is a one type of model where software components are shared with mutliple computer
to make work easier and gives more effieciency and performance
impact of distributed computing
1)at present it keeps a main roles in organizations ,all the organizations are converting to
distributed system
2)we can process data at one place and access data at one place so there is lot of availability
3)many organization doing thier business process in remote computer and accesing their
database
2)differenece between sustaining and disruptive technology
1)by using sustaining technology improves performance for products which had been established
with the
dimension of the product which gives market to the mainstream customers
2) coming to the disruptive technology bring to market in diffrent praportions of values which
had been
available previously,these disruptive techonolgy underperform which had been established in
main steram market.
Introduction and BackgroundIn recent lectures we discussed usi.pdf
Introduction and Background
In recent lectures we discussed using arrays, classes and interfaces (see newly added course
notes if you want to read ahead about interfaces – we will cover them this week in lecture). In
this lab you will utilize all of these topics to build a simple yet useful new class. Consider the
following interface describing the methods for a simple double ended queue (or deque):
public interface SimpleDeque
{
public void addFront(Object X); // Add Object X at front of list
public void addRear(Object X); // Add Object X at rear of list
// If array is full, add methods should do nothing
public Object removeFront(); // Remove and return Object X from
// front of list
public Object removeRear(); // Remove and return Object X from
// rear of list
// If array is empty, remove methods should return null
public boolean isEmpty(); // Return true if the list is empty
// Return false otherwise
}
A queue has the behavior such that items are added at the rear and removed from the front,
thereby giving a First In First Out (FIFO) access to the items added and subsequently removed
from the list. No other manipulations of the data are permitted (for example, we cannot add or
remove anywhere in the middle). Looking at it \"in reverse\", we could add new items at the
front of the queue and remove them from the rear. This is still providing FIFO access, but just
from a different point of view. Now consider both adding and removing items at the rear of the
list (without ever accessing the front). This is called stack access and gives us Last In First Out
(LIFO) access to the items (the data is removed in reverse order). The same behavior occurs if
we both add and remove at the front without ever accessing the rear of the list.
The simple deque above is expressed as an interface rather than a class, because we are not
describing the data or how it is represented -- we are simply describing its access behavior.
However, to actually build a working deque, we need a class that implements the interface
above. For example:
public class MyDeque implements SimpleDeque
{
Object [] theData;
int numItems;
public MyDeque(int maxItems)
{
theData = new Object[maxItems];
numItems = 0;
}
// Implementation of the five methods of SimpleDeque, plus
// perhaps other methods as well
}
Note that the implementation above uses an array of Object to store the items in the deque. Since
Object is the base class to all other Java classes, an array of Object can thus be used to store any
Java class types (we can even store primitive values if we utilize their wrapper classes). Also
note that nothing in the SimpleDeque interface requires an array to be used to store the data. You
will see in your CS 0445 course that a linked list may in fact be a better implementation than an
array in this case. However, for this implementation we will use an array because it is simple and
easy to understand.
Another important thing to notice about the partial implementation above is tha.
In the binary search, if the array being searched has 32 elements in.pdf
In the binary search, if the array being searched has 32 elements in it, how many elements of the
array must be examined to be certain that the array does not contain the key? What about 1024
elements? Note: the answer is the same regardless of whether the algorithm is recursive or
iterative.
Solution
Binary Search Algorithm- Fundamentals, Implementation and Analysis
Hitesh Garg | May 15, 2015 | algorithms | 5 Comments
Binary Search Algorithm and its Implementation
In our previous tutorial we discussed about Linear search algorithm which is the most basic
algorithm of searching which has some disadvantages in terms of time complexity,so to
overcome them to a level an algorithm based on dichotomic (i.e. selection between two distinct
alternatives) divide and conquer technique is used i.e. Binarysearch algorithm and it is used to
find an element in a sorted array (yes, it is a prerequisite for this algorithm and a limitation too).
In this algorithm we use the sorted array so as to reduce the time complexity to O(log n). In this,
size of the elements reduce to half after each iteration and this is achieved by comparing the
middle element with the key and if they are unequal then we choose the first or second half,
whichever is expected to hold the key (if available) based on the comparison i.e. if array is sorted
in an increasing manner and the key is smaller than middle element than definitely if key exists,
it will be in the first half, we chose it and repeat same operation again and again until key is
found or no more elements are left in the array.
Recursive Pseudocode:
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// initially called with low = 0, high = N – 1
BinarySearch_Right(A[0..N-1], value, low, high) {
// invariants: value >= A[i] for all i < low
value < A[i] for all i > high
if (high < low)
return low
mid = low +((high – low) / 2) // THIS IS AN IMPORTANT STEP TO AVOID BUGS
if (A[mid] > value)
return BinarySearch_Right(A, value, low, mid-1)
else
return BinarySearch_Right(A, value, mid+1, high)
}
Iterative Pseudocode:
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BinarySearch_Right(A[0..N-1], value) {
low = 0
high = N - 1
while (low <= high) {
// invariants: value >= A[i] for all i < low
value < A[i] for all i > high
mid = low +((high – low) / 2) // THIS IS AN IMPORTANT STEP TO AVOID BUGS
if (A[mid] > value)
high = mid - 1
else
low = mid + 1
}
return low
}
Asymptotic Analysis
Since this algorithm halves the no of elements to be checked after every iteration it will take
logarithmic time to find any element i.e. O(log n) (where n is number of elements in the list) and
its expected cost is also proportional to log n provided that searching and comparing cost of all
the elements is same
Data structure used -> Array
Worst case performance -> O(log n)
Best case performance -> O(1)
Average case performance -> O(log n)
Worst case space complexity -> O(1)
So the idea is-
RECURSIVE Implementation of Binary search in C programming language
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Is there any information out there about decorator crabs picking up .pdf
Is there any information out there about decorator crabs picking up toxins and the correlation to
the polluted areas they inhabit
Solution
It\'s not true that these crabs pick up toxins from the environment. They use the surviving
environment to camouflage themselves. The is also no relation to the pollution thing..
Heliconius melpomene is a species of butterfly with ZW sex determina.pdf
Heliconius melpomene is a species of butterfly with ZW sex determination. H. melpomene\'s
wing spots are normally orange, but a recessive Z-linked mutation causes the spots to be yellow,
while a recessive autosomal mutation causes the spots to be red. Butterflies homozygous (or
hemizygous) for both mutations have no wing spots. What are the expected F1 and F2
phenotypes from a cross between a red-spotted female and a yellow-spotted male?
Solution
The Heliconius melpomene butterfly having sex determination ZW have normally orange wing
spots.
Given
Recessive Z linked mutation causes the spots to be yellow, if Y is the dominant gene the y
represents the recessive gene. The recessive autosomal mutation causes the spot to be red,the
recessive autosomal mutation represented by rr.
a) WX represents female
b) WW represents male
Given-:
F1 generation
The red spotted female is crossed with yellow spotted male
ZWrr X ZZy
ZZ, WrrZ, ZZy, WrrZy
It gives 1 hemizygous butterfly, 1red spotted female butterfly, 1 yellow spotted male and 1
normal orange wing male butterfly.
The F2 generation gives the same result..
Identify the key mechanism that determines which X remains active an.pdf
Identify the key mechanism that determines which X remains active and which X becomes
inactive.
Solution
In normal human females, only one X chromosome is transcriptionally active, the other X
chromosome remains condensed as heterochromatin and is called as sex chromatin or Barr body.
Formation of Barr body ensures that cells of both males and females have same number of active
X chromosomes and thus synthesise equal amount of products encoded by X linked genes.
This inactivation of one of the two X chromosome in each cell is called Lyonization, after the
name of British researcher Mary Lyon. She proposed that;
Inactivation of X chromosome in females occurs during early stages of embryonic development
and this Inactivation of X chromosome in embryo is a random process, so that paternally derived
and maternally derived X chromosomes stands equal chance of becoming inactivated in any
given cell.
MECHANISM OF INACTIVATION :
The mechanism of Inactivation is initiated by a non coding RNA molecule called XIST RNA.
There is a region on X chromosome called as X-Inactivation center (XIC) located on proximal
end of X chromosome. Genetic expression of this region occurs only on chromosome that is
inactivated. This region carries about 4 genes one of which is X-Inactivation specific transcript
(XIST). The RNA transcribed by this gene is called XIST RNA. This RNA is large (about 17kb
long) and is not translated. It does not diffuse into nucleoplasm,but accumulates along the length
of chromosome just before it is Inactivated.
Thus RNA product of XIST gene spread over and coat the X chromosome bearing the gene that
produced it ,creating some sort of molecular \"cage\" that entraps it leading to its Inactivation.
Thus X chromosome in which XIST gene is transcribed to form XIST RNA becomes inactive
(due to coating of this X chromsome by XIST RNA) while as the other X chromosome remains
active..
For each of the given functions, list the domain and range. Also list.pdf
For each of the given functions, list the domain and range. Also list the period, amplitude and
the equations of all asymptotes where applicable. (If you choose to draw a graph it will not be
graded.) ln(x) Domain:_ Range:_ Period:_ Amplitude: _ Asymptotes:_
Solution
f(x) = lnx
Domain : ( 0, infinity)
Range : ( -inf , +inf)
Period : It is not periodic function
Amplitude : Vertical asymtote , x=0.
Given to girls born in the U.S. in the years The tables below give t.pdf
Given to girls born in the U.S. in the years The tables below give the ten most popular names
1974 and 1999 and the percentages of girls given those names. Consider group of 20 girls born in
1974. and another group of 20 bom in 1999. Use the data in the tables to do problems 22-25
regarding these groups. The name Jennifer was approximately 3 times as popular in 1974 as
Emily was in 1999, despite each being the #1 name in their respective years. Determine by
calculation if you are 3 times as likely to have more than one Jennifer in the 1974 group of 20 as
you are to have multiple Emilys in the 1999 group of 20.
Solution.
How do open source projects work How is it different from closed sou.pdf
How do open source projects work? How is it different from closed source projects? Discus the
creation of a database. Explain its working. (E.g, what you need to use to create tables and
relationship? What you do to modify a database?) Explain what\'s SaaS, PaaS and laaS?
Distinguish among these three.
Solution
31) In open source project the source code of the project is made available to anyone for free.
The code can be studied, modified and even redistributed for any purpose.Many of the open
source projects are developed in an open collaberative manner. People volunteer to develop the
projects.Where as in closed source projects the source code is not developed by an organization
and the source code is not openly available.
32) A database consists of many tables created for a project. In mysql it is created using the
command \'create database sample_database;\'. We generally use a RDBMS(Relational Database
Management System). The data is stored in RDBMS database objects called tables. You can
create a table by specifying the number of rows, names of each row and the type of data that will
be stored in each of them.
33) SaaS means software as a service in which a software is provided as a serive. Generally the
service is centrally hosted, but this many not always be the case. The consumer is charged on a
one time basis or in a subscription model. PaaS stands for platform as a service. The service
provides platform as a service for customers to develop, manage and run applications. This is
generally referred for cloud computing applications. LaaS stands for logging as a serivce. This
represents a architechture used for collection of log files from a specific location or source..
Ferdinand is affected by hemophilia, a recessive x-linked condition..pdf
Ferdinand is affected by hemophilia, a recessive x-linked condition. He mates with an unaffected
woman with no history of hemophilia in her family. Their first child is a girl with Turner
Syndrome (XO sex chromosomes), who is also hemophiliac. You infer that she resulted from the
following sperm and egg (answers listed in the order of sperm, egg):normal, normal
Solution
Answer: Because Ferdinand has hemophilia which is X-linked ressesive disease. Daughters
produced by mating of ferdinand and a normal female would be carriers of hemophilia. In this
case however, the daughter is having Turners\' syndrome (XO) and is heophilic as well. This
implies that the X came from sperm of Ferdinand and the O is beacuse the X chromosome from
the female was nondisjunct at meiosis I, as non-disjunction at meiosis II would result in two
gaetes being normal, One being trisomic and one being monosomic. whereas nondysjunction at
meiosis I would give rise to 50% trisomic and 50% monosomic gametes. Hence raising the
possibility of turners\' syndrome after nondysjunction at meiosis I.
Therefore answer is:
c. Normal and non-dysjunction at meiosis I..
Explain whether you think IFRS and GAAP will be fully converged. Wha.pdf
Explain whether you think IFRS and GAAP will be fully converged. What is the current status of
convergence projects?
Solution
There has been a concerted convergence effort between the Generally Accepted Accounting
Principles (GAAP) and the International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) in order to avoid
conflict and confusion, promote simplicity, streamlining, consistency and transparency, and
avoid any future financial crises or meltdowns.
Despite the research-indicated evidence of a higher accounting quality being experienced by
firms that either apply the IFRS standards or have switched to them from the GAAP, the
convergence process has not proven to be an easy task, mostly because of the differences in
approach between the two accounting bodies.
The GAAP is a rules-based methodology, while the IFRS takes a principle-based approach. The
rules-based approach is comprised of a complex set of guidelines that establishes criteria for
every possible contingency and provides the rules required for specified transactions, thus
promoting uniformity. The principle-based methodology lays out the key objectives of good
reporting in each subject area and then provides guidance, explaining the objective, and relates it
to common examples, thus promoting transparency.
If these methodological differences between the two approaches cannot be resolved, they may
prolong the process of compiling a true set of international accounting standards and increase the
costs required to maintain two sets of books.
So from the above discussion it is clear that, IFRS and GAAP will be fully converged, but it will
took a time.
current status of convergence projects
One of the main concerns in the United States business world is how the convergence process
and its results will impact the future evolution of the accounting profession. This specific
concern, simply stated, is about uniformity over transparency, and it has a serious impact on the
standards development process. Could the goals of uniformity and transparency be achieved?
Are they incompatible or mutually exclusive?
This incompatibility - real or perceived - is grounded in the conflicts existing among the
constructs of rules-based and principle-based shareholder and stakeholder primacy theories,
which are recognized by the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB), the International
Accounting Standards Board (IASB) and the European and Asian Accounting Standards Boards,
and which have an impact on the standards development methodology. Transparency has a direct
impact on the areas of business combinations (Phase I and II), revenue recognition and financial
performance of business enterprises reporting. hence they are still in process..
Does the following picture depict a function It so, is it a one to o.pdf
Does the following picture depict a function? It so, is it a one to one function?
Solution
The given picture depict the function.Every element of set x mapping into set y\'s exactly one
element.so it is called a function.
A function is said to be one-to-one if every y value has exactly one x value mapped onto it.So the
given picture is not one-to-one function.because two elements of set x mapping to one set y\'s
element..
Do patients have health care rights that are not legal or statuatory.pdf
Do patients have health care rights that are not legal or statuatory rights? Explain your answer.
Solution
Legal Conceptualization: it supplies that a patient has a right to realize potential benefits, risks,
and option a of proposed therapy; duty of physician to reveal to the patient a full apprehension of
the suggested care before patient assent to it.
Statuatory Rights: when a patient is clinically unfit to give assent to a lifesaving emergency
therapy. The law implicit assent (exigency in most states abolish need for assent).
Describe the authentication process in the figure below Solutio.pdf
Describe the authentication process in the figure below:
Solution
Authentication begins when a user tries to access information. First, the user must prove his
access rights and identity. When logging into a computer, users commonly enter usernames and
passwords for authentication purposes. This login combination, which must be assigned to each
user, authenticates access. However, this type of authentication can be circumvented by hackers.
A better form of authentication, biometrics, depends on the user’s presence and biological
makeup (i.e., retina or fingerprints). This technology makes it more difficult for hackers to break
into computer systems.
The Public Key Infrastructure (PKI) authentication method uses digital certificates to prove a
user’s identity. There are other authentication tools, too, such as key cards and USB tokens. One
of the greatest authentication threats occurs with email, where authenticity is often difficult to
verify. For example, unsecured emails often appear legitimate..
Discuss the history of bureaucratic and administrative management..pdf
Discuss the history of bureaucratic and administrative management.
Solution
1. History of Bureaucratic Management:
There was time before 1800 when the organisations operated like a family. Supervisors, workers
and employees did not have proper defined work. Every one did everything. During late 1800,
Max Weber brought about changes in this system of organisational operation. He believed that
having an informal organisation decreases the productivity of the employees as they are not
focussed and goal-driven.
Max Weber created the idea of bureaucratic management which made the organisation more
rigid, authorative and structured. He believed that employees do not follow the organisation but
they follow their bosses. He defined supervisors and workers role properly. The workers were
supposed to take their immediate bosses orders and cannot operate beyond that capacity.
Max Weber\'s theory of bureaucratic management has two important elements. First, it involves
structuring an organization into a hierarchy system. Secondly, the organization as well as its
employees operate through clearly defined rational-legal decision-making rules. Both the
elements help the organisation to achieve its goals.
2. History of Administrative Mangement
During 1900, the management expert Jules Henri Fayol, came to the conclusion that
management is an activity that is followed by all the human undertakings. Management is
needed at school, housework, business, government services, etc. All these human undertakings
need five basic administrative functions to operate. They are:
i. Planning
ii. Organizing
iii. Commanding
iv. Coordinating
v. Controlling
Henri Fayol rejected the notion that \"Managers are born and not made.\" Instead he believed that
management is a skill that can be developed over the time through proper training and
enthusiasm. Managemnt skills can be acquired if its principles are understood.
Henri Fayol was of the belief that since management is an all-encompassing activity, the
management skills should be taught in schools, colleges and universities..
Describe or explain how SNPs in genes at evolutionary conserved brea.pdf
Describe or explain how SNPs in genes at evolutionary conserved breakpoints can lead to
dramatic phenotypic differences between species like chimpanzees and humans even though
their genomes are 98% similar? Provide and describe or explain an example of one gene with
SNP differences between gorillas and humans that might have resulted changes between humans
and apes.
Solution
SNP ( Single nucleotide polymorphism) is a type of genetic variation among living beings. SNP
represents a difference in a single DNA building block i.e, nucleotide. SNP replaces the
nucleotide cytosine ( C) With ghe nucleotide thymine (T) in a stetch of DNA. The difference
between the two genomes of humans and chimpanzees is actually 4% approximately. This
msinly contributes to the phenotypic differences in various species.
Humans differbfrom other primates like chimpanzees and apes in cognitive abilities and a
significantly larger brain. These correlate with metabolic changes, etc. Example of such genes
with SNP differences is 90 TF genes with significant expression levels in humans and
chimpanzee brain. Among these KRAB-Zinc finger genes are markedly important. The
differentially expressed TFs cluster within robust regulatory network consisting of two distinct
but interlinked modules, strongly associated with energy metabolism functions and the others
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Can Variance Inflation factors be used to detect Heteroscedasticity problem in the regression
analysis
Solution
Variance inflation factors (VIF) measure how much the variance of the estimated regression
coefficients are inflated as compared to when the predictor variables are not linearly related.
Use to describe how much multicollinearity (correlation between predictors) exists in a
regression analysis. Multicollinearity is problematic because it can increase the variance of the
regression coefficients, making them unstable and difficult to interpret.
Use the following guidelines to interpret the VIF:VIFStatus of predictorsVIF = 1Not correlated1
< VIF < 5Moderately correlatedVIF > 5 to 10Highly correlated.
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