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WELL-BEING AND INCLUSION IN
CITIES
WHO European Healthy Cities Network
Summit of Mayors
Copenhagen, 13 February 2018
Paolo Veneri,
Head of Territorial Analysis and Unit
OECD Centre for Entrepreneurship,
SMEs, Regions and Cities
• Are cities growing inclusively?
• Neighbourhood inequality (income,
health, etc.)
• The importance of metropolitan
governance
• How to promote inclusive growth in cities?
Outline
Are cities growing inclusively?
3
On average, household incomes are 18%
higher in metropolitan areas than elsewhere
4
Metropolitan vs. non metropolitan household disposable income ratio by country
per equivalent household; 2014 or latest available year
Source: OECD (2016) Making cities work for all; OECD Publishing, Paris.
But in many countries cities are also more
unequal
5
Gini coefficient of household disposable income, 2014
Source: Boulant, J., M. Brezzi and P. Veneri (2016), "Income Levels And Inequality in Metropolitan Areas:
A Comparative Approach in OECD Countries", OECD Regional Development Working Papers, No.
2016/06, OECD Publishing, Paris.
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/5jlwj02zz4mr-en
There are large disparities in income
inequality among metro areas
6
Gini coefficients for household income in metropolitan areas, circa 2014
Metropolitan areas with minimum and maximum Gini coefficients, by country
Calgary Miami
Tuxtla Gutiérrez
Brussels
Santiago
Paris
Bari Malmö
Graz
Copenhagen
Oslo
Québec
Albany
Reynosa
Gent
Concepción
Saint-Etienne
Catania Göteborg
Linz
0.2
0.25
0.3
0.35
0.4
0.45
0.5
0.55
0.6
CAN (11) USA (70) MEX (33) BEL (4) CHL (3) FRA (15) ITA (11) SWE (3) AUT (3) DNK (1) NOR (1)
Ginicoefficientforhouseholddisposableincome
Country (No. of metropolitan areas)
Maximum Minimum Country average
Inequality increased in several countries’
metropolitan areas
Larger cities are on average more unequal
8
Metropolitan population and income inequality, circa 2014
Metropolitan size and inequality, once controlled for income levels and country effect
Brussels
Antwerpen​
Liège
​
Red Deer
​
Calgary
​
​
Lethbridge
​
​
​
Thunder Bay
​
Québec
​
Trois Rivières
​
Montreal
​
Sherbrooke
​
​
Toronto
​
​
Brant
​
Windsor
​
Iquique
​
Antofagasta
​
​
Calera
​
​
San Antonio
​
Rancagua
​
​
Linares
​
​
Temuco
​
Osorno
​
Punta Arenas
Paris
​
Toulouse​
Saint-Etienne​
​
Rouen Roma
Milano
Napoli
​
​
​ Tijuana
​
Hermosillo
​
Reynosa
​
Torreón
​
​
León Guadalajara
​Pachuca de Soto ​
Mexico City
​ Toluca
​
​
​
​
Oslo
​
Malmö
​
Portland
​​
Buffalo
​
Albany
​
Boston
​
​
Cleveland
​
Omaha
New York
​
​
Philadelphia
​
Denver
​
​
Cincinnati
Washington
​
​ San Francisco
​
Fresno
Las Vegas
​
​
Albuquerque
Memphis
​
Los Angeles
​
Atlanta
​
Dallas
Houston
Miami
McAllen
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
Ginicoefficient(componentplusresiduals)
City population (natural logarithm)
Metropolitan areas concentrate highly
skilled people
9
Share of working-age population with tertiary education, 2012
Source: OECD (2016) Making cities work for all; OECD Publishing, Paris.
Inequalities Have an Inherent Spatial
Dimension
In London, 20 Mins on the Central Line
Mean to -20 Years in Life Expectancy
Source: Cheshire. Lives on the Line. 2012
City Dwellers Are Less Likely to Be
Physically Active
Source: Cecchini & Bull, Making the economic case for tackling physical inactivity, 2014
2.3
2.1
1.9
1.6 1.6
1.5 1.5
1.4
1.2
1.1
1.0
0
1
2
3
RelativeIndexofInequality
9.3
Males Females
1.9 1.9
1.7
1.6 1.6
1.4 1.3 1.3
1.2
1.0 1.0 1.0
• Spatial segregation: the geographical over-concentration of
households with a similar income level
• The concentration of similar households in space is a natural
phenomenon.
– Spatial segregation can foster positive externalities for those living in affluent and
high quality neighbourhoods (Morrison, 2015)
– Growing up in an area where disadvantages are concentrated can be a life-long
obstacle to opportunities available (Chetty & Hendren, 2015)
High inequality within cities can translate in
high level of spatial segregation
Levels of income segregation vary strongly
across cities – even within countries
Acapulco de Juárez
Dublin
Aarhus
Amsterdam
Brisbane
Auckland (AU)
Hamilton
Rotterdam
Tshwane
Ejsberg
Marseille
Gold Coast
Brasilia
Cariri
Emufuleni
Manchester
BradfordRennes
Monterrey
Vancouver
Memphis
Portland
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
BRAUSAZAFGBRCANMEXDNKFRANLDAUSNZLIRL
Entropy index
In most of the observed countries the
rich are more segregated than the poor
Large differences in the administrative
fragmentation of metropolitan areas
16
Administrative fragmentation of metropolitan areas
More administratively fragmented the city are
on average more segregated
17
-.05
0
.05
.1
.15
0 .2 .4 .6 .8 1
Administrative fragmentation
City productivity decreases with
fragmentation
18
How to promote inclusive growth in cities?
1. Fostering quality jobs for all
2. Improving equitable access to education in cities
3. Building more inclusive urban housing markets
4. Offering accessible, affordable and sustainable transport
5. Promoting healthy neighbourhoods and reliable public transport
• Gather a solid evidence base of outcome indicators on the different
aspects of people’s lives
• Build partnerships among stakeholders around common strategic
projects
• Target policy interventions on the right geographical scale (which
can range from neighbourhood scale to the metropolitan scale)
• Make sure that participatory processes are truly inclusive
• Tap innovative sources of financing
• Use the potential of digitalisation for urban inclusion
From design to implementation
Thank you!
https://www.oecd.org/gov/making-cities-work-for-all-
9789264263260-en.htm
paolo.veneri@oecd.org

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Well being and inclusion in cities

  • 1. WELL-BEING AND INCLUSION IN CITIES WHO European Healthy Cities Network Summit of Mayors Copenhagen, 13 February 2018 Paolo Veneri, Head of Territorial Analysis and Unit OECD Centre for Entrepreneurship, SMEs, Regions and Cities
  • 2. • Are cities growing inclusively? • Neighbourhood inequality (income, health, etc.) • The importance of metropolitan governance • How to promote inclusive growth in cities? Outline
  • 3. Are cities growing inclusively? 3
  • 4. On average, household incomes are 18% higher in metropolitan areas than elsewhere 4 Metropolitan vs. non metropolitan household disposable income ratio by country per equivalent household; 2014 or latest available year Source: OECD (2016) Making cities work for all; OECD Publishing, Paris.
  • 5. But in many countries cities are also more unequal 5 Gini coefficient of household disposable income, 2014 Source: Boulant, J., M. Brezzi and P. Veneri (2016), "Income Levels And Inequality in Metropolitan Areas: A Comparative Approach in OECD Countries", OECD Regional Development Working Papers, No. 2016/06, OECD Publishing, Paris. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/5jlwj02zz4mr-en
  • 6. There are large disparities in income inequality among metro areas 6 Gini coefficients for household income in metropolitan areas, circa 2014 Metropolitan areas with minimum and maximum Gini coefficients, by country Calgary Miami Tuxtla Gutiérrez Brussels Santiago Paris Bari Malmö Graz Copenhagen Oslo Québec Albany Reynosa Gent Concepción Saint-Etienne Catania Göteborg Linz 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45 0.5 0.55 0.6 CAN (11) USA (70) MEX (33) BEL (4) CHL (3) FRA (15) ITA (11) SWE (3) AUT (3) DNK (1) NOR (1) Ginicoefficientforhouseholddisposableincome Country (No. of metropolitan areas) Maximum Minimum Country average
  • 7. Inequality increased in several countries’ metropolitan areas
  • 8. Larger cities are on average more unequal 8 Metropolitan population and income inequality, circa 2014 Metropolitan size and inequality, once controlled for income levels and country effect Brussels Antwerpen​ Liège ​ Red Deer ​ Calgary ​ ​ Lethbridge ​ ​ ​ Thunder Bay ​ Québec ​ Trois Rivières ​ Montreal ​ Sherbrooke ​ ​ Toronto ​ ​ Brant ​ Windsor ​ Iquique ​ Antofagasta ​ ​ Calera ​ ​ San Antonio ​ Rancagua ​ ​ Linares ​ ​ Temuco ​ Osorno ​ Punta Arenas Paris ​ Toulouse​ Saint-Etienne​ ​ Rouen Roma Milano Napoli ​ ​ ​ Tijuana ​ Hermosillo ​ Reynosa ​ Torreón ​ ​ León Guadalajara ​Pachuca de Soto ​ Mexico City ​ Toluca ​ ​ ​ ​ Oslo ​ Malmö ​ Portland ​​ Buffalo ​ Albany ​ Boston ​ ​ Cleveland ​ Omaha New York ​ ​ Philadelphia ​ Denver ​ ​ Cincinnati Washington ​ ​ San Francisco ​ Fresno Las Vegas ​ ​ Albuquerque Memphis ​ Los Angeles ​ Atlanta ​ Dallas Houston Miami McAllen 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 Ginicoefficient(componentplusresiduals) City population (natural logarithm)
  • 9. Metropolitan areas concentrate highly skilled people 9 Share of working-age population with tertiary education, 2012 Source: OECD (2016) Making cities work for all; OECD Publishing, Paris.
  • 10. Inequalities Have an Inherent Spatial Dimension
  • 11. In London, 20 Mins on the Central Line Mean to -20 Years in Life Expectancy Source: Cheshire. Lives on the Line. 2012
  • 12. City Dwellers Are Less Likely to Be Physically Active Source: Cecchini & Bull, Making the economic case for tackling physical inactivity, 2014 2.3 2.1 1.9 1.6 1.6 1.5 1.5 1.4 1.2 1.1 1.0 0 1 2 3 RelativeIndexofInequality 9.3 Males Females 1.9 1.9 1.7 1.6 1.6 1.4 1.3 1.3 1.2 1.0 1.0 1.0
  • 13. • Spatial segregation: the geographical over-concentration of households with a similar income level • The concentration of similar households in space is a natural phenomenon. – Spatial segregation can foster positive externalities for those living in affluent and high quality neighbourhoods (Morrison, 2015) – Growing up in an area where disadvantages are concentrated can be a life-long obstacle to opportunities available (Chetty & Hendren, 2015) High inequality within cities can translate in high level of spatial segregation
  • 14. Levels of income segregation vary strongly across cities – even within countries Acapulco de Juárez Dublin Aarhus Amsterdam Brisbane Auckland (AU) Hamilton Rotterdam Tshwane Ejsberg Marseille Gold Coast Brasilia Cariri Emufuleni Manchester BradfordRennes Monterrey Vancouver Memphis Portland 0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 BRAUSAZAFGBRCANMEXDNKFRANLDAUSNZLIRL Entropy index
  • 15. In most of the observed countries the rich are more segregated than the poor
  • 16. Large differences in the administrative fragmentation of metropolitan areas 16 Administrative fragmentation of metropolitan areas
  • 17. More administratively fragmented the city are on average more segregated 17 -.05 0 .05 .1 .15 0 .2 .4 .6 .8 1 Administrative fragmentation
  • 18. City productivity decreases with fragmentation 18
  • 19. How to promote inclusive growth in cities? 1. Fostering quality jobs for all 2. Improving equitable access to education in cities 3. Building more inclusive urban housing markets 4. Offering accessible, affordable and sustainable transport 5. Promoting healthy neighbourhoods and reliable public transport
  • 20. • Gather a solid evidence base of outcome indicators on the different aspects of people’s lives • Build partnerships among stakeholders around common strategic projects • Target policy interventions on the right geographical scale (which can range from neighbourhood scale to the metropolitan scale) • Make sure that participatory processes are truly inclusive • Tap innovative sources of financing • Use the potential of digitalisation for urban inclusion From design to implementation