Welding is a permanent joining of two similar metals by melting the point where they join and
(often) adding additional \"filler\" material to facilitate. If done properly, the join becomes
homogeneous and stronger than the surrounding metal. The only way of removing a weld is
destructively.
Rivet jointing of material is a semi-permanent jointing method. two components are placed
alongside - one normally with a flange - clamped in place and then a hole drilled directly through
both metals. A rivet is then fitted and hammered in place - normally forming a dome, but other
rivet forms are available and can be used....even \"hidden rivets\" where the rivet is forged
(repeatedly hit by a hammer) into a countersunk hole and then machined afterwards to create an
invisible join.
There are advantages and disadvantages to both. Welding can affect the cellular structure of the
metal creating internal stresses and weak points, adds material and can only be undertaken in
similar metals.
Riveting on the other hand can be undertaken in dissimilar metals, and can be separated
afterwards (with some effort), however the joint is not homogenous and significant attention has
to be paid to the stresses within the rivets in all likely situations. Poorly chosen rivet material
(and plate material) combinations can result in unintended galvanic corrosion and early failure,
thermal expansion of the plate material overstressing the rivets and breaking down the join (this
is where in high temperatures the plates expand, causing a tensile loading to present within the
rivet and a compressive loading on the plate around the rivet head that may exceed the Young\'s
Modulus -of either the rivet or, compressively, the plate itself - causing a loosening of the joint
and premature failure)
Solution
Welding is a permanent joining of two similar metals by melting the point where they join and
(often) adding additional \"filler\" material to facilitate. If done properly, the join becomes
homogeneous and stronger than the surrounding metal. The only way of removing a weld is
destructively.
Rivet jointing of material is a semi-permanent jointing method. two components are placed
alongside - one normally with a flange - clamped in place and then a hole drilled directly through
both metals. A rivet is then fitted and hammered in place - normally forming a dome, but other
rivet forms are available and can be used....even \"hidden rivets\" where the rivet is forged
(repeatedly hit by a hammer) into a countersunk hole and then machined afterwards to create an
invisible join.
There are advantages and disadvantages to both. Welding can affect the cellular structure of the
metal creating internal stresses and weak points, adds material and can only be undertaken in
similar metals.
Riveting on the other hand can be undertaken in dissimilar metals, and can be separated
afterwards (with some effort), however the joint is not homogenous and significant attention has
to be paid to the stresses w.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
1. How does the temperature influence the plasticity and elasticity .pdfkalerottnerheissst52
1. How does the temperature influence the plasticity and elasticity of materials?
2. What does it mean by ideal materials? And which real material is close to the definition of
ideal materials?
3. What are the imperfections found I solid materials? Describe them.
Please answer.
Solution
1)
The effect of temperature on elasticity is difficult to isolate, because there are numerous factors
affecting it. For instance, the bulk modulus of a material is dependent on the form of its lattice,
its behavior under expansion, as well as the vibrations of the molecules, all of which are
dependent on temperature.
Inelastic deformations of rocks and concrete are primarily caused by the formation of
microcracks and sliding motions relative to these cracks. At high temperatures and pressures,
plastic behavior can also be affected by the motion of dislocations in individual grains in the
microstructure
2)
Endless supply and close available source
Cheap to produce
Energy efficient
Appropriately strong, stiff, and temperature stable
Lightweight
Corrosion resistant
Produces no harmful effects (for environment or people)
Biodegradable or completely recyclable
It can be a difficult and complex process to find the ideal material for a specific product or
application. This process is called the material selection.
3) Imperfections in Solids:
Materials are often stronger when they have defects. The study of defects is divided according to
their dimension:
0D (zero dimension) – point defects: vacancies and interstitials. Impurities.
1D – linear defects: dislocations (edge, screw, mixed)
2D – grain boundaries, surfaces.
3D – extended defects: pores, cracks.
0D (Zero dimension):
A vacancy is a lattice position that is vacant because the atom is missing. It is created when the
solid is formed. There are other ways of making a vacancy, but they also occur naturally as a
result of thermal vibrations.
An interstitial is an atom that occupies a place outside the normal lattice position. It may be the
same type of atom as the others (self interstitial) or an impurity atom.
Impurities are often added to materials to improve the properties. For instance, carbon added in
small amounts to iron makes steel, which is stronger than iron. Boron impurities added to silicon
drastically change its electrical properties.
Dislocations—Linear Defects:
Dislocations are abrupt changes in the regular ordering of atoms, along a line (dislocation line) in
the solid. They occur in high density and are very important in mechanical properties of material.
They are characterized by the Burgers vector, found by doing a loop around the dislocation line
and noticing the extra interatomic spacing needed to close the loop. The Burgers vector in metals
points in a close packed direction.
Edge dislocations occur when an extra plane is inserted. The dislocation line is at the end of the
plane. In an edge dislocation, the Burgers vector is perpendicular to the dislocation line.
2D :
Screw dislocations resul.
FRICTION STIR WELDING is a very latest tchnology of welding process .Its a green method of solid state joining, and also a defect free method .
To know more about this you can also watch this animation https://youtu.be/kEEST5cgOao
Basic Terminologies:
Tension:
A load that tries to pull parts straight apart
Compression
A load that forces parts straight into one another
Shear
A load that pulls sideways
Cleavage
A load that pulls parts away from each other at an angle
Peel
A load that pulls parts straight away from one another
BUCKLES AND ITS TYPES:
Buckles occur when metal has been bent past it’s elastic limit
Work hardening has occurred and a new shape is formed
The buckles found in indirect damage are as follows:
simple hinge
collapsed hinge
simple rolled
collapsed rolled
There are many ways to do the Lewis symbol for yo.pdfanton291
There are many ways to do the Lewis symbol for you to draw a Lewis dot diagram.
As long as you make sure to put a dot in for each valence electron it should be just fine. Some
teachers like to make things more complicated by drawing Lewis dots in regards to electron pairs
or bonding electrons. I\'ve seen some even go so far as to draw in charges on each of the dots of
a Lewis structure. Either way, these are unnecessary and, in my opinion, a waste of time. Just
put dots around the symbol and you should be fine. This also happens to be the best way to draw
it when you need to put together larger, more complicated Lewis structures and figure out a
\"formal charge\" (later on.) You did it exactly as I would do it and I\'m taking upper-division
chemistry. Just put one dot on each side, if there\'s more than four, put double dots on each side
until either all the sides are filled or all valence electrons are noted. You can also put a small line
(connects the two dots with a line) to designate an electron pair, either way is valid, just pick one
you think looks nicer.
Solution
There are many ways to do the Lewis symbol for you to draw a Lewis dot diagram.
As long as you make sure to put a dot in for each valence electron it should be just fine. Some
teachers like to make things more complicated by drawing Lewis dots in regards to electron pairs
or bonding electrons. I\'ve seen some even go so far as to draw in charges on each of the dots of
a Lewis structure. Either way, these are unnecessary and, in my opinion, a waste of time. Just
put dots around the symbol and you should be fine. This also happens to be the best way to draw
it when you need to put together larger, more complicated Lewis structures and figure out a
\"formal charge\" (later on.) You did it exactly as I would do it and I\'m taking upper-division
chemistry. Just put one dot on each side, if there\'s more than four, put double dots on each side
until either all the sides are filled or all valence electrons are noted. You can also put a small line
(connects the two dots with a line) to designate an electron pair, either way is valid, just pick one
you think looks nicer..
the compound is heptane note the molecular ion.pdfanton291
the compound is: heptane note: the molecular ion peak is at m/z = 100 --->
indicates the molecular weight of the compound = 100 only heptane has a molecular weight of
100
Solution
the compound is: heptane note: the molecular ion peak is at m/z = 100 --->
indicates the molecular weight of the compound = 100 only heptane has a molecular weight of
100.
More Related Content
Similar to Welding is a permanent joining of two similar metals by melting the .pdf
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
1. How does the temperature influence the plasticity and elasticity .pdfkalerottnerheissst52
1. How does the temperature influence the plasticity and elasticity of materials?
2. What does it mean by ideal materials? And which real material is close to the definition of
ideal materials?
3. What are the imperfections found I solid materials? Describe them.
Please answer.
Solution
1)
The effect of temperature on elasticity is difficult to isolate, because there are numerous factors
affecting it. For instance, the bulk modulus of a material is dependent on the form of its lattice,
its behavior under expansion, as well as the vibrations of the molecules, all of which are
dependent on temperature.
Inelastic deformations of rocks and concrete are primarily caused by the formation of
microcracks and sliding motions relative to these cracks. At high temperatures and pressures,
plastic behavior can also be affected by the motion of dislocations in individual grains in the
microstructure
2)
Endless supply and close available source
Cheap to produce
Energy efficient
Appropriately strong, stiff, and temperature stable
Lightweight
Corrosion resistant
Produces no harmful effects (for environment or people)
Biodegradable or completely recyclable
It can be a difficult and complex process to find the ideal material for a specific product or
application. This process is called the material selection.
3) Imperfections in Solids:
Materials are often stronger when they have defects. The study of defects is divided according to
their dimension:
0D (zero dimension) – point defects: vacancies and interstitials. Impurities.
1D – linear defects: dislocations (edge, screw, mixed)
2D – grain boundaries, surfaces.
3D – extended defects: pores, cracks.
0D (Zero dimension):
A vacancy is a lattice position that is vacant because the atom is missing. It is created when the
solid is formed. There are other ways of making a vacancy, but they also occur naturally as a
result of thermal vibrations.
An interstitial is an atom that occupies a place outside the normal lattice position. It may be the
same type of atom as the others (self interstitial) or an impurity atom.
Impurities are often added to materials to improve the properties. For instance, carbon added in
small amounts to iron makes steel, which is stronger than iron. Boron impurities added to silicon
drastically change its electrical properties.
Dislocations—Linear Defects:
Dislocations are abrupt changes in the regular ordering of atoms, along a line (dislocation line) in
the solid. They occur in high density and are very important in mechanical properties of material.
They are characterized by the Burgers vector, found by doing a loop around the dislocation line
and noticing the extra interatomic spacing needed to close the loop. The Burgers vector in metals
points in a close packed direction.
Edge dislocations occur when an extra plane is inserted. The dislocation line is at the end of the
plane. In an edge dislocation, the Burgers vector is perpendicular to the dislocation line.
2D :
Screw dislocations resul.
FRICTION STIR WELDING is a very latest tchnology of welding process .Its a green method of solid state joining, and also a defect free method .
To know more about this you can also watch this animation https://youtu.be/kEEST5cgOao
Basic Terminologies:
Tension:
A load that tries to pull parts straight apart
Compression
A load that forces parts straight into one another
Shear
A load that pulls sideways
Cleavage
A load that pulls parts away from each other at an angle
Peel
A load that pulls parts straight away from one another
BUCKLES AND ITS TYPES:
Buckles occur when metal has been bent past it’s elastic limit
Work hardening has occurred and a new shape is formed
The buckles found in indirect damage are as follows:
simple hinge
collapsed hinge
simple rolled
collapsed rolled
There are many ways to do the Lewis symbol for yo.pdfanton291
There are many ways to do the Lewis symbol for you to draw a Lewis dot diagram.
As long as you make sure to put a dot in for each valence electron it should be just fine. Some
teachers like to make things more complicated by drawing Lewis dots in regards to electron pairs
or bonding electrons. I\'ve seen some even go so far as to draw in charges on each of the dots of
a Lewis structure. Either way, these are unnecessary and, in my opinion, a waste of time. Just
put dots around the symbol and you should be fine. This also happens to be the best way to draw
it when you need to put together larger, more complicated Lewis structures and figure out a
\"formal charge\" (later on.) You did it exactly as I would do it and I\'m taking upper-division
chemistry. Just put one dot on each side, if there\'s more than four, put double dots on each side
until either all the sides are filled or all valence electrons are noted. You can also put a small line
(connects the two dots with a line) to designate an electron pair, either way is valid, just pick one
you think looks nicer.
Solution
There are many ways to do the Lewis symbol for you to draw a Lewis dot diagram.
As long as you make sure to put a dot in for each valence electron it should be just fine. Some
teachers like to make things more complicated by drawing Lewis dots in regards to electron pairs
or bonding electrons. I\'ve seen some even go so far as to draw in charges on each of the dots of
a Lewis structure. Either way, these are unnecessary and, in my opinion, a waste of time. Just
put dots around the symbol and you should be fine. This also happens to be the best way to draw
it when you need to put together larger, more complicated Lewis structures and figure out a
\"formal charge\" (later on.) You did it exactly as I would do it and I\'m taking upper-division
chemistry. Just put one dot on each side, if there\'s more than four, put double dots on each side
until either all the sides are filled or all valence electrons are noted. You can also put a small line
(connects the two dots with a line) to designate an electron pair, either way is valid, just pick one
you think looks nicer..
the compound is heptane note the molecular ion.pdfanton291
the compound is: heptane note: the molecular ion peak is at m/z = 100 --->
indicates the molecular weight of the compound = 100 only heptane has a molecular weight of
100
Solution
the compound is: heptane note: the molecular ion peak is at m/z = 100 --->
indicates the molecular weight of the compound = 100 only heptane has a molecular weight of
100.
Succinic acid is oxidized C goes from +34 to +1 .pdfanton291
Succinic acid is oxidized C goes from +3/4 to +1 state b)FAD is reduced it goes 2
more -ve state
Solution
Succinic acid is oxidized C goes from +3/4 to +1 state b)FAD is reduced it goes 2
more -ve state.
Step1 25 ml of1M HCl w ill neutralise 25 ml 1 M N.pdfanton291
Step1 25 ml of1M HCl w ill neutralise 25 ml 1 M NaOH Step2 Moles of H+=0 ;
Moles of OH-= 50x10^-3 x1=.05 Step3 Moles of H2O= (100/18)+ .025 =5.581
Solution
Step1 25 ml of1M HCl w ill neutralise 25 ml 1 M NaOH Step2 Moles of H+=0 ;
Moles of OH-= 50x10^-3 x1=.05 Step3 Moles of H2O= (100/18)+ .025 =5.581.
Moseley used X-ray diffraction to show that each .pdfanton291
Moseley used X-ray diffraction to show that each element has an atomic number.
With this tool he was able to predict elements for the six remaining gaps in the periodic table and
to resolve identities of rare earths. neohumanism.org/h/he/henry_moseley.html
Solution
Moseley used X-ray diffraction to show that each element has an atomic number.
With this tool he was able to predict elements for the six remaining gaps in the periodic table and
to resolve identities of rare earths. neohumanism.org/h/he/henry_moseley.html.
Use of oxygen for ATP synthesis is called as Aerobic respiration. Th.pdfanton291
Use of oxygen for ATP synthesis is called as Aerobic respiration. The bacteria which uses
molecules other than bacteria for the production of ATP are known as Anaerobic bacteria.
1. Facultative anaerobes and obligate anaerobes-use the Iron reduction pathway where, Fe III is
the electron acceptor, eg-Desulfuromonadales(Geobacter,Geothermobacter) and Shewanella
species.
2. Facultative anaerobes and obligate anaerobes-use manganese pathway-Mn IV is the electron
acceptor-eg- Desulfuromonadales and Shewanella species.
3. Facultative anaerobes and obligate anaerobes- Cobalt reduction pathway- Co III is the electron
acceptor,eg-Geobacter sulfurreducens
4. -Facultative anaerobes and obligate anaerobe-Uranium reduction U VI is the electron
acceptor- eg. Geobacter metallireducens
5. Nitrate reduction (denitrification)- Facultative anaerobes -NO3- is the electron acceptor- eg
Ecoli
6.Fumarate respiration- Facultative anaerobes-Fumarate is the electron acceptor- eg Ecoli
7. Sulfate respiration- Obligate anaerobes-Sulfate SO42- is the electron acceptor- Eg- Many
Gammaproteobacteria, Desulfovibrionales
8.Methanogenesis (carbonate reduction)-Methanogens-CO2 is the electron acceptor and CH4 is
the product-Eg Methanosarcina barkeri
9. Sulfur respiration- Facultative anaerobes and obligate anaerobes-S0 is the elctron acceptor-Eg-
Desulfuromonadales
10.Acetogenesis(carbonate reduction)- obligate anaerobes-CO2 is the electron acceptor-Eg
Acetobacterium woodii
11.Dehalirespiration-Facultative anaerobes and obligate anaerobes-Halogenated organic
compound is the electron acceptor- Eg-Dehalococcoides and Dehalobacter species.
Solution
Use of oxygen for ATP synthesis is called as Aerobic respiration. The bacteria which uses
molecules other than bacteria for the production of ATP are known as Anaerobic bacteria.
1. Facultative anaerobes and obligate anaerobes-use the Iron reduction pathway where, Fe III is
the electron acceptor, eg-Desulfuromonadales(Geobacter,Geothermobacter) and Shewanella
species.
2. Facultative anaerobes and obligate anaerobes-use manganese pathway-Mn IV is the electron
acceptor-eg- Desulfuromonadales and Shewanella species.
3. Facultative anaerobes and obligate anaerobes- Cobalt reduction pathway- Co III is the electron
acceptor,eg-Geobacter sulfurreducens
4. -Facultative anaerobes and obligate anaerobe-Uranium reduction U VI is the electron
acceptor- eg. Geobacter metallireducens
5. Nitrate reduction (denitrification)- Facultative anaerobes -NO3- is the electron acceptor- eg
Ecoli
6.Fumarate respiration- Facultative anaerobes-Fumarate is the electron acceptor- eg Ecoli
7. Sulfate respiration- Obligate anaerobes-Sulfate SO42- is the electron acceptor- Eg- Many
Gammaproteobacteria, Desulfovibrionales
8.Methanogenesis (carbonate reduction)-Methanogens-CO2 is the electron acceptor and CH4 is
the product-Eg Methanosarcina barkeri
9. Sulfur respiration- Facultative anaerobes and obligate anaerobes-S0 is the elctron acceptor-Eg-
Desulfuromonadales
10.A.
the solute potential of the plant cell is Greater than the pure wate.pdfanton291
the solute potential of the plant cell is Greater than the pure water. there for greater water
potential is in the solution.
if we palce the plant cell in Pure water the plant cell have more solute concentration than pure
water. water generally moves towards higher solute concetration (or) water moves from higer
water potential to lower potential. then the plant cell become Turgid.
Solution
the solute potential of the plant cell is Greater than the pure water. there for greater water
potential is in the solution.
if we palce the plant cell in Pure water the plant cell have more solute concentration than pure
water. water generally moves towards higher solute concetration (or) water moves from higer
water potential to lower potential. then the plant cell become Turgid..
The Human Genome Project (HGP) determines the sequence of nucleotide.pdfanton291
The Human Genome Project (HGP) determines the sequence of nucleotide base pairs of human
DNA, It is used to identifies and mapping all of the genes of the human genome.HGP was
proposed by Robert Sinshelmer in May1884. This project formally launched in 1990, and it was
completed in 2003. The goal of HGP is to identify the DNA sequence of entire human genome. 3
billion DNA base pairs are found in DNA that make up the human genome. Because of HGP, the
name and bases of nitrogenous bases are known.
US government through the National Institutes of Health (NIH) provide the fund for the project.
In 1990 DOE and NIH, shows interest to developed a memorandum of understanding and give
support and coordinate plans and set the clock to initiate the Project in 1990. David Galas was
Director of the renamed “Office of Biological and Environmental Research” in the U.S.
Department of Energy’s Office of Science and James Watson headed the NIH Genome Program.
In 1993, U.S. National Institutes of Health (NIH) and National Center for Human Genome
Research ( now known as National Human Genome Research Institute) worked on the project.
The United States, the United Kingdom, France, Germany, Japan and China are participated to
complete this project.
The genomic sequencing was conducted at numerous universities and research center given
below:-
The time period of this project is 13-years. It is initiated in 1990 and completed in 2003. Robert
Sinsheimer proposed this project in May 1985, President Regan\'s in 1988 submitted budget for
this project. In 1990,DOE and NIH, provided the fund for the project. In 2000 working draft of
the genome was announced and in the February 2001, papers were published . And more
sequence were identified and lateron, complete draft was published in 2003, and genome
\"finishing\" work continued for more than a decade. It was published on May 27, 2004 with
99.99% accurate sequence.
The research techniques that play major role in this project are Mapping the human genome,
sequencing the genome. Mapping the human genome includes two types of map:-A gene linkage
map and physical map.
Solution
The Human Genome Project (HGP) determines the sequence of nucleotide base pairs of human
DNA, It is used to identifies and mapping all of the genes of the human genome.HGP was
proposed by Robert Sinshelmer in May1884. This project formally launched in 1990, and it was
completed in 2003. The goal of HGP is to identify the DNA sequence of entire human genome. 3
billion DNA base pairs are found in DNA that make up the human genome. Because of HGP, the
name and bases of nitrogenous bases are known.
US government through the National Institutes of Health (NIH) provide the fund for the project.
In 1990 DOE and NIH, shows interest to developed a memorandum of understanding and give
support and coordinate plans and set the clock to initiate the Project in 1990. David Galas was
Director of the renamed “Office of Biological and Environmental Research” in the U.S.
.
SO2 = 18IF4+ = 34I3- = 22The easiest way to think about this i.pdfanton291
SO2 = 18
IF4+ = 34
I3- = 22
The easiest way to think about this is to use the periodic table. The elements all the way to the
right have 8 valence electrons, (noble gases) then each column you go to the left, has once less
valence electron
F, Cl,Br,I,Ar = 7
O,S,Se,Te,Po = 6
and so on.
Then when the molecule has a charge on it, you take that into account, if it says \"+\", subtract a
valence electron, if it says \"-\", add a valence electron. (Remember, electrons are negatively
charged, so if it has a positive charge, you are short an electron, thats why you subtract for \"+\")
So: SO2: [S=6 valence, 2x O = 6 x 2 = 12 total valence, 6+ 12 = 18 valence electrons]
IF4+ [I= 7 valence, 4x F = 7x4=28 valence, 7 + 28 = 35, but it has a + charge, so subtract one, 34
valenece electrons]
I3- [I=7 valenece, 3x7 = 21 valence, minus charge so add another = 22 valence electrons]
Solution
SO2 = 18
IF4+ = 34
I3- = 22
The easiest way to think about this is to use the periodic table. The elements all the way to the
right have 8 valence electrons, (noble gases) then each column you go to the left, has once less
valence electron
F, Cl,Br,I,Ar = 7
O,S,Se,Te,Po = 6
and so on.
Then when the molecule has a charge on it, you take that into account, if it says \"+\", subtract a
valence electron, if it says \"-\", add a valence electron. (Remember, electrons are negatively
charged, so if it has a positive charge, you are short an electron, thats why you subtract for \"+\")
So: SO2: [S=6 valence, 2x O = 6 x 2 = 12 total valence, 6+ 12 = 18 valence electrons]
IF4+ [I= 7 valence, 4x F = 7x4=28 valence, 7 + 28 = 35, but it has a + charge, so subtract one, 34
valenece electrons]
I3- [I=7 valenece, 3x7 = 21 valence, minus charge so add another = 22 valence electrons].
selection_sort..c
#include //header file input output function
#define N 10//default value N=10
void selection_sort(int a[], int n);//function declaration
int *find_largest(int a[], int n);//function declaration
void swap(int *p, int *q);//function declaration
int main(void)
{//main function
int i;
int a[N];//variable declaration
int x,y;
printf(\"Enter %d numbers to be sorted: \", N);
for (i = 0; i < N; i++)
scanf(\"%d\", &a[i]);//keyboard inputting
selection_sort(a, N);//calling method
printf(\"In sorted order:\");
for (i = 0; i < N; i++)
printf(\" %d\", a[i]);
printf(\"\ \");
printf(\"largest element in the array :\");
*find_largest(a,N);//calling method
printf(\"\ Enter two variables for swapping :\");
scanf(\"%d\",&x);
scanf(\"%d\",&y);
swap(&x,&y);
return 0;
}
void selection_sort(int a[], int n)
{//function definition
int i, largest = 0, temp;
if (n == 1)
return;
for (i = 1; i < n; i++)
if (a[i] > a[largest])
largest = i;//selection sort logic
if (largest < n - 1) {
temp = a[n-1];
a[n-1] = a[largest];
a[largest] = temp;
}
selection_sort(a, n - 1);
}
int *find_largest(int *a, int n)
{//function definition
for(int i=1;i if you want to find smallest element*/
*a=*(a+i);
}
printf(\"%d\",*a);
}
void swap(int *p, int *q)
{//function definition
*p = *p + *q; // x now becomes 15
*q = *p - *q; // y becomes 10
*p = *p - *q; // x becomes 5
printf(\"After swapping of values :\");
printf(\"%d %d\ \",*p,*q);
}
output
Enter 10 numbers to be sorted: 562 1 344 6 4 3 2 4 67 8
In sorted order: 1 2 3 4 4 6 8 67 344 562
largest element in the array :562
Enter two variables for swapping :10 20
After swapping of
values :20 10
Solution
selection_sort..c
#include //header file input output function
#define N 10//default value N=10
void selection_sort(int a[], int n);//function declaration
int *find_largest(int a[], int n);//function declaration
void swap(int *p, int *q);//function declaration
int main(void)
{//main function
int i;
int a[N];//variable declaration
int x,y;
printf(\"Enter %d numbers to be sorted: \", N);
for (i = 0; i < N; i++)
scanf(\"%d\", &a[i]);//keyboard inputting
selection_sort(a, N);//calling method
printf(\"In sorted order:\");
for (i = 0; i < N; i++)
printf(\" %d\", a[i]);
printf(\"\ \");
printf(\"largest element in the array :\");
*find_largest(a,N);//calling method
printf(\"\ Enter two variables for swapping :\");
scanf(\"%d\",&x);
scanf(\"%d\",&y);
swap(&x,&y);
return 0;
}
void selection_sort(int a[], int n)
{//function definition
int i, largest = 0, temp;
if (n == 1)
return;
for (i = 1; i < n; i++)
if (a[i] > a[largest])
largest = i;//selection sort logic
if (largest < n - 1) {
temp = a[n-1];
a[n-1] = a[largest];
a[largest] = temp;
}
selection_sort(a, n - 1);
}
int *find_largest(int *a, int n)
{//function definition
for(int i=1;i if you want to find smallest element*/
*a=*(a+i);
}
printf(\"%d\",*a);
}
void swap(int *p, int *q)
{//function definition
*p = *p + *q; // x now becomes 15
*q = *p - *q; // y becomes 10
*p = *p - *q; // x bec.
Q2.AnswerThe Toll -like receptor encodes a protein which plays .pdfanton291
Q2.
Answer:
The Toll -like receptor encodes a protein which plays an important and fundamental role in the
pathogen recognition and activation of innate immunity. These TLRs are highly conserved
regions ranging from the well model organism of genetics Drosophila to humans and share
structural and functional similarities. They recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns that
are expressed on infectious agents, and mediate the production of cytokines necessary for the
development of effective immunity. The various TLRs exhibit different patterns of expression
and these receptor has been implicated in signal transduction events induced by
lipopolysaccharide (LPS) found in most gram-negative bacteria. Mutations in this gene have
been associated with differences in LPS responsiveness.
The lysosome protects the cell by acting upon the infectious pathogen as soon as its entry in to
the cell and before reaching the cytoplasm it will be degraded. The pathogens often hijack
endocytotic pathways such as pinocytosis and gain entry into the cell. The acid phospatases
present in the lysosome hydrolyze the biomolecules of pathogens necessary for their replication
strategies. The reduced Lysosomal activity results in an increase in viral infectivity, including
HIV infection. The toxins such as AB5 toxins such as cholera hijack the endosomal pathway
while evading lysosomal degradation.
Solution
Q2.
Answer:
The Toll -like receptor encodes a protein which plays an important and fundamental role in the
pathogen recognition and activation of innate immunity. These TLRs are highly conserved
regions ranging from the well model organism of genetics Drosophila to humans and share
structural and functional similarities. They recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns that
are expressed on infectious agents, and mediate the production of cytokines necessary for the
development of effective immunity. The various TLRs exhibit different patterns of expression
and these receptor has been implicated in signal transduction events induced by
lipopolysaccharide (LPS) found in most gram-negative bacteria. Mutations in this gene have
been associated with differences in LPS responsiveness.
The lysosome protects the cell by acting upon the infectious pathogen as soon as its entry in to
the cell and before reaching the cytoplasm it will be degraded. The pathogens often hijack
endocytotic pathways such as pinocytosis and gain entry into the cell. The acid phospatases
present in the lysosome hydrolyze the biomolecules of pathogens necessary for their replication
strategies. The reduced Lysosomal activity results in an increase in viral infectivity, including
HIV infection. The toxins such as AB5 toxins such as cholera hijack the endosomal pathway
while evading lysosomal degradation..
Ionic Bonds (between ionic molecules) - Medium strong bond - In an.pdfanton291
Ionic Bonds (between ionic molecules) - Medium strong bond
- In an ionic solid, adjacent ions have electrostatic attractions and are arranged in a lattice
structure.
- Ionic solids have strong bonds resulting in high melting and boiling point temperatures.
Metallic Bonds (bonds between metal atoms) - Weakest strong bond
- Metallic solids are often described as \"a group of nuclei surrounded by a sea of mobile
electrons.\" In other words, the electrons in metallic solids are delocalized and are free to move
about, making metals good conductors of electricity.
- Metallic bonds are still relatively strong forces of attraction and most metals have high melting
and boiling point temperatures.
Mercury is the only metal that is not solid at room temperature.
Hydrogen Bonding - Strongest weak bond
- In hydrogen bonds, the positively charged hydrogen end of one molecule is attracted to the
negatively charged end of another molecule which must be an extremely electronegative element
(fluorine, oxygen, or nitrogen - FON)
Dipole-Dipole Forces - Medium weak bond
- Dipole-dipole forces exist between neutral, polar molecules where the positive end of one
molecule is attracted to the negative end of another molecule.
London Dispersion Forces - Weakest weak bond
- London dispersion forces (LDF) occur between neutral, nonpolar molecules. LDF occur due to
the \"random motion of electrons.\" At any moment, one atom may be surrounded by an extra
electron from a neighboring atom, resulting in an instantaneous polarity on the atom. During that
instant, the \"polarized\" atom will act as a very weak dipole.
Solution
Ionic Bonds (between ionic molecules) - Medium strong bond
- In an ionic solid, adjacent ions have electrostatic attractions and are arranged in a lattice
structure.
- Ionic solids have strong bonds resulting in high melting and boiling point temperatures.
Metallic Bonds (bonds between metal atoms) - Weakest strong bond
- Metallic solids are often described as \"a group of nuclei surrounded by a sea of mobile
electrons.\" In other words, the electrons in metallic solids are delocalized and are free to move
about, making metals good conductors of electricity.
- Metallic bonds are still relatively strong forces of attraction and most metals have high melting
and boiling point temperatures.
Mercury is the only metal that is not solid at room temperature.
Hydrogen Bonding - Strongest weak bond
- In hydrogen bonds, the positively charged hydrogen end of one molecule is attracted to the
negatively charged end of another molecule which must be an extremely electronegative element
(fluorine, oxygen, or nitrogen - FON)
Dipole-Dipole Forces - Medium weak bond
- Dipole-dipole forces exist between neutral, polar molecules where the positive end of one
molecule is attracted to the negative end of another molecule.
London Dispersion Forces - Weakest weak bond
- London dispersion forces (LDF) occur between neutral, nonpolar molecules. LDF occur due to
the \"random moti.
Dicer it is also referred as endoribonuclease Dicer. It has activit.pdfanton291
Dicer: it is also referred as endoribonuclease Dicer. It has activity of cleaving double-stranded
RNA and pre –microRNA into specific fragments of RNA 20 to 15 kb (double stranded). This
enzyme is also known as helicase with RNase. This enzyme called dicer and large RNA
molecules produces small interfering RNA and micro RNA.
Gene expression & dicer: The process of generation of messenger RNA from genome of DNA in
the presence of RNA polymerase and transcription factors is known as “gene expression”. Dicer
influences gene expression by binding to “nascent mRNA” to cut into small fragements result in
negative feedback of gene expression
Example:
In fission yeast, defective RNA interference (RNAi) is leading to loss of H3K9 methylation at
cetromere result in loss of centromere function. Through a series of transcriptive and Dicer
related activities, siRNAs are formed that are required for recruiting RITS complex to the
centromere and heterochromatin formation. RNA-dependent RNA polymerase II is mainly
responsible for the generation of short- lived siRNA finally a double stranded dsRNA is
generated from this siRNA by dicer. These siRNA are complexed with argonaute result in Ago1
blockade finally RITS (RNA-induced initiation of transcriptional silencing) is recruited for co-
transcriptional and post-transcriptional silencing result in assembly of heterochromatin to the
centromere
Solution
Dicer: it is also referred as endoribonuclease Dicer. It has activity of cleaving double-stranded
RNA and pre –microRNA into specific fragments of RNA 20 to 15 kb (double stranded). This
enzyme is also known as helicase with RNase. This enzyme called dicer and large RNA
molecules produces small interfering RNA and micro RNA.
Gene expression & dicer: The process of generation of messenger RNA from genome of DNA in
the presence of RNA polymerase and transcription factors is known as “gene expression”. Dicer
influences gene expression by binding to “nascent mRNA” to cut into small fragements result in
negative feedback of gene expression
Example:
In fission yeast, defective RNA interference (RNAi) is leading to loss of H3K9 methylation at
cetromere result in loss of centromere function. Through a series of transcriptive and Dicer
related activities, siRNAs are formed that are required for recruiting RITS complex to the
centromere and heterochromatin formation. RNA-dependent RNA polymerase II is mainly
responsible for the generation of short- lived siRNA finally a double stranded dsRNA is
generated from this siRNA by dicer. These siRNA are complexed with argonaute result in Ago1
blockade finally RITS (RNA-induced initiation of transcriptional silencing) is recruited for co-
transcriptional and post-transcriptional silencing result in assembly of heterochromatin to the
centromere.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Welding is a permanent joining of two similar metals by melting the .pdf
1. Welding is a permanent joining of two similar metals by melting the point where they join and
(often) adding additional "filler" material to facilitate. If done properly, the join becomes
homogeneous and stronger than the surrounding metal. The only way of removing a weld is
destructively.
Rivet jointing of material is a semi-permanent jointing method. two components are placed
alongside - one normally with a flange - clamped in place and then a hole drilled directly through
both metals. A rivet is then fitted and hammered in place - normally forming a dome, but other
rivet forms are available and can be used....even "hidden rivets" where the rivet is forged
(repeatedly hit by a hammer) into a countersunk hole and then machined afterwards to create an
invisible join.
There are advantages and disadvantages to both. Welding can affect the cellular structure of the
metal creating internal stresses and weak points, adds material and can only be undertaken in
similar metals.
Riveting on the other hand can be undertaken in dissimilar metals, and can be separated
afterwards (with some effort), however the joint is not homogenous and significant attention has
to be paid to the stresses within the rivets in all likely situations. Poorly chosen rivet material
(and plate material) combinations can result in unintended galvanic corrosion and early failure,
thermal expansion of the plate material overstressing the rivets and breaking down the join (this
is where in high temperatures the plates expand, causing a tensile loading to present within the
rivet and a compressive loading on the plate around the rivet head that may exceed the Young's
Modulus -of either the rivet or, compressively, the plate itself - causing a loosening of the joint
and premature failure)
Solution
Welding is a permanent joining of two similar metals by melting the point where they join and
(often) adding additional "filler" material to facilitate. If done properly, the join becomes
homogeneous and stronger than the surrounding metal. The only way of removing a weld is
destructively.
Rivet jointing of material is a semi-permanent jointing method. two components are placed
alongside - one normally with a flange - clamped in place and then a hole drilled directly through
both metals. A rivet is then fitted and hammered in place - normally forming a dome, but other
rivet forms are available and can be used....even "hidden rivets" where the rivet is forged
(repeatedly hit by a hammer) into a countersunk hole and then machined afterwards to create an
invisible join.
2. There are advantages and disadvantages to both. Welding can affect the cellular structure of the
metal creating internal stresses and weak points, adds material and can only be undertaken in
similar metals.
Riveting on the other hand can be undertaken in dissimilar metals, and can be separated
afterwards (with some effort), however the joint is not homogenous and significant attention has
to be paid to the stresses within the rivets in all likely situations. Poorly chosen rivet material
(and plate material) combinations can result in unintended galvanic corrosion and early failure,
thermal expansion of the plate material overstressing the rivets and breaking down the join (this
is where in high temperatures the plates expand, causing a tensile loading to present within the
rivet and a compressive loading on the plate around the rivet head that may exceed the Young's
Modulus -of either the rivet or, compressively, the plate itself - causing a loosening of the joint
and premature failure)
