Dr. Christine Wekerle discusses best practices for social media use. She provides an overview of popular social media platforms and their usage rates. Both benefits and risks of social media are outlined. Research shows social media can help disseminate health information and support social connections, but also enables cyberbullying and overuse. Guidelines are presented for healthy usage and addressing concerning posts. Dr. Wekerle also describes her own research evaluating the impact of social media campaigns on research dissemination.

1. DR.
CHRISTINE
WEKERLE
Ph.D. (Clinical
Psychology)
Pediatrics,
McMaster
University
Offord Centre for
Child Studies
BEST
PRACTICES
IN SOCIAL
MEDIA
USE
Watch on Dr. Wekerle media start on
Youtube: https://youtu.be/OT2RlrBpTmk

2. Christine Wekerle wekerc@mcmaster.ca

 Twitter: @DrWekerle; @ResilienceInYou
https://twitter.com/drwekerle
https://twitter.com/ResilienceInYou
 Instagram: @resilienceinyouth
https://www.instagram.com/resilienceinyouth/
 Youtube: resilienceinyouth
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCwb2FU5KNOmazMX175ALKFQ
 Slideshare: Christine Wekerle
https://www.slideshare.net/ChristineWekerle
 LinkedIn: Christine Wekerle
https://www.linkedin.com/in/christine-wekerle-27603013
I am active on social media ;)

3.  Social media refers to activities among
people gathered online who share
information using conversational media
that make it easy to create and share
content in the form of words, pictures,
videos, and audios. (Safko & Brake, 2009, as cited in Neiger et al.,
2012)
 Interaction level is variable (View, Likes, Chats,
Discussion Forum)
 Real-time or Delayed
 Curate Content
 Social Connectedness - One form of community
What is Social Media (SoMe)?

4. ◼ From January 2017 to January 2018, SoMe use has grown 13%
worldwide (https://www.smartinsights.com/social-media-marketing/social-media-strategy/new-global-social-
media-research/)
Yearly growth in SoMe usage
(Statistica, 2018)
Healthcare
professionals have
opportunity to aid
in understanding
how SoMe works,
healthy usage, &
tracking wellness
(Schurgin, O’Keefe, Clarke-
Pearson, & Council on
Communications and Media,
2011)

5.  72% of online U.S. adults stated that they have looked online for health
information in the past year (PEW Research Center, 2013)
 52% of smartphone owners reported doing so on their phone (PEW Research
Center, 2012)
 For individuals with mental illnesses, networking on SoMe can help share
experiences, and lead to formal help-seeking and accessing online
interventions (Naslund, Aschbrenner, Marsch, & Bartels, 2016)
 Young adults with mental illnesses report wanting independent living,
socializing, employment, advocacy, housing and social security information
available to them on SoMe (Gowen, Deschaine, Gruttadara, & Markey, 2012)
 “Hashtag” advocacy to reduce stigma – sexual violence victimization
#MeToo For gender approach, see: Wekerle, C (2017) We must listen to
male sexual abuse victims #too. The Conversation Canada
 https://goodmenproject.com/featured-content/must-listen-male-sexual-abuse-
SoMe for Health & Wellness

6. What percentage of Canadian adults are using SoMe apps?
 Facebook-84%
 YouTube-59%
 LinkedIn-46%
 Twitter-42%
 Pinterest-38%
 Instagram-37%
 Snapchat-22%
 Tumblr -11%
 Reddit-9%
Canadian Adults - Internet Use
(Gruzd, Jacobson, Mai, & Dubois, 2018)

7.  Snapchat is the most popular app among youth- “more
personal” (Vaterlaus, Barnett, Roche, & Young, 2016)
 Snapchat-79%
 Facebook-76%
 Instagram-73%
 Twitter-40%
 Pinterest-31%
 Tumblr-16%
 LinkedIn-9%
Canadian Youth & Young Adults: Internet
Use
(Statistica, 2018; https://www.statista.com/statistics/199242/social-media-and-
networking-sites-used-by-us-teenagers/)
App Snapchat – If under 18, naked snaps are illegal to make, send, keep, post
Snap – picture, text, video - to friends that disappear time set by the sender
If the receiver of the snap saves it (by screenshotting the image) the sender is
immediately notified (Vaterlaus, Barnett, Roche, & Young, 2016)

8. Pros Cons
Communication/Socialization Cyberbullying/Harassment
Networking Exposure to dangerous individuals
Access to health information Privacy Issues and hacking
Entertainment Brand Influences
Opportunities for learning Social Comparison- “Facebook
Depression”
Knowledge mobilization Potential for distribution of sensitive
content
Perceived social support Social Isolation
Ease of self-disclosure Digital footprint
Identity formation and exploration Addiction and excessive use
Pros and Cons of SoMe Use

9.  For adults 30+ SoMe use increases anxiety
 For adults under 30 SoMe use decreases anxiety
(Hardy & Castonguay, 2018)
 Facebook negatively associated with wellbeing
 Real world networking associated with better overall (Shakya &
Christakis, 2017)
 Lin et al. (2016)-young adults who spent more time on SoMe were
more likely to have depression
 Depression and loneliness predict preference for online
communication (Caplan, 2003)
SoMe: Impact on
Depression/Anxiety

10.  Are low-cost, widely accessible, available 24/7,
and allow user to pause and continue as needed-
eliminate access barriers ( Boydell et al., 2014)
 Evidence for success of mental health module
interventions in increasing wellness, and eCBT in
reducing anxiety and depressive symptoms in
youth
 (Clarke, Kuosmanen, & Barry, 2015)
 Facebook support groups for depression may
reduce depressive symptoms; but face-to-face
support networks show better results (Wright et al., 2013)
 Short term results (e.g., STI prevention via
Facebook, no impact at 6 mo. Follow-up)
Online Health
Interventions

11.  Analysis of Facebook use by college students:
 (1) socializing, (2) entertainment, (3) information, (4) status
 (Park, Kee, & Valenzuela, 2009)
 Analysis of Instagram use by undergrads:
 (1) surveillance of others, (2) archiving, (3) coolness, (4) creativity
 (Sheldon & Bryant, 2016)
 Snapchat enhances existing interpersonal relationships: pictures, daily
updates on activities, humor (Vaterlaus, Barnett, Roche, & Young, 2016)
 Extraversion and Openness to Experience correlated heavier SoMe use
 (Correa, Hinsley, & De Zúñiga, 2010)
 For females high in neuroticism, increased activity on Facebook was
associated with decreased depressive symptoms
 (Simoncic, Kuhlman, Vargas, Houchins, & Lopez-Duran, 2014)
Motivations for SoMe

12.  In disadvantaged neighborhoods, safe physical space may be
limited
 SoMe may act as “digital third spaces” and news outlets
 (Stevens, Gillard-Matthews, Danaev, Woods, & Brawner, 2017)
 Acts as a tool for homeless youth to access information, connect
socially and to find services they may be eligible for
 (Rice & Barman-Adhikari, 2014)
 Online interactions may be used as a tool to “bridge social capital”
for individuals with mental health issues
 (Steinfield, Ellison, & Lampe, 2008; Ksinan & Vazsonyi, 2016; Sheldon, 2008)
 Study of youth (14-17) found high number of SoMe accounts
related to anxiety/depressive symptoms and high fear of missing
out [FOMO]
 (Bary, Sidoti, Briggs, Reiter, & Lindsey, 2017)
SoMe & Disadvantaged
Populations

13.  Online violence: cyberbullying, electronic dating aggression/cyber-
stalking, gang violence, cyber-suicide
 Networking for youth who share radical /deviant opinions (Patton et al., 2014)
 Snapchat may be used to facilitate deviant behavior while remaining
anonymous: sexting, “outing” other youth (incriminating snaps),
cyberbullying (Vaterlaus, Barnett, Roche, & Young, 2016)
 Teens report having additional SoMe accounts on top of their main
profile: “Fake accounts”, “Spam accounts,” “Burn” pages (Bary, Sidoti, Briggs,
Reiter, & Lindsey, 2017; Stevens, Gillard-Matthews, Dunaev, Woods, & Brawner, 2017)
 15% youth reported unwanted sexual solicitation and 33% reported
harassment online in the past year (girls >boys)
 Some youth take part in risk-taking challenges and dares on Youtube
(choking each other, setting self on fire, funneling alcohol) as well as
self injury
 (Ahern, Sauer, & Thacker, 2015; Lewis, Heath, Michal, & Duggan, 2012; Ybarra & Mitchell, 2008)
Dangers of SoMe Use

14. Posting about suicidal thoughts/self harm
(Lewis, Heath, Michal, & Duggan, 2012)
Potential Benefits:
 Social support
 Disclosure of
information they are
uncomfortable talking
about in-person
 Some research shows
joining self-injury e-
communities
decreases self-injury
Potential Risks:
 May lead to
normalization of the
behavior (reduction of
help-seeking)
 Networking and
reinforcement: likes
and shares
 Lack of hope/resilience
messages
COPPA imposes certain requirements on operators of websites or online services directed to children under
13 years of age, and on operators of other websites or online services that have actual knowledge that they
are collecting personal information online from a child under 13 years of age.

15. To reporting of posts and
profiles?
To searches for sensitive
content?
How do SoMe operators respond?

16.  What do you do if you are concerned
about what others are posting on
social media?
 Blocking/Reporting: when to report
or alert the police
 If you think that you are spending
too much time on SoMe, take a
break:
 Try to monitor your usage.
 Is it interfering with your daily activities?
 Does disconnecting cause you withdrawal-like symptoms?
 Refrain from using SoMe before bed.
 Do not sleep with devices in your bed.
 WHAT ELSE COULD YOU BE DOING?
Best practice guidelines

17.  Resource: Office of the Privacy Commissioner of Canada (Personal
Information Protection and Electronic Documents Act, PIPEDA:
https://www.priv.gc.ca/en/);
 PrevNET – Legal Consequences of Cyberbullying:
https://www.prevnet.ca/bullying/cyber-bullying/legal-consequences
 Tips
 Know what is going on: 61% of youth reported having SoMe accounts when
they were under 12 years of age (Chalk, YoungMinds, & The Children’s
Society, 2017)
 Media literacy is a part of mental health literacy: Discover together what
youth are doing online and how it can affect them
 Do not spy on youth with social media monitoring apps, but have open and
honest communication with your child about social media and digital
footprint
Best practice guidelines for parents
: https://youngminds.org.uk/resources/policy/cyberbullying-
inquiry/
s

18. Our Research with SoMe: Violence
Prevention & Resilience Promotion

19.  Research question: Is a team-based social media strategy via
Twitter effective for increasing research publication knowledge
dissemination (ResearchGate views) and knowledge uptake
(ResearchGate citations)?
 24 #CIHRTeamSV team members participated: minimum of one
tweet per week during active period
 Researchgate links to articles included in tweets
 ABAB design: No Twitter activity vs active Twitter activity (one
month blocks)
 Data obtained: # of views on each researcher’s profile, # of
views for each article, and # of citations for each article
Research experiment: The reach of
a Twitter campaign #CIHRTeamSV

20. Twitter Activity

21. Results
(Wekerle, Vakili, Stewart, & Black, in press)
Weekly ResearchGate Profile
Views
Weekly ResearchGate Article Reads
Weekly ResearchGate Article Citations

22.  Twitter may be a feasible tool for translation of knowledge on
sexual violence
 Twitter appears to have a significant impact on short-term
knowledge dissemination (views, reads)
 Citations may be a better measure of long-term effects (uptake)
 Extend data collection period
 Worth further investigation with other SoMe platforms…
 Professionals need to develop
“brand” or on-line personality
Discussion

23.  Exploratory study: Is Instagram effective in engaging users with
evidence-based posts and posts linked to research articles?
 Instagram is primarily used to display photos as opposed to
text-based content (research)
 ABAB design: no posting activity vs active posting
 Evidence and research-based posts were created with resilience
messages displayed over pictures
 Active phase: Three postings per day (2 research-based and 1
evidence based) in random order
 Data obtained: # of views for each article (ResearchGate), # of
citations for each article, post impressions, and post reach
Research experiment: The reach of
an Instagram campaign #ResilienceInYouth

24. Research- vs Evidence-Based posts

25.  People will engage with research presented on Instagram
 Posting weeks appear to show increases in engagement and re-
engagement
 Users were not just engaging with light resilience topics.
 Sensitive topics (e.g., alcohol abuse, CSA) were liked and
commented on as well
 Although most of the followers were youth and young adults,
professional and adults were liking and commenting on the
posts as well
 Very little Instagram research to date –
Discussion

26.  Promotes resilience and enhances overall wellbeing in youth
through:
 Emotion Regulation
 Cognitive Organization
 Targets underserved populations of youth:
 Crown Wards, Indigenous youth in remote
locations, transitioning youth
Age Range of 16-21
JoyPop App: A mobile-app to foster
resilience in youth

27.  Increasing emotional
awareness
 Less than 50% happy:
asked to rate three negative
emotions
 Ability to label and
differentiate negative
emotions
 Prompts activities to
increase mood
 Ratings are saved to
calendar
Mood Ratings

28.  Journal entries can be free-flowing
thoughts or a response to prompts that are
automatically generated
 Option to snap a picture, upload a picture
from their camera roll, or use emojis in
addition to text
 Entries are saved to the calendar
Journaling

29.  Teaching positive distractions to decrease
rumination about negative mood
 Cognitive learning activities such as puzzles
and art activities
 Breathing exercises to reduce stress and
foster relaxation
 Tetris linked to self-regulation, cognitive
organization and decreases in trauma
flashbacks (Gabbiadini & Greitemeyer, 2017; Holmes, James,
Coode-Bate, & Deeprose, 2009; James et al., 2009)
Activities

30.  Safe social support network
 Up to six individuals can be added to the
circle
 Mentorship and fostering of “resilient
identity” (Ungar, 2004)
 Emergency contacts, peers, professionals
(e.g., social worker, therapist)
 Kids Help Phone: Call and text lines always
at the top of the screen while in the app
Circle of Trust

31.  Webwise provides information and support for youth, parents and teachers
https://www.webwise.ie
 Internet Matters provides age specific advice for keeping your children safe
online https://www.internetmatters.org
 The Center for Internet and Technology Addiction provides screening tools and
resources http://virtual-addiction.com/addiction-screening-tools/
 Internet Addiction Quiz https://psychcentral.com/quizzes/internet-addiction-
quiz/
 Center for Media Literacy http://www.medialit.org/topics/social-media
Resources for SoMe users, parents,
& practitioners

32. Thank you for your attention!

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