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Owl pellet dissection
An owl pellet dissection found bones from 2 animals, including 2 humeri, 1 femur, 2 lower jaws, 2 skulls, 3 vertebrae, 2 shoulder blades, 2 ulnas/radii, 2 ribs, 6 pelvic bones, and 2 tibias/fibias. The pellet contents indicate the owl's diet consisted of at least 2 animals, and as a tertiary consumer, the owl preys on rats that eat plants.
Quick evolution leads to quiet crickets 2012
1) On the Hawaiian island of Kauai, parasitic flies lay eggs on male field crickets. The fly larvae then eat the cricket from the inside. In response, the cricket population evolved to have silent wings in just a few generations. Males with silent wings avoid the flies but have trouble finding mates.
2) The evolution was caused by a mutation on the X chromosome. This mutation causes male crickets to have wings like females, which are silent. This allows the males to evade the parasitic flies.
3) Though successful at avoiding parasites, the silent-winged males struggle to reproduce as they cannot call to attract mates. However, Kauai's female crickets tolerate silent males
Martin 2012 weak disruptive selection and incomplete phenotypic divergence in...
This document summarizes a study that estimated the form and strength of selection in two classic examples of sympatric speciation: radiations of Cameroon cichlids restricted to Lakes Barombi Mbo and Ejagham. The author measured traits and growth rates in over 500 individuals within incipient species complexes from each lake. Results showed disruptive selection on traits but it was weak relative to stabilizing selection, and trait distributions remained unimodal despite genetic structure and assortative mating. This suggests sympatric speciation may require stronger initial disruptive selection or be constrained in these systems by factors like weak trait-mating links and reduced trait variation.
Thari – cattle breed
The Tharparkar breed of cattle from India are medium-sized with straight limbs and good feet. They have an alert carriage but can be wild since they are not often handled. The usual coat color is white or gray that may darken in males or during winter months. The head is medium-sized with a broad, flat or slightly convex forehead. Horns curve gradually upwards and outwards with blunt tips inclined inwards. Males have thicker, shorter, and straighter horns than females. The breed has moderate muscle development and fine, mellow skin.
Evolutionary stuff like macroevolution
New alleles usually enter a gene pool as single copies. Gregor Mendel showed through pea plant experiments that offspring are not a blending of parents' traits, disproving the prevailing theory of blending inheritance. Population genetics founded by Fisher, Wright, and Haldane examines how allele frequencies change in populations over time through natural selection and genetic drift. Speciation, when one species splits into two, is a mechanism of macroevolution as it allows major evolutionary changes between lineages. Evidence for macroevolution comes from fields like comparative anatomy, biogeography, and taxonomy.
The clone age part 2
The document discusses various ways that cloning technology could help address medical and conservation issues. It asks questions about how organ clones could help transplant patients, how cloning could help infertile couples or those with genetic risks have children, and how species cloning could help endangered animals. The final question asks the reader to give their opinion on cloning and whether they agree with it or not.
Evolution lecture 3
1) Isolation prevents interbreeding between species and allows their gene pools to diverge over time, leading to speciation. There are prezygotic and postzygotic isolating mechanisms.
2) Prezygotic mechanisms like ecological, temporal, behavioral, and mechanical isolation prevent mating and fertilization between species. Postzygotic mechanisms prevent hybrid offspring from surviving or reproducing.
3) Speciation can occur with or without geographic barriers separating populations. Allopatric speciation occurs when barriers lead to reproductive isolation, while sympatric speciation involves mechanisms like balanced polymorphisms, polyploidy, or hybridization.
Chapter 22 darwinian view
1. The document summarizes Charles Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection as presented in his 1859 book On the Origin of Species. It discusses how Darwin built on earlier ideas about transmutation of species and biogeography to develop the theory of evolution by descent with modification and natural selection.
2. Darwin proposed that species slowly evolve over generations through natural selection of inheritable traits that aid survival and reproduction in the local environment. He provided evidence from artificial selection, biogeography, homology, and his observations of the Galapagos finches.
3. The theory revolutionized biology by providing a naturalistic explanation for adaptation and the diversity of life without needing to invoke design. While controversial when first published
Recommended
Owl pellet dissection
An owl pellet dissection found bones from 2 animals, including 2 humeri, 1 femur, 2 lower jaws, 2 skulls, 3 vertebrae, 2 shoulder blades, 2 ulnas/radii, 2 ribs, 6 pelvic bones, and 2 tibias/fibias. The pellet contents indicate the owl's diet consisted of at least 2 animals, and as a tertiary consumer, the owl preys on rats that eat plants.
Quick evolution leads to quiet crickets 2012
1) On the Hawaiian island of Kauai, parasitic flies lay eggs on male field crickets. The fly larvae then eat the cricket from the inside. In response, the cricket population evolved to have silent wings in just a few generations. Males with silent wings avoid the flies but have trouble finding mates.
2) The evolution was caused by a mutation on the X chromosome. This mutation causes male crickets to have wings like females, which are silent. This allows the males to evade the parasitic flies.
3) Though successful at avoiding parasites, the silent-winged males struggle to reproduce as they cannot call to attract mates. However, Kauai's female crickets tolerate silent males
Martin 2012 weak disruptive selection and incomplete phenotypic divergence in...
This document summarizes a study that estimated the form and strength of selection in two classic examples of sympatric speciation: radiations of Cameroon cichlids restricted to Lakes Barombi Mbo and Ejagham. The author measured traits and growth rates in over 500 individuals within incipient species complexes from each lake. Results showed disruptive selection on traits but it was weak relative to stabilizing selection, and trait distributions remained unimodal despite genetic structure and assortative mating. This suggests sympatric speciation may require stronger initial disruptive selection or be constrained in these systems by factors like weak trait-mating links and reduced trait variation.
Thari – cattle breed
The Tharparkar breed of cattle from India are medium-sized with straight limbs and good feet. They have an alert carriage but can be wild since they are not often handled. The usual coat color is white or gray that may darken in males or during winter months. The head is medium-sized with a broad, flat or slightly convex forehead. Horns curve gradually upwards and outwards with blunt tips inclined inwards. Males have thicker, shorter, and straighter horns than females. The breed has moderate muscle development and fine, mellow skin.
Evolutionary stuff like macroevolution
New alleles usually enter a gene pool as single copies. Gregor Mendel showed through pea plant experiments that offspring are not a blending of parents' traits, disproving the prevailing theory of blending inheritance. Population genetics founded by Fisher, Wright, and Haldane examines how allele frequencies change in populations over time through natural selection and genetic drift. Speciation, when one species splits into two, is a mechanism of macroevolution as it allows major evolutionary changes between lineages. Evidence for macroevolution comes from fields like comparative anatomy, biogeography, and taxonomy.
The clone age part 2
The document discusses various ways that cloning technology could help address medical and conservation issues. It asks questions about how organ clones could help transplant patients, how cloning could help infertile couples or those with genetic risks have children, and how species cloning could help endangered animals. The final question asks the reader to give their opinion on cloning and whether they agree with it or not.
Evolution lecture 3
1) Isolation prevents interbreeding between species and allows their gene pools to diverge over time, leading to speciation. There are prezygotic and postzygotic isolating mechanisms.
2) Prezygotic mechanisms like ecological, temporal, behavioral, and mechanical isolation prevent mating and fertilization between species. Postzygotic mechanisms prevent hybrid offspring from surviving or reproducing.
3) Speciation can occur with or without geographic barriers separating populations. Allopatric speciation occurs when barriers lead to reproductive isolation, while sympatric speciation involves mechanisms like balanced polymorphisms, polyploidy, or hybridization.
Chapter 22 darwinian view
1. The document summarizes Charles Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection as presented in his 1859 book On the Origin of Species. It discusses how Darwin built on earlier ideas about transmutation of species and biogeography to develop the theory of evolution by descent with modification and natural selection.
2. Darwin proposed that species slowly evolve over generations through natural selection of inheritable traits that aid survival and reproduction in the local environment. He provided evidence from artificial selection, biogeography, homology, and his observations of the Galapagos finches.
3. The theory revolutionized biology by providing a naturalistic explanation for adaptation and the diversity of life without needing to invoke design. While controversial when first published
Bis 220 final
This document provides 30 multiple choice questions and answers for a BIS 220 final exam. It covers topics like types of information systems, end-user computing, expert systems, privacy and security issues, Microsoft Word functions, databases, e-commerce models, and presentation software.
Biology final exam study guide
DNA stands for deoxyribonucleic acid and is the genetic material found in the nucleus of cells that stores and transmits hereditary information. In the 1950s, scientists Watson and Crick used evidence from experiments by other researchers to develop their double helix model of DNA structure, which consists of two strands coiled around each other. DNA replication is the process by which DNA copies itself before a cell divides, with each strand serving as a template to produce complementary new strands.
The clone age part 1
Scientists believe cloning technology could change life as we know it. A clone is an exact genetic copy of another organism. The first cloned mammals were sheep, and Dolly was the first cloned sheep, created using the technique of nuclear transfer. While human cloning could potentially save lives, it may also have unintended consequences that need consideration.
Biologix Alternative Patterns Of Inheritance
This document provides 14 questions about genetics concepts like Gregor Mendel's experiments with pea plants, alleles, genotypes, blood types, pedigree charts, pleiotrophy, polygenic traits, and the interplay between genes and environment. The questions cover inheritance patterns, blood clotting, rabbit coat color phenotypes, and whether nature or nurture has a greater influence on human personality and appearance.
Evolution lecture 4 & 5
Macroevolution refers to large evolutionary changes that occur at or above the species level, in contrast to microevolution which involves smaller changes within a species. Adaptive radiation is the evolution of many descendant species from a single ancestor, with each species adapted to a different ecological niche. A classic example is Darwin's finches, which evolved from a common ancestor into 14 species with varying beak sizes and shapes adapted to different food sources. Orthogenesis proposed that evolutionary changes occur in a straight line, while allometry describes how body part size relates to overall body size and its evolution.
Spring Bio Exam Review
This document provides a review sheet for an AP Biology final exam, outlining the chapters and topics covered. It includes summaries of 55 chapters, with an emphasis on natural selection, evolution, cell biology, physiology, ecology, and animal behavior. Key concepts highlighted include the levels of classification, structures and functions of plant and animal cells and tissues, organ systems, population dynamics, energy flow through ecosystems, and threats to biodiversity.
DNA & Heredity-I
DNA contains genes that determine traits by regulating protein production. Genes are segments of DNA located on chromosomes, which are composed of DNA and protein. During gene expression, DNA is transcribed into mRNA which is then translated to synthesize proteins based on the genetic code where three-nucleotide combinations on mRNA code for specific amino acids. Together, this process explains how hereditary information encoded in DNA is used to produce traits and why individuals may resemble their biological parents and relatives.
Criterion C: Thinking Critically
This document outlines achievement levels for criterion D of the MYP, which focuses on thinking critically. It describes 4 achievement levels from 1-2 to 7-8, with higher levels demonstrating more detailed discussion, stronger synthesis to make arguments, more effective analysis of sources, and ability to interpret a wider range of perspectives and implications. The top level of 7-8 involves a comprehensive discussion and synthesis to make well-supported arguments through analysis of a wide range of sources and perspectives.
Chapter 15 Evolution - All Sections 15.1 - 15.3
Darwin's voyage on the HMS Beagle and observations of species on the Galapagos Islands led him to develop the theory of natural selection. Natural selection proposes that heritable traits better suited to the environment will help individuals survive and reproduce, leading to evolution over generations as beneficial traits become more common. Darwin published his theory in On the Origin of Species in 1859. Modern evidence from fossils, comparative anatomy, biogeography, and molecular biology provide strong support for evolution by natural selection.
Bio413 07 sympatric_speciation_species concepts_allopatric_speciation_winter2...
Heliconius butterflies that live in South America exhibit reproductive isolation and assortative mating between closely related species. An experiment showed that males of two Heliconius species, H. cydno and H. melpomene, prefer to mate with females of their own color pattern and mate less often with hybrid females. Hybrids also face natural selection pressures as they are eaten more frequently by predators due to a lack of Müllerian mimicry protection. The reproductive isolation, sexual selection, and natural selection acting on these sympatric butterfly species together lead to their evolution and maintenance as distinct species.
Natural selection lab
This document describes an experiment to test how different beak shapes affect a bird's ability to gather food. Students will act as birds with spoons, forks or sporks to collect beans and peas, and the amounts gathered will be counted. The hypothesis is that the spork bird will collect the most food and the fork bird the least. Students will rotate roles as the bird, nest and counter. They will then analyze the results and factors affecting food collection.
Chapter 11
The document summarizes key concepts in experimental design and statistical analysis. It provides examples of different types of experimental designs (e.g., independent groups, correlated groups, repeated measures) and statistical tests used to analyze data from experiments (e.g., one-way ANOVA). It also defines important terminology like independent variable, dependent variable, between-groups variability, within-groups variability, and degrees of freedom.
selection in nature
This document discusses different types of natural selection and their effects on populations and species evolution over time. It describes directional selection as favoring one extreme trait, stabilizing selection as favoring intermediate traits and eliminating extremes, and disruptive selection as favoring opposite trait extremes. Natural selection can lead to adaptation, radiation of new species from a single ancestor, regression of unnecessary traits, convergence of unrelated species, coevolution between interacting species, and extinction of non-adapted species. Sexual selection also influences evolution by favoring traits that increase mating success even if they reduce survival.
Speciation 2013
The document discusses two patterns of speciation: gradualism (anagenesis) in which a species slowly changes over time through natural selection until it is considered a new species, and branching (cladogenesis) in which a species rapidly splits into two or more new species. Branching speciation occurs through geographic isolation of populations followed by the evolution of reproductive barriers between the isolated groups, preventing interbreeding. This process of branching is the basis for biological diversity as it leads to the formation of multiple new species from the original.
Biome Interactions - Blank food web activity
This activity requires students to investigate the feeding relationships within a terrestrial or aquatic biome.
Mechanisms of evolution-II
The document discusses several mechanisms of evolution including natural selection, genetic drift, mutation, and gene flow. It explains the assumptions of Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium and how these mechanisms can lead to changes in allele frequencies over time and deviations from Hardy-Weinberg expectations. Examples are given of genetic drift, founder effects, bottlenecks, migration, and natural selection acting on populations.
Human impacts, Conservation
Current extinction rates are 50-500 times higher than historical levels, with an estimated 3,000-30,000 species going extinct every year. Over 50% of animal species are critically endangered, endangered or vulnerable due to habitat destruction, introduced species and overexploitation. Without action half of all plant and animal species could be extinct by 2100.
Earthworm dissection lab
The earthworm belongs to the phylum Annelida. It has many segments and searches for food at night in the soil. Earthworms are important for enriching soil by turning over tons of soil and bringing nutrients to the surface. The lab involved dissecting an earthworm to observe its external and internal anatomy, including organs like the brain, hearts, and digestive system. Key differences from humans are that earthworms have multiple hearts and need to keep their skin moist at all times.
Ecology notes
Ecology notes discuss key concepts in ecology including:
- The biosphere, which encompasses all life on Earth from 10,000 meters below to above the surface.
- Ecology, which studies interactions between life forms and between life and non-living elements.
- Levels of organization from atoms to biomes.
- Biotic factors like producers, consumers and abiotic factors like the sun and energy.
- Food chains which flow in one direction and complex food webs with interactions between multiple organisms.
Week12warm ups
We have studied cell biology, genetics, and evolution in this class so far. The remaining topics to cover are physiology and ecology. Physiology will look at how living organisms function, while ecology examines the interactions between organisms and their environments.
Week 15 warm up
The human body has organ systems that work together to maintain homeostasis, keeping the human body stable despite changes in the outside environment. Homeostasis refers to the body's ability to remain relatively stable through the coordinated actions of organ systems. This document discusses physiology unit objectives related to how the human body achieves homeostasis.
Week 9 warm ups
The document outlines five areas of evidence for evolution: biogeography, fossils, anatomy and embryology, genetics and molecular biology, and testing natural selection. For each area, it lists questions about how the evidence in that area relates to evolutionary history, processes, and theory.
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Bis 220 final
This document provides 30 multiple choice questions and answers for a BIS 220 final exam. It covers topics like types of information systems, end-user computing, expert systems, privacy and security issues, Microsoft Word functions, databases, e-commerce models, and presentation software.
Biology final exam study guide
DNA stands for deoxyribonucleic acid and is the genetic material found in the nucleus of cells that stores and transmits hereditary information. In the 1950s, scientists Watson and Crick used evidence from experiments by other researchers to develop their double helix model of DNA structure, which consists of two strands coiled around each other. DNA replication is the process by which DNA copies itself before a cell divides, with each strand serving as a template to produce complementary new strands.
The clone age part 1
Scientists believe cloning technology could change life as we know it. A clone is an exact genetic copy of another organism. The first cloned mammals were sheep, and Dolly was the first cloned sheep, created using the technique of nuclear transfer. While human cloning could potentially save lives, it may also have unintended consequences that need consideration.
Biologix Alternative Patterns Of Inheritance
This document provides 14 questions about genetics concepts like Gregor Mendel's experiments with pea plants, alleles, genotypes, blood types, pedigree charts, pleiotrophy, polygenic traits, and the interplay between genes and environment. The questions cover inheritance patterns, blood clotting, rabbit coat color phenotypes, and whether nature or nurture has a greater influence on human personality and appearance.
Evolution lecture 4 & 5
Macroevolution refers to large evolutionary changes that occur at or above the species level, in contrast to microevolution which involves smaller changes within a species. Adaptive radiation is the evolution of many descendant species from a single ancestor, with each species adapted to a different ecological niche. A classic example is Darwin's finches, which evolved from a common ancestor into 14 species with varying beak sizes and shapes adapted to different food sources. Orthogenesis proposed that evolutionary changes occur in a straight line, while allometry describes how body part size relates to overall body size and its evolution.
Spring Bio Exam Review
This document provides a review sheet for an AP Biology final exam, outlining the chapters and topics covered. It includes summaries of 55 chapters, with an emphasis on natural selection, evolution, cell biology, physiology, ecology, and animal behavior. Key concepts highlighted include the levels of classification, structures and functions of plant and animal cells and tissues, organ systems, population dynamics, energy flow through ecosystems, and threats to biodiversity.
DNA & Heredity-I
DNA contains genes that determine traits by regulating protein production. Genes are segments of DNA located on chromosomes, which are composed of DNA and protein. During gene expression, DNA is transcribed into mRNA which is then translated to synthesize proteins based on the genetic code where three-nucleotide combinations on mRNA code for specific amino acids. Together, this process explains how hereditary information encoded in DNA is used to produce traits and why individuals may resemble their biological parents and relatives.
Criterion C: Thinking Critically
This document outlines achievement levels for criterion D of the MYP, which focuses on thinking critically. It describes 4 achievement levels from 1-2 to 7-8, with higher levels demonstrating more detailed discussion, stronger synthesis to make arguments, more effective analysis of sources, and ability to interpret a wider range of perspectives and implications. The top level of 7-8 involves a comprehensive discussion and synthesis to make well-supported arguments through analysis of a wide range of sources and perspectives.
Chapter 15 Evolution - All Sections 15.1 - 15.3
Darwin's voyage on the HMS Beagle and observations of species on the Galapagos Islands led him to develop the theory of natural selection. Natural selection proposes that heritable traits better suited to the environment will help individuals survive and reproduce, leading to evolution over generations as beneficial traits become more common. Darwin published his theory in On the Origin of Species in 1859. Modern evidence from fossils, comparative anatomy, biogeography, and molecular biology provide strong support for evolution by natural selection.
Bio413 07 sympatric_speciation_species concepts_allopatric_speciation_winter2...
Heliconius butterflies that live in South America exhibit reproductive isolation and assortative mating between closely related species. An experiment showed that males of two Heliconius species, H. cydno and H. melpomene, prefer to mate with females of their own color pattern and mate less often with hybrid females. Hybrids also face natural selection pressures as they are eaten more frequently by predators due to a lack of Müllerian mimicry protection. The reproductive isolation, sexual selection, and natural selection acting on these sympatric butterfly species together lead to their evolution and maintenance as distinct species.
Natural selection lab
This document describes an experiment to test how different beak shapes affect a bird's ability to gather food. Students will act as birds with spoons, forks or sporks to collect beans and peas, and the amounts gathered will be counted. The hypothesis is that the spork bird will collect the most food and the fork bird the least. Students will rotate roles as the bird, nest and counter. They will then analyze the results and factors affecting food collection.
Chapter 11
The document summarizes key concepts in experimental design and statistical analysis. It provides examples of different types of experimental designs (e.g., independent groups, correlated groups, repeated measures) and statistical tests used to analyze data from experiments (e.g., one-way ANOVA). It also defines important terminology like independent variable, dependent variable, between-groups variability, within-groups variability, and degrees of freedom.
selection in nature
This document discusses different types of natural selection and their effects on populations and species evolution over time. It describes directional selection as favoring one extreme trait, stabilizing selection as favoring intermediate traits and eliminating extremes, and disruptive selection as favoring opposite trait extremes. Natural selection can lead to adaptation, radiation of new species from a single ancestor, regression of unnecessary traits, convergence of unrelated species, coevolution between interacting species, and extinction of non-adapted species. Sexual selection also influences evolution by favoring traits that increase mating success even if they reduce survival.
Speciation 2013
The document discusses two patterns of speciation: gradualism (anagenesis) in which a species slowly changes over time through natural selection until it is considered a new species, and branching (cladogenesis) in which a species rapidly splits into two or more new species. Branching speciation occurs through geographic isolation of populations followed by the evolution of reproductive barriers between the isolated groups, preventing interbreeding. This process of branching is the basis for biological diversity as it leads to the formation of multiple new species from the original.
Biome Interactions - Blank food web activity
This activity requires students to investigate the feeding relationships within a terrestrial or aquatic biome.
Mechanisms of evolution-II
The document discusses several mechanisms of evolution including natural selection, genetic drift, mutation, and gene flow. It explains the assumptions of Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium and how these mechanisms can lead to changes in allele frequencies over time and deviations from Hardy-Weinberg expectations. Examples are given of genetic drift, founder effects, bottlenecks, migration, and natural selection acting on populations.
Human impacts, Conservation
Current extinction rates are 50-500 times higher than historical levels, with an estimated 3,000-30,000 species going extinct every year. Over 50% of animal species are critically endangered, endangered or vulnerable due to habitat destruction, introduced species and overexploitation. Without action half of all plant and animal species could be extinct by 2100.
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Bio413 07 sympatric_speciation_species concepts_allopatric_speciation_winter2...
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More from CXG050
Earthworm dissection lab
The earthworm belongs to the phylum Annelida. It has many segments and searches for food at night in the soil. Earthworms are important for enriching soil by turning over tons of soil and bringing nutrients to the surface. The lab involved dissecting an earthworm to observe its external and internal anatomy, including organs like the brain, hearts, and digestive system. Key differences from humans are that earthworms have multiple hearts and need to keep their skin moist at all times.
Ecology notes
Ecology notes discuss key concepts in ecology including:
- The biosphere, which encompasses all life on Earth from 10,000 meters below to above the surface.
- Ecology, which studies interactions between life forms and between life and non-living elements.
- Levels of organization from atoms to biomes.
- Biotic factors like producers, consumers and abiotic factors like the sun and energy.
- Food chains which flow in one direction and complex food webs with interactions between multiple organisms.
Week12warm ups
We have studied cell biology, genetics, and evolution in this class so far. The remaining topics to cover are physiology and ecology. Physiology will look at how living organisms function, while ecology examines the interactions between organisms and their environments.
Week 15 warm up
The human body has organ systems that work together to maintain homeostasis, keeping the human body stable despite changes in the outside environment. Homeostasis refers to the body's ability to remain relatively stable through the coordinated actions of organ systems. This document discusses physiology unit objectives related to how the human body achieves homeostasis.
Week 9 warm ups
The document outlines five areas of evidence for evolution: biogeography, fossils, anatomy and embryology, genetics and molecular biology, and testing natural selection. For each area, it lists questions about how the evidence in that area relates to evolutionary history, processes, and theory.
Week 9 warm ups
The document outlines evidence of evolution from biogeography, fossils, anatomy, embryology, genetics and molecular biology, and studies of natural selection. It discusses how the geographic distribution of species relates to their evolutionary history, the use of fossils to trace descent of modern species, homologous structures and similarities in embryonic development suggesting evolutionary change, molecular biology's ability to trace evolution, and how research on Galapagos finches shows natural selection in action.
Week 10 warm up
Next week there is an exam on Chapter 16. Students should prepare by studying assignments like the Darwin video, chapter 16 worksheet, warm ups, and natural selection lab. They should also look over the chapter at home and study in a group for at least 30 minutes each day. Individuals do not evolve, groups evolve.
Week 10 warm up
Next week there is an exam on Chapter 16. Students should prepare by studying assignments like the Darwin video, chapter 16 worksheet, warm ups, and natural selection lab. They should also look over the chapter at home and study in a group for at least 30 minutes each day. Individuals do not evolve, groups evolve.
Periodfourpresentation.
This document summarizes evidence that supports the theory of evolution from four perspectives: biogeography, the age of the Earth and fossils, comparative anatomy and embryology, and genetics and molecular biology. Each section provides examples for how scientific observations in these areas help trace evolutionary relationships and document how species have changed over time from common ancestors through natural processes like natural selection. The document also discusses how recent research on Galapagos finches supported Darwin's original hypotheses about natural selection by showing adaptations to seasonal changes.
Week 8 warm ups
Charles Darwin was a scientist who introduced the theory of natural selection, proposing that organisms evolve over generations through a process where favorable traits become more common in a population due to increasing an organism's ability to survive and reproduce. He made great contributions to the study of evolution by first introducing the idea of natural selection. However, the document incorrectly states that Darwin proposed humans evolved from monkeys, when he actually proposed humans share a common ancestor with modern apes.
Chapter13 worksheets
This document provides information about RNA, transcription, translation, and gene regulation. It begins by contrasting the structures of RNA and DNA, explaining the three main types of RNA, and describing the process of transcription. It then discusses the genetic code, how translation works using tRNAs and ribosomes to assemble amino acids into proteins, and the central dogma of molecular biology. The document concludes by covering gene regulation in prokaryotes and eukaryotes, including how operons control gene expression and how transcription factors regulate development.
Chapter14worksheets
The document provides an overview of three lessons on human heredity:
1) Human Chromosomes - It describes karyotypes, patterns of inheritance including dominance and sex-linked traits. Pedigrees are used to study human traits.
2) Human Genetic Disorders - Genetic disorders have a molecular basis when changes in DNA alter proteins and phenotypes. Examples include sickle cell disease, cystic fibrosis, and Huntington's disease. Chromosomal disorders like Down syndrome can occur from nondisjunction.
3) Studying the Human Genome - The final lesson likely discusses the Human Genome Project which sought to sequence the entire human genome to better understand human genetics.
Chapter 14 cornell notes
Human heredity is determined by chromosomes, which are structures in the nucleus that contain genetic information passed down between generations. A karyotype maps out a person's entire set of chromosomes and can be used to identify genetic disorders. Traits are transmitted through dominant and recessive alleles, codominant alleles, sex-linked inheritance, and X chromosome inactivation. Common genetic disorders include sickle cell disease, cystic fibrosis, and Huntington's disease, which result from changes in single genes. Some genetic mutations can provide advantages, like resistance to malaria. The human genome project worked to sequence and identify all human genes to further understand genetic inheritance and open up possibilities for new treatments.
Blood typing lab
This document provides instructions for a blood typing lab. The objectives are to learn how to determine blood types and identify the proper donor for a patient. The lab uses 4 blood samples, 3 antiserum reagents, micropipettes, blood typing slides, mixing sticks, and a biohazard container. Students will deposit each blood sample onto its own slide, add the antiserum reagents to the corresponding wells, time the reactions for 30 seconds, and record their observations. The document does not include the data, analysis, or conclusion sections of the lab report.
Blood typing lab
This document provides instructions for a blood typing lab. The objectives are to learn how to determine blood types and identify compatible blood donors. The lab uses four blood samples, three antiserum reagents, micropipettes, blood typing slides, mixing sticks, and a biohazard container. Students will deposit each blood sample onto individual typing slides, add the antiserum reagents to the corresponding wells, time the reactions for 30 seconds, and record their observations. The document does not include the data, analysis, or conclusion sections of the lab report.
Chapter 13 notes
This document contains summaries of several sections from a chapter on genetics:
1. It discusses different types of gene mutations including substitutions, insertions, deletions, and chromosomal mutations like deletions, duplications, inversions, and translocations.
2. It notes that most mutations are not harmful and lists mutagens as things that can cause mutations, like chemicals and physical agents.
3. It briefly outlines prokaryotic gene regulation using the example of the lac operon in E. coli, and lists promoters, operators, and transcription factors as aspects of eukaryotic gene regulation.