DNA stands for deoxyribonucleic acid and is the genetic material found in the nucleus of cells that stores and transmits hereditary information. In the 1950s, scientists Watson and Crick used evidence from experiments by other researchers to develop their double helix model of DNA structure, which consists of two strands coiled around each other. DNA replication is the process by which DNA copies itself before a cell divides, with each strand serving as a template to produce complementary new strands.

1. What does DNA stand for?____________________________________<br />In 1928, British scientist_________________________, was trying to figure out how bacteria made people sick.<br />How did this scientist kill the bacteria?__________________<br />What caused the mice to die in his experiments?________________<br />___________________is the process in which one strand of bacteria seemed to transfer into another strain. <br />Avery and other scientists discovered that the __________ _______, _______, stores and transmits the genetic information from one generation of an organism to the next.<br />American scientists, _____________ and _______________, studied a virus that infects bacteria called a _______________________. These virus consist of a ____ or ____ core and a __________ coat. <br />These two American scientists concluded that the genetic material of a bacteriophage was _____, and not protein.<br />Three things a gene needs to do is:<br />______________________________<br />______________________________<br />______________________________<br />DNA is made up of units called _________________, which are composed of three things:<br />_____________________________<br />_____________________________<br />_____________________________<br />There are four types of __________________ _______________:<br />Purines:<br />___________<br />___________<br />Pyrimidines:<br />___________<br />___________<br />The DNA back bone is made of the __________ and ___________ groups.<br />The four _____________ of DNA were like the letters of the alphabet.<br />Chargaffs’s rule states the relationship between nucleotides. A purine pairs up with a pyrimidine. Adenine will always pair with__________. The purine Guanine always pairs with the pyrimidine ____________. <br />In the 19850’s, the British scientist _________________________ used X-ray diffreaction to figure out some important clues about DNA structure, such as the fact that it was made of two strands and was in a twisted form.<br />Watson and Crick used clue’s from the above scientist to make a model of DNA we call the ______________ ______________, which consists of two strands twisted around each other. <br />The type of bond that holds nitrogenous bases together is called a __________ ____________.<br />This principle of nitrogenous bases pairing up with certain nitrogenous bases is called _____________________.<br />The process in which DNA copies itself before a cell divides is called_____________, in which DNA separates its 2 strands, producing complementary strands following the rules of base-pairing. Each strand of the double helix serves as a template for new strands.<br />The enzyme that “unzips” the DNA strand is called _____ _____________.<br />RNA stands for _____________________________________.<br />In RNA the nitrogenous bases are the same as in DNA EXCEPT the pyrimidine thymine is replaced with_______________, which is only found in RNA. <br />There area 3 types of RNA:<br />______________: carry instructions to make amino acids<br />______________: proteins combined with this RNA ribosomes<br />______________: transfers amino acids to ribosomes to make protein<br />_______ are coded DNA instructions that control the production of proteins within the cell.<br /> transcription translation<br /> DNA mRNAprotein<br />The process in which DNA makes messenger RNA (mRNA) is called ______________.<br />The process in which mRNA makes protein is called ___________________.<br /> In a DNA molecule match complete the base-pairing that would occur:<br />Adenine=A GATTACA <br />Guanine=G<br />Cytosine=C __ __ __ __ __ __ __<br />Thymine=T<br />In a RNA molecule match complete the base-pairing that would occur:<br />Adenine=A UUGAACC <br />Guanine=G<br />Cytosine=C __ __ __ __ __ __ __<br />Uracil=U<br />A __________ can be used to determine whether a trait is inherited, how a trait is passed down one generation to the next and to determine whether an allele is dominant or recessive. <br />The most general and largest category in Linneaus’ naming system is called a ____________.<br />Most sex-linked genes are found on the _______ chromosome.<br />A ________ has XX chromosomes.<br />A ________ has XY chromsomes.<br />____________________ is the outer protein coat of a virus.<br />When a host cell that has been infected with a virus bursts, this is called ______ ______________.<br />Other things to studyChloroplast structurePhotosynthesisMeisosis vs MitosisMendels PrinciplesProbabilityGene LinkageMendel’s ExperimentsGenesPunnett SquaresPhenotype/genotype ratiosDiploid/haploidCrossing overCell Division cycleChromosome structureCellular RespirationEffect of temperature on photosythesisLactic acid fermentationAlcohol fermentationKreb cycleCalvin cycleCell, tissue, organ, system organizationPath of protein through a cellAnimal vs. plant cellsFood chainsAutotrophs/Heterotrophs/producers/consuEcology Pyramids (3 types)Cell theoryCell organelles and functionPopulation ecologyNitrogen cycle/Water cycle/carbon cyleHabitat, niche and biotic/abiotic factorsLevels of ecologyBiomes (characteristics)Community interactions (pred/symb/comp)Acids/basesChemical reactionsCatalystsScientific methods (5 steps)Atoms (particles they are made of)Types of bonds (ionic vs covalent)Mutations (DNA vs Chromosomal)ALL scientistsDNA replicationProtein Synthesis<br />FACTS TO KNOW<br />The alleles for blood type are Ia, Ib, and i.<br />Phenotype (blood type) Possible genotype<br />AIaIa or Iai<br />BIbIb or Ibi<br />ABIaIb<br />Oii<br />Punnett Square for human offspring<br />