Djoser was an Egyptian pharaoh who reigned in the 3rd dynasty. Under his vizier Imhotep, he commissioned the construction of the Step Pyramid complex at Saqqara, one of the earliest monumental buildings constructed entirely of stone. The Step Pyramid was an innovative design that introduced new architectural elements like cartouches, canopic jars, and shawabti figures. Ramesses II built a massive temple at Abu Simbel in Nubia to commemorate his victories and assert control over trade routes. The temple was carefully constructed so that on two days of the year, rays of sun would illuminate the inner sanctuaries. In the 1960s, the temple was threatened