The document discusses the benefits of using paste wax to protect and maintain wood furniture finishes. It provides perspectives from woodworking experts who recommend using wax as the best choice for furniture care. Wax forms a protective layer that prevents superficial scratches and dents from damaging the underlying finish. It also helps prevent dust from sticking to furniture surfaces. The document provides tips on applying and maintaining wax finishes on wood furniture.
This document provides information about different types of wood flooring and their pros and cons. It discusses unfinished hardwood, pre-finished hardwood, solid wood, and engineered wood floors. It notes that unfinished hardwood allows for easier hiding of defects but requires sanding that takes furniture removal for 5 days. Pre-finished hardwood does not require sanding but can have a "tiled" look. Engineered wood is composed of layers for stability and can be installed in more places. The document also provides tips for wood floor care and maintenance.
This document discusses the history and types of varnish. It begins with definitions of varnish and its origins in Latin and Greek terms. The main components of classic varnish are then outlined as drying oils, resins, and solvents. Various types of varnishes are described, including those used for violins, shellac, alkyd, spar, drying oils, polyurethane, lacquer, and acrylic. The document provides details on the ingredients and production processes for many classic and modern varnish formulations.
Chapter 16: Composition and Properties of Dental WaxesHeatherSeghi
Dental waxes are composed of natural and synthetic components that contribute different properties depending on temperature. They are classified as pattern, processing, or impression waxes depending on their intended use. Pattern waxes like inlay, casting, and baseplate waxes are used to construct dental restorations. Processing waxes aid clinical and laboratory procedures. Impression waxes are used to take impressions. Proper manipulation and control of temperature is important when working with waxes. The lost wax technique uses a wax pattern, investment, and casting process to produce dental restorations.
Weathering of wood is quite natural though it does not look good. For ensuring beauty and longevity of your lumber you should be choosing wood finishing products smartly. Enriching products when will be absorbed by wooden planks add years to their life. However it depends on the quality of stain how soon you will have to apply the maintenance coat.
This report discusses wood finishing and coating technology. It describes the various stages of wood preparation, finishing solvent preparation using a 2:1:1 ratio of AC lacquer, thinner and hardener, and finishing application methods such as spraying and sanding. The top coat is then applied using a medium solids clear acid catalyzed lacquer. While the stages faced some failures due to technical problems and inaccurate solvent mixtures, the overall finishing and coating process helped to protect and beautify the wood surface.
Varnish is a transparent protective finish used primarily for wood finishing. It consists of a drying oil, resin, and solvent. Varnish protects wood from damage while allowing the natural grain and color to show through. There are different types of varnish depending on the solvent and resin used, including oil, spirit, turpentine, water, and acrylic varnishes. Varnish is applied using brushes or sprayers to seal and beautify wood on furniture, floors, boats, and musical instruments.
Here are the key points from my site visit to the timber market:
- The timber market sources wood from various forests and suppliers across the country. The wood is brought in by trucks in large quantities and stacked according to type.
- The main types of wood available are teak, sheesham, deodar, rosewood and pine. Teak and sheesham are the most popular and expensive woods.
- Customers including builders, carpenters, furniture makers visit the market to select wood based on their requirements such as size, quantity and budget. The wood is cut and planed on demand.
- In addition to raw wood, the market also sells hardware items used in woodwork like h
This document provides information about different types of wood flooring and their pros and cons. It discusses unfinished hardwood, pre-finished hardwood, solid wood, and engineered wood floors. It notes that unfinished hardwood allows for easier hiding of defects but requires sanding that takes furniture removal for 5 days. Pre-finished hardwood does not require sanding but can have a "tiled" look. Engineered wood is composed of layers for stability and can be installed in more places. The document also provides tips for wood floor care and maintenance.
This document discusses the history and types of varnish. It begins with definitions of varnish and its origins in Latin and Greek terms. The main components of classic varnish are then outlined as drying oils, resins, and solvents. Various types of varnishes are described, including those used for violins, shellac, alkyd, spar, drying oils, polyurethane, lacquer, and acrylic. The document provides details on the ingredients and production processes for many classic and modern varnish formulations.
Chapter 16: Composition and Properties of Dental WaxesHeatherSeghi
Dental waxes are composed of natural and synthetic components that contribute different properties depending on temperature. They are classified as pattern, processing, or impression waxes depending on their intended use. Pattern waxes like inlay, casting, and baseplate waxes are used to construct dental restorations. Processing waxes aid clinical and laboratory procedures. Impression waxes are used to take impressions. Proper manipulation and control of temperature is important when working with waxes. The lost wax technique uses a wax pattern, investment, and casting process to produce dental restorations.
Weathering of wood is quite natural though it does not look good. For ensuring beauty and longevity of your lumber you should be choosing wood finishing products smartly. Enriching products when will be absorbed by wooden planks add years to their life. However it depends on the quality of stain how soon you will have to apply the maintenance coat.
This report discusses wood finishing and coating technology. It describes the various stages of wood preparation, finishing solvent preparation using a 2:1:1 ratio of AC lacquer, thinner and hardener, and finishing application methods such as spraying and sanding. The top coat is then applied using a medium solids clear acid catalyzed lacquer. While the stages faced some failures due to technical problems and inaccurate solvent mixtures, the overall finishing and coating process helped to protect and beautify the wood surface.
Varnish is a transparent protective finish used primarily for wood finishing. It consists of a drying oil, resin, and solvent. Varnish protects wood from damage while allowing the natural grain and color to show through. There are different types of varnish depending on the solvent and resin used, including oil, spirit, turpentine, water, and acrylic varnishes. Varnish is applied using brushes or sprayers to seal and beautify wood on furniture, floors, boats, and musical instruments.
Here are the key points from my site visit to the timber market:
- The timber market sources wood from various forests and suppliers across the country. The wood is brought in by trucks in large quantities and stacked according to type.
- The main types of wood available are teak, sheesham, deodar, rosewood and pine. Teak and sheesham are the most popular and expensive woods.
- Customers including builders, carpenters, furniture makers visit the market to select wood based on their requirements such as size, quantity and budget. The wood is cut and planed on demand.
- In addition to raw wood, the market also sells hardware items used in woodwork like h
Varnish is a transparent protective coating that dries through a solvent evaporation and polymerization process. It contains resins, drying oils, and solvents. Resins have been used for thousands of years for medicinal purposes, food glazing, and religious ceremonies. Different types of varnish include oil varnishes containing drying oils and spirit varnishes containing shellac resin and solvents. Issues can arise from improper use of varnishes containing volatile organic compounds that can harm health if inhaled without ventilation. Regulations require labeling of varnishes based on formaldehyde emissions. The global varnish market is growing due to increasing population and demand for housing, consumer goods, and automobiles.
This document provides information about carpets and rugs as furnishing materials. It discusses different types of carpets including woven carpets like Wilton, Axminster and oriental carpets, as well as non-woven carpets like tufted, berber and bonded carpets. It also covers carpet construction, uses of carpets, selection considerations, care and cleaning methods like shampooing and bonnet cleaning.
The document discusses different types of flooring used in hotels. It begins by explaining that hotel flooring needs to be attractive, durable, easy to maintain and cost effective to withstand high traffic. Some common options discussed include carpet, laminate, vinyl, rubber, ceramic tile, glass, maple wood and terrazzo flooring. The document provides details on different types of carpets like woven, needle felts and tufted carpets. It also discusses various fiber materials used like nylon, polypropylene, wool and their properties.
Oil based varnish is one of the best choices for a topcoat finish for amateur woodworkers who cannot afford spray equipment or space for a spray booth. While varnish takes longer to dry than other finishes, it provides very good resistance to abrasion, wear, heat, solvents and water vapor. The main disadvantages are its slow drying time, which can cause dust issues, and that it tends to yellow over time. Brushing is the best application method for varnish, and foam brushes work well. Proper preparation, application technique and environmental conditions are important for achieving a high quality finish when using oil based varnish.
Nail polish is made through a complex process. First, a base is made using nitrocellulose and resins to harden on the nail. Pigments, typically made from plants, are mixed into the base using mills. The mixture is added to solvent in large kettles to suspend the color evenly. Finally, the nail polish is bottled and labeled with names chosen earlier for collections before manufacturing.
This document discusses different types of carpets, including their materials, manufacturing processes, uses, and maintenance. Some key points covered include:
- Carpets originated in the East and are now commonly used for warmth, appearance, safety, and sound insulation. Materials include natural fibers like wool and synthetic fibers like nylon.
- Carpet selection depends on factors like cost, durability, appearance, safety properties, and comfort. Woven carpets include Wilton, Brussels, and Axminster carpets while nonwoven carpets are tufted, pile bonded, or needle punched.
- Proper carpet care involves regular vacuuming, protecting edges, and periodic deep cleaning methods like sh
Floor coverings are used to provide comfort, warmth, noise reduction and finished appearance to floors. There are two main types - hard and soft coverings. Hard coverings include materials like vinyl, asphalt and wood tiles which are durable but noisy. Soft coverings include carpets and rugs which add texture, warmth and resilience while reducing noise. Selection depends on factors like durability, cost, appearance and intended use.
Floor coverings include carpets and rugs made from natural or synthetic fibers. Carpet weaving has a long tradition in India, where it is now the world's largest producer and exporter of handmade carpets. Common carpet styles include berber, cut-n-loop, plush, cut pile, frieze, multi-level loop, and shag. Nylon is most commonly used but other materials include polypropylene, wool, polyester, and acrylic. Carpets are classified by their construction method such as woven, needlefelt, knotted, or tufted. India exports carpets worldwide, with the US as the largest market, though it faces competition from other producers.
paint and its types (for architectural study)SIDDHI DOSI
This document provides an overview of paint, including its definition, composition, properties, techniques, types, and manufacturing process. Paint consists of pigments suspended in a liquid called a vehicle. Key properties include ease of application, opacity, durability, and flexibility. Common painting techniques include using brushes, rollers, and spray equipment. Main types are oil-based, water-based, enamel, and anti-corrosive paints. The manufacturing process involves mixing pigments, binders, solvents, and additives. Varnishes are clear or translucent coatings used to protect or enhance surfaces and are either natural resin or synthetic resin based.
Imitation leather can be difficult to distinguish from real leather. The document provides tips for telling them apart, such as checking the label for terminology like "leatherette" or materials like Alcantara that are not leather. Examining the surface for pores and flexibility and giving it a sniff for a rich earthy aroma can also indicate real leather. While vinyl has advantages like durability, genuine leather should be labeled as such, feel warmer and more supple, and smell distinctive. If the price seems too good to be true, it may not actually be leather.
Dental waxes are mixtures of natural and synthetic waxes used in dentistry. They are thermoplastic materials that are solid at room temperature but melt without decomposition to form mobile liquids. Waxes are classified according to their source, applications, and ADA specifications. Common waxes used in dentistry include inlay wax for dental restorations, casting wax for removable partial dentures, and baseplate wax for occlusal rims. Dental waxes have properties such as a low melting point, dimensional stability when set, and the ability to flow when softened that make them useful materials for the fabrication of dental prostheses.
If you’re going to install a laminate floor – and you’re not an expert – there are a couple of things you need to, and several of them are not all that obvious. First off, it is not the sort of task to take on yourself – get at least one or two people to help you. Most rooms are a good size, and even a small room is going to require two to three planks in a row. Well, all of the joints have to be supported while you lock the new row into the old (previous) one. There is no way to do that by yourself!
The document discusses the sports goods industry in India, focusing on materials and manufacturing processes. It describes that approximately 350 types of sports goods are manufactured in India, mainly exported to Western countries. Materials for different sports equipment like cricket bats are discussed, with willow and certain woods preferred. The manufacturing process for items like cricket bats, hockey sticks, tennis rackets and more are summarized involving selecting wood, shaping, pressing, finishing etc. Standard dimensions for cricket bats and factors like weight and grain orientation are also covered.
Varnish is a protective clear finish made from plant resins and solvents that is applied to wood and other surfaces. It enhances the natural grain and protects from environmental damage like water, abrasion, and UV rays. There are different types of varnishes classified by their resin and solvent composition, including oil, spirit, turpentine and water varnishes. A good varnish dries quickly to a hard, durable and weather-resistant film without cracking or hiding the wood grain. Common ingredients are resins like copal and shellac, solvents like linseed oil, turpentine and alcohol, and metallic driers that accelerate the drying process.
This document discusses different types of wood finishes. It describes penetrating finishes that soak into wood, opaque finishes that cover the surface, and transparent coatings like varnish, shellac and lacquer that can be seen through. It focuses on varnish, explaining that it is a clear solution of resinous substances like amber, copal or shellac dissolved in solvents like turpentine or alcohol. The purpose of varnishing is to render brilliance to wood grains, protect painted and unpainted surfaces from the environment. Characteristics of good varnish include rapid drying, forming a hard protective film, and not cracking or hiding the natural wood grain. Various types of varnish are described based on their solvents, including
Our Vision !!
Educaterer India is an unique combination of passion driven into a hobby which makes an awesome profession. We carve the lives of enthusiastic candidates to a perfect professional who can impress upon the mindsets of the industry, while following the established traditions, can dare to set new standards to follow. We don't want you to be the part of the crowd, rather we like to make you the reason of the crowd.
Today's Effort For A Better Tomorrow
Canvas, leather, paper mache, clay, and various paints are described as potential set construction materials. Canvas can be stretched over structures and painted, while leather is suitable for costumes due to its soft appearance. Paper mache can form intricate shapes when wet and hardens when dry, making it useful for costumes or props. Safety considerations include avoiding ingestion of materials like paper mache glue or paint pigments. Oil-based paint is recommended for canvas as it will not be absorbed, while water-based paint is better for wood as it soaks in and stains the material.
The document discusses various types of home accessories and bedding items. It describes top sheets, bottom sheets, coverlets, bedspreads, blankets, comforters, duvets, decorative pillows, bolster pillows and more. It also discusses factors that influence the selection of designs for home furnishings, including end use, size of room, type of room, types of arrangement, type of furniture and geographical location. UK bed sizes and corresponding bed linen sizes are also listed.
The document discusses the benefits of using wax as a protective finish for wood furniture. It provides perspectives from woodworking experts who believe that wax forms an abrasion layer that protects the underlying finish from scratches and dents. Wax is recommended over other furniture care products because it does not leave a residue that attracts dust. While lemon oil and aerosol sprays may shine the surface, wax provides true protection. The document provides tips on applying and maintaining a wax finish to preserve an expensive refinished furniture surface.
The document discusses different types of furniture polishes - aerosols, liquids, and semisolids - and their benefits and drawbacks. It notes that aerosols and liquids can introduce contaminants onto furniture surfaces. Liquids also deposit more material than sprays. Oils used as polishes can damage furniture over time through chemical reactions. Semisolids like paste waxes are generally the safest option as they do not cause the same issues and only require light, periodic reapplication. When used properly, wax polishes provide the best protection and appearance for wooden furniture with minimal risk.
The document discusses different types of furniture polishes - aerosols, liquids, and semisolids - and their benefits and drawbacks. It notes that aerosols and liquids can introduce contaminants onto furniture surfaces. Liquids also deposit more material than sprays. Oils used as polishes can damage furniture over time through chemical reactions. Semisolids like paste waxes are generally the safest option as they do not cause the same issues and only require light, periodic reapplication. When used properly, wax polishes provide the best protection and appearance for wooden furniture with minimal risk.
Varnish is a transparent protective coating that dries through a solvent evaporation and polymerization process. It contains resins, drying oils, and solvents. Resins have been used for thousands of years for medicinal purposes, food glazing, and religious ceremonies. Different types of varnish include oil varnishes containing drying oils and spirit varnishes containing shellac resin and solvents. Issues can arise from improper use of varnishes containing volatile organic compounds that can harm health if inhaled without ventilation. Regulations require labeling of varnishes based on formaldehyde emissions. The global varnish market is growing due to increasing population and demand for housing, consumer goods, and automobiles.
This document provides information about carpets and rugs as furnishing materials. It discusses different types of carpets including woven carpets like Wilton, Axminster and oriental carpets, as well as non-woven carpets like tufted, berber and bonded carpets. It also covers carpet construction, uses of carpets, selection considerations, care and cleaning methods like shampooing and bonnet cleaning.
The document discusses different types of flooring used in hotels. It begins by explaining that hotel flooring needs to be attractive, durable, easy to maintain and cost effective to withstand high traffic. Some common options discussed include carpet, laminate, vinyl, rubber, ceramic tile, glass, maple wood and terrazzo flooring. The document provides details on different types of carpets like woven, needle felts and tufted carpets. It also discusses various fiber materials used like nylon, polypropylene, wool and their properties.
Oil based varnish is one of the best choices for a topcoat finish for amateur woodworkers who cannot afford spray equipment or space for a spray booth. While varnish takes longer to dry than other finishes, it provides very good resistance to abrasion, wear, heat, solvents and water vapor. The main disadvantages are its slow drying time, which can cause dust issues, and that it tends to yellow over time. Brushing is the best application method for varnish, and foam brushes work well. Proper preparation, application technique and environmental conditions are important for achieving a high quality finish when using oil based varnish.
Nail polish is made through a complex process. First, a base is made using nitrocellulose and resins to harden on the nail. Pigments, typically made from plants, are mixed into the base using mills. The mixture is added to solvent in large kettles to suspend the color evenly. Finally, the nail polish is bottled and labeled with names chosen earlier for collections before manufacturing.
This document discusses different types of carpets, including their materials, manufacturing processes, uses, and maintenance. Some key points covered include:
- Carpets originated in the East and are now commonly used for warmth, appearance, safety, and sound insulation. Materials include natural fibers like wool and synthetic fibers like nylon.
- Carpet selection depends on factors like cost, durability, appearance, safety properties, and comfort. Woven carpets include Wilton, Brussels, and Axminster carpets while nonwoven carpets are tufted, pile bonded, or needle punched.
- Proper carpet care involves regular vacuuming, protecting edges, and periodic deep cleaning methods like sh
Floor coverings are used to provide comfort, warmth, noise reduction and finished appearance to floors. There are two main types - hard and soft coverings. Hard coverings include materials like vinyl, asphalt and wood tiles which are durable but noisy. Soft coverings include carpets and rugs which add texture, warmth and resilience while reducing noise. Selection depends on factors like durability, cost, appearance and intended use.
Floor coverings include carpets and rugs made from natural or synthetic fibers. Carpet weaving has a long tradition in India, where it is now the world's largest producer and exporter of handmade carpets. Common carpet styles include berber, cut-n-loop, plush, cut pile, frieze, multi-level loop, and shag. Nylon is most commonly used but other materials include polypropylene, wool, polyester, and acrylic. Carpets are classified by their construction method such as woven, needlefelt, knotted, or tufted. India exports carpets worldwide, with the US as the largest market, though it faces competition from other producers.
paint and its types (for architectural study)SIDDHI DOSI
This document provides an overview of paint, including its definition, composition, properties, techniques, types, and manufacturing process. Paint consists of pigments suspended in a liquid called a vehicle. Key properties include ease of application, opacity, durability, and flexibility. Common painting techniques include using brushes, rollers, and spray equipment. Main types are oil-based, water-based, enamel, and anti-corrosive paints. The manufacturing process involves mixing pigments, binders, solvents, and additives. Varnishes are clear or translucent coatings used to protect or enhance surfaces and are either natural resin or synthetic resin based.
Imitation leather can be difficult to distinguish from real leather. The document provides tips for telling them apart, such as checking the label for terminology like "leatherette" or materials like Alcantara that are not leather. Examining the surface for pores and flexibility and giving it a sniff for a rich earthy aroma can also indicate real leather. While vinyl has advantages like durability, genuine leather should be labeled as such, feel warmer and more supple, and smell distinctive. If the price seems too good to be true, it may not actually be leather.
Dental waxes are mixtures of natural and synthetic waxes used in dentistry. They are thermoplastic materials that are solid at room temperature but melt without decomposition to form mobile liquids. Waxes are classified according to their source, applications, and ADA specifications. Common waxes used in dentistry include inlay wax for dental restorations, casting wax for removable partial dentures, and baseplate wax for occlusal rims. Dental waxes have properties such as a low melting point, dimensional stability when set, and the ability to flow when softened that make them useful materials for the fabrication of dental prostheses.
If you’re going to install a laminate floor – and you’re not an expert – there are a couple of things you need to, and several of them are not all that obvious. First off, it is not the sort of task to take on yourself – get at least one or two people to help you. Most rooms are a good size, and even a small room is going to require two to three planks in a row. Well, all of the joints have to be supported while you lock the new row into the old (previous) one. There is no way to do that by yourself!
The document discusses the sports goods industry in India, focusing on materials and manufacturing processes. It describes that approximately 350 types of sports goods are manufactured in India, mainly exported to Western countries. Materials for different sports equipment like cricket bats are discussed, with willow and certain woods preferred. The manufacturing process for items like cricket bats, hockey sticks, tennis rackets and more are summarized involving selecting wood, shaping, pressing, finishing etc. Standard dimensions for cricket bats and factors like weight and grain orientation are also covered.
Varnish is a protective clear finish made from plant resins and solvents that is applied to wood and other surfaces. It enhances the natural grain and protects from environmental damage like water, abrasion, and UV rays. There are different types of varnishes classified by their resin and solvent composition, including oil, spirit, turpentine and water varnishes. A good varnish dries quickly to a hard, durable and weather-resistant film without cracking or hiding the wood grain. Common ingredients are resins like copal and shellac, solvents like linseed oil, turpentine and alcohol, and metallic driers that accelerate the drying process.
This document discusses different types of wood finishes. It describes penetrating finishes that soak into wood, opaque finishes that cover the surface, and transparent coatings like varnish, shellac and lacquer that can be seen through. It focuses on varnish, explaining that it is a clear solution of resinous substances like amber, copal or shellac dissolved in solvents like turpentine or alcohol. The purpose of varnishing is to render brilliance to wood grains, protect painted and unpainted surfaces from the environment. Characteristics of good varnish include rapid drying, forming a hard protective film, and not cracking or hiding the natural wood grain. Various types of varnish are described based on their solvents, including
Our Vision !!
Educaterer India is an unique combination of passion driven into a hobby which makes an awesome profession. We carve the lives of enthusiastic candidates to a perfect professional who can impress upon the mindsets of the industry, while following the established traditions, can dare to set new standards to follow. We don't want you to be the part of the crowd, rather we like to make you the reason of the crowd.
Today's Effort For A Better Tomorrow
Canvas, leather, paper mache, clay, and various paints are described as potential set construction materials. Canvas can be stretched over structures and painted, while leather is suitable for costumes due to its soft appearance. Paper mache can form intricate shapes when wet and hardens when dry, making it useful for costumes or props. Safety considerations include avoiding ingestion of materials like paper mache glue or paint pigments. Oil-based paint is recommended for canvas as it will not be absorbed, while water-based paint is better for wood as it soaks in and stains the material.
The document discusses various types of home accessories and bedding items. It describes top sheets, bottom sheets, coverlets, bedspreads, blankets, comforters, duvets, decorative pillows, bolster pillows and more. It also discusses factors that influence the selection of designs for home furnishings, including end use, size of room, type of room, types of arrangement, type of furniture and geographical location. UK bed sizes and corresponding bed linen sizes are also listed.
The document discusses the benefits of using wax as a protective finish for wood furniture. It provides perspectives from woodworking experts who believe that wax forms an abrasion layer that protects the underlying finish from scratches and dents. Wax is recommended over other furniture care products because it does not leave a residue that attracts dust. While lemon oil and aerosol sprays may shine the surface, wax provides true protection. The document provides tips on applying and maintaining a wax finish to preserve an expensive refinished furniture surface.
The document discusses different types of furniture polishes - aerosols, liquids, and semisolids - and their benefits and drawbacks. It notes that aerosols and liquids can introduce contaminants onto furniture surfaces. Liquids also deposit more material than sprays. Oils used as polishes can damage furniture over time through chemical reactions. Semisolids like paste waxes are generally the safest option as they do not cause the same issues and only require light, periodic reapplication. When used properly, wax polishes provide the best protection and appearance for wooden furniture with minimal risk.
The document discusses different types of furniture polishes - aerosols, liquids, and semisolids - and their benefits and drawbacks. It notes that aerosols and liquids can introduce contaminants onto furniture surfaces. Liquids also deposit more material than sprays. Oils used as polishes can damage furniture over time through chemical reactions. Semisolids like paste waxes are generally the safest option as they do not cause the same issues and only require light, periodic reapplication. When used properly, wax polishes provide the best protection and appearance for wooden furniture with minimal risk.
There are many factors to consider when choosing furniture polishes, including undisclosed ingredients that may be harmful. Polishes come in aerosol, liquid, and semisolid forms, each with benefits and drawbacks. Aerosols can introduce silicone oils and contaminants, while liquids like emulsions and oils can also leave residues. Semisolids like paste waxes are generally the safest option as they do not cause the issues of other forms and only require light buffing for application and upkeep.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help boost feelings of calmness, happiness and focus.
The document provides tips for furniture finishing and repair. It discusses how to remove waxy build-up, hide light scratches, paint over an existing finish, remove white spots from water, and tips for handling and moving furniture. Key points include using mineral spirits or steel wool to remove waxy build-up, using padding lacquer or polishing compounds to hide light scratches, thorough sanding and cleaning when painting over a finish, and using steel wool or oils to remove white spots from water damage.
Paintings (Exterior & Interior) and wall papersAmira Abdallah
A research about Exterior and interior Paintings and wallpapers
Made by a group of Civil Engineering students in Ismailia - Egypt (Ahmed Atef Mohamed
Amira Abdullah Yousef
Esraa Hamed
Alaa Ahmed
Aya Mohamed Ahmed
Samar Mohamed
Merna Ahmed Hassan
Hagar Ibrahim Abdullah)
Paint is a pigmented liquid that is applied as a thin layer and dries to a solid film. It is used to protect surfaces from weathering and corrosion and improve appearance. Paint contains a base, carrier, and pigment. Common bases include zinc white and white lead, and common carriers include water, linseed oil, and poppy oil. Good paint forms an even coating, is hard and durable when dry, water-repellent, has good spread and adhesion, permanent color, and resistance to weathering. Paints are classified as oil, plastic, water, or bituminous depending on the carrier used. Distemper paint contains water, chalk or whiting pigment, and is bound with animal
Quick, no hassle tips to maintain hardwood flooringCarpetExpress
Hardwood flooring looks beautiful and can add a warm, inviting touch to any room. Those who are not familiar with hardwood flooring may not realize that this type of flooring requires some amount of maintenance. This article describes floor looking as good as new.
For more information visit: https://www.carpetexpress.com/hardwood-flooring
1. The document describes the resist decoration technique for porcelain ceramics which involves applying a resist such as acrylic paint or shellac to bone dry clay and then washing away layers of clay with a wet sponge to reveal a raised design.
2. Multiple layers of resist can be applied and washed to create designs with varying depths. The resist burns off during firing while protecting the design underneath.
3. Examples are given of water etched porcelain bowls and forms created using this technique by artists such as Les Blakesboragh and Arne Ase.
1. The document describes the resist decoration technique for porcelain ceramics which involves applying a resist such as acrylic paint or shellac to bone dry clay and then washing away layers of clay with a wet sponge to reveal a raised design.
2. Multiple layers of resist can be applied and washed to create designs with varying depths. The resist burns off during firing while protecting the decorated areas.
3. Examples are given of water etched porcelain bowls and forms created using this technique by artists such as Les Blakesboragh and Arne Ase.
There are two main types of finishes for wood furniture: basic and decorative. Basic finishes like lacquer, shellac, varnish, and oil are used to protect, enhance, and maintain wood, while considering factors like intended use and durability. Decorative finishes like gilding, japanning, carving, and painting add ornamentation and adornment. Proper surface preparation before applying any finish includes cleaning, sanding, repairing defects, and applying sealers or primers. Choosing the right finish depends on the desired effect and protecting the wood from wear and tear over time.
There are two main types of finishes for wood furniture: basic and decorative. Basic finishes like lacquer, shellac, varnish, and oil are used to protect, enhance, and maintain wood, while considering factors like intended use and durability. Decorative finishes like gilding, japanning, carving, and painting add ornamentation and adornment. Proper surface preparation before applying any finish includes cleaning, sanding, repairing defects, and applying sealers or primers. The finish chosen depends on the desired effect and protecting the wood from wear and environmental impacts over time.
This document provides information about varnishes, including what they are, their components and manufacturing process. It can be summarized as follows:
Varnish is a transparent protective coating made of a drying oil, resin, and solvent. Common components include linseed oil, resins like amber and copal, and solvents like turpentine. The manufacturing process involves heating materials in a mixing tank to form a resin, then filtering and packaging the varnish. Varnishes enhance wood grain while protecting surfaces from damage by water, abrasion and other environmental factors.
This document provides instructions for renovating wood. It discusses preparing the wood by stripping off old finishes using methods like paint strippers or sanding. It also discusses repairing any structural damage, testing finishes on inconspicuous spots, and taking safety precautions. The document then explains how to stain, fill, and apply protective clear finishes like polyurethane varnish or wax polish to sealed wood. Special treatments are needed for some outdoor woods. Proper preparation and multiple thin coats of finishes are recommended.
Paints and varnishes (TYPES OF PAINTS AND VARNISHES)ApekshaWankhede1
This document provides information about paints and varnishes for a market survey project. It includes an introduction to paints and varnishes, different types of paints classified by use and properties, popular paint companies in India, composition of paints, application process, and health and safety considerations. It also discusses types of varnishes, their composition, and introduction. A group of 7 students is listed who are conducting the market survey on paints and varnishes.
This document provides care guidelines for different types of furniture. It recommends blotting spills on leather furniture immediately to prevent soaking. For leather care, use a damp rag and apply a conditioning product yearly. Keep leather furniture out of direct sunlight to prevent fading. It also advises vacuuming upholstered furniture weekly to prevent abrasion and damage, and avoiding food and drinks which can stain. For hardwood furniture, it suggests dusting often to prevent scratches and dullness, applying wax and polish monthly to protect the wood, and using cloth accessories to avoid damage from chemicals.
Reactive stains are natural and chemical dyes that give wood an aged appearance by highlighting the grain. They require even application and ventilation during drying. Variations in color are normal due to differences in wood composition between boards. Regular maintenance of oiled floors involves vacuuming or dry mopping and periodic reapplication of oil to nourish the wood. Ciranova offers various oil systems for wood floors that enhance natural beauty while providing durability and ease of repair.
This document provides advice on properly caring for and protecting timber structures like decks, cladding, sheds and furniture. It discusses the importance of using the right products suited for each application, as many products on the market are ineffective or inappropriate. It specifically recommends the Owatrol line of wood care products. It outlines steps for treating new wood, including using Seasonite to allow the wood to weather gradually while preventing damage. It also discusses options for maintaining or changing the appearance of wood over time.
The document summarizes Malaysia's furniture trade from 2004-2007. It shows that Malaysia's total furniture exports grew from RM7.05 billion in 2004 to RM8.55 billion in 2007. The top export destination was the USA, though its share declined in 2007. Wooden furniture comprised the majority of exports, with wooden seats and office furniture being the fastest growing segments. Imports remained relatively flat during this period.
The document summarizes Malaysia's trade performance and furniture exports from 2004-2007. Total Malaysian exports grew around 3-5% annually while furniture exports grew around 6-8% yearly over this period. The top export destinations for Malaysian furniture were the US, Japan, Australia, and others, with wooden and metal furniture comprising the majority of exports. Office and kitchen furniture saw some of the strongest export growth rates to countries like India, UAE, and Australia.
The document lists various furniture leg and caster fittings including stamped steel claw foot toe caps, bun feet in various styles, diameters and heights, sofa and queen anne legs, casters with wood or porcelain wheels in different sizes, and nails. Dimensions and load capacities are provided for each fitting type.
The document describes various types of fasteners and furniture fittings including nails, decorative nails, bed hardware, bail pulls, bin pulls, and bells. It provides details on the materials, sizes, finishes, and intended uses of over 50 different fastener and fitting products. The products are for general woodworking and furniture making/repair applications.
The document describes various types of fasteners and fittings for furniture including nails, tacks, rivets, screws, mirror brackets, and mirror mounts. It provides specifications for different sizes of brass plated and plain steel trunk nails and tacks, brass plated split rivets, brass and steel screw posts, black and plated steel screws, antique brass and nickel plated mirror brackets, brass plated steel rear mount mirror supports, cast brass and antique brass cheval mirror mounts, and surface mounting clips. Directions are also provided for using split rivet caps.
The document lists various types of furniture fittings and accessories including dowel rods, dowel pins, dowel centers, butterfly hinges, flush mount hinges, drop leaf table hinges, concealed hinges, hinges, strap hinges, pivot hinges, lift off hinges, trunk hinges, ice box hardware, trunk lid stays, rollers, studs, trunk locks, drawbolts, and catches. The items are made of materials like hardwood, brass, steel, and bronze. Sizes vary with the specific fitting or accessory described.
The document lists and provides specifications for various furniture parts and accessories. It includes details on chair parts like heavy duty swivel bases, rocker bases, and oak rocker runners. It also lists high chair parts, tray arms, safety straps, as well as finials, spindles and pegs of various sizes. Measurements are provided for length, width, thickness and diameters. Materials include steel, oak, pine and leather.
This document lists various types of mouldings, beading, trim, and pressed wood ornaments available for sale. It provides specifications for half round and full round rope trim, beading, dentil moulding, and pressed wood ornaments in different sizes, widths, diameters, and wood types including maple, oak, birch, and walnut. Mouldings are available individually or in pairs.
The document lists various furniture fittings and accessories including brass knobs, wood knobs, drawer pulls, catches, and antique pulls. It provides the dimensions and materials of each fitting. The listings include the diameter, projection, and other relevant measurements of each item. A wide variety of styles and sizes of knobs, pulls, and other fittings are described.
The document provides an organization chart for a manufacturing operation. It shows that the Operation Chief Executive oversees the Operation Manager, who oversees the Factory Manager. Under the Factory Manager are positions like Production Planning & Control, Production Manager, Material Manager, Maintenance & Engineering, and Research & Design. The chart also lists some roles under Production Manager like QC, Tally, QC Inventory, and Tooling.
The document outlines the responsibilities of a materials controller in a furniture manufacturing factory, including receiving, inspecting, storing, maintaining, and distributing raw materials and ensuring proper documentation and inventory controls are followed. Key requirements for the role include knowledge of materials, management processes, and record keeping systems. Proper storage and handling of different material types is also discussed based on their physical properties.
This document discusses different types of veneer available for woodworking projects. It describes standard veneer, which is cut into thin sheets and sold by the square foot, and flexible veneer, which is manufactured into wide, thin, and flexible sheets for easier application. Standard veneer requires more preparation like sanding and jointing of multiple narrow sheets, while flexible veneer is pre-flattened and jointed but more expensive. The document also provides instructions for cutting veneer with a veneer saw or craft knife, and edge jointing sheets of standard veneer using a homemade jig to ensure a tight seam.
This document provides information about shellac flakes and how to mix and apply shellac as a finish. It describes different types of shellac flakes like seed lac, button lac, garnet lac, and lemon yellow. It explains how to mix shellac flakes with denatured alcohol at different "cuts" or concentrations. Application tips are given, such as applying multiple thin coats, using a retarder to reduce brush marks, and sanding between coats. Final rubbing and waxing of the dried shellac finish is also outlined.
This document provides instructions for using rottenstone and pumice to polish and finish wood surfaces. Rottenstone can be used as the final polishing compound to produce a high gloss finish on lacquer, varnish and shellac. It is also used to antique gilt finishes and dust mats. Pumice comes in varying grit sizes and can be used to hand rub wood finishes to a matte surface in preparation for polishing with rottenstone. The instructions describe the supplies needed, preparation of the wood surface, lubricating with oil or water, rubbing technique, and allowing time for the finish to harden before applying protective wax.
French polishing is a process of coating wood with shellac dissolved in alcohol using a "rubber" made of rag and cotton wool. It produces a fine looking finish for furniture. The process involves bodying in the shellac to fill pores, building up layers, and spiriting out for a high gloss finish. Proper preparation of the wood surface is important for a smooth result.
The document provides instructions for preparing furniture for refinishing. It explains that the first step is to remove all old finish from the furniture by using a commercial paint or varnish remover and carefully scraping it off with a putty knife or scraper. It notes to be careful when removing finish from veneered surfaces to avoid damaging the wood. It also recommends washing the surface after removing the old finish. The next steps involve allowing the wood to dry completely before sanding it smooth to prepare for a new finish.
Dokumen tersebut memberikan informasi mengenai penggunaan baja organik Taaveekun dan amalan pertanian yang lestari untuk meningkatkan hasil tanaman secara organik. Dokumen ini juga menyoroti keberhasilan penggunaan baja Taaveekun dalam meningkatkan pertumbuhan dan hasil berbagai tanaman seperti sayuran, buah-buahan, dan komoditi pertanian lainnya.
The document shows a diagram of a palm tree with labeled measurements for different parts of the tree. The trunk is 7.8 meters tall and branches begin 9 meters from the base. The fronds extend out 2.4 meters from the branches.
RUB CURE is a treatment substance made from rubber tree parts that increases rubber yield. It is a dried powder containing minerals that forms a hard protective clammy layer when dissolved in water and applied to rubber trees. Field tests in Thailand found that applying RUB CURE to 16 and 22-year-old rubber trees increased their daily dry rubber yield by over 30% with costs of just 1 kg per 3 hectares and benefits such as reduced fungicide use and increased farmer income over 15%.
1. Finishing Wax
WAX THE PERFECT PROTECTION
for FURNITURE?
From a refinishing pro, a preservation expert, and Furniture manufacturers, the
answer seems to be "yes."
"Wax is the wear and tear, abrasion layer of fine wood furniture," says Ron
Ashby,
a professional woodworker, refinisher, lecturer, and owner of Liberon Supplies in
Mendocino, California. "superficial scratches, dings, and dents should happen to
the wax layer-not the finish you slaved over."
DON'T DABBLE IN DUST
Despite the multitude of furniture care products that promise to "feed" or "polish"
your fine furniture, Ashby believes high-quality furniture wax is the best choice.
"All the other care products available attract dust with the residue they leave
behind," he says. At Virginia's Colonial Williamsburg, Wallace Gusler, director of
conservation, oversees the preservation of authentic colonial furniture. "Our
primary concern with pieces that have an intact, original finish is conservation,"
he says. "For that, we use wax. And, Gusler believes, all wood furniture, not just
historic pieces, deserves wax protection. "Everyone collects furniture to some
extent, he notes, "But their collection happens to be their household furniture."
What about lemon oil, another popular wood-care product? Gusler says, "The
value of oil to wood is folklore. Of course, oil gives a wood finish a superficial
shine, but it isn't beneficial. In fact," he elaborates, "Commercial lemon oil has
nothing to do with lemons. It's essentially kerosene, and can be harmful to a
finish."
Then, there are aerosol spray cleaners and polishes that contain silicone. They
may not harm the present finish, say Ashby and Gusler, but they will cause
problems down the road if you contemplate refinishing. "Products with silicones
are cheap, quick, and easy, but they don't protect," comments Ashby. "Besides,
silicones make refinishing difficult because, even after stripping, a new finish
won't adhere."
TOO MUCH WAX?
What about the infamous "Wax buildup" that advertising people say their
products avoid? Roy Frizell, Supervisor of Quality Control, Ethan Allen, Inc.,
Danbury, Connecticut, recommends wax only in small doses. "We tell customers
to dust with a damp cloth, then maybe every six months use wax. 0therwise," he
comments, "They'll put wax on every time they dust."
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2. Finishing Wax
Ed Finnety, customer service manager at Harden Furniture, McConnellsville,
New York, acknowledges that most people over-polish. "they're zealous," he
says.
Ashby finds amusement in some companies' product claims denying wax
buildup. "if you avoid wax buildup, you don't have any protection for your
furniture," he muses. "it does build up, but it builds up clear."
According to Colonial Williamsburg's Gusler, wax should never create a buildup
problem when used in moderation. That's because all the wax you put on doesn't
remain there. "It gets huffed, worn off, and even oxidizes," he says.
Old wax can be removed with special products developed just for the purpose,
according to Ashby. "but, if the furniture is heavily soiled, too, you should use a
wood cleaning and wax-removing product, such as Liberon Wood Cleaner and
Wax Remover."
POLISH-ON PROTECTION
You can apply wax over any finish-penetrating oils, varnish, lacquer, or
polyurethane Ashby advises. But, only buy a high-quality, cabinetmaker's wax,
one designed specifically for wood furniture, at woodworking stores or through
mail order catalogs. Some notable brands include: Liberon's Black Bison,
Goddard's, Butcher's Wax, Antiquax, and Renaissance Wax.
Products such as these are traditionally formulated from a number of waxes-
carnauba, beeswax, synthetics, and vegetable. Expect to pay from $12 to $15 for
a one-pound tin of good quality cabinetmaker's paste wax. And, notes Ashby,
don't confuse floor wax with furniture wax. Floor wax won't hold up on furniture
because it's actually softer. He notes, too, that furniture wax comes as paste or
liquid. "Generally," says Ashby, "Less solid forms apply easier but have less
wax."
Liquid wax does have a place in the home, though. advises Ashby, "for highly
carved wood surfaces and the legs and stretchers of chairs, you can use liquid.
Also, it works as the initial wax coat on cabinets, much like a sealer."
Applying paste wax isn't complicated, and the method doesn't differ for newly
finished furniture or older furniture. All furniture to be waxed, though, must be
clean and free of oil and grease.
"You can make only two mistakes applying wax," Ashby notes. "You can put too
much on, and you can try to buff it out too soon." Too thick of a coat won't dry
evenly, resulting in a spotty sheen. And, if you buff wax before it has dried, you
just redistribute the wax.
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3. Finishing Wax
Here are the most frequently asked questions and answers regarding the
application of wax:
* Do you have to apply wax with steel wool? Ashby recommends an oil-free,
wood finisher's 0000 steel wool (see where to buy at end of article) to avoid
streaks and blurs. A cloth will do, although it takes more effort.
* Does it matter how you spread the wax? "No," says Ashby, "But, on large
surfaces, such as a table-top, I use a circular motion, then even it out with the
grain."
* How can you tell if you have applied the right amount of wax? "If you see ridges
across the surface, there's too much," he says.
* Will one coat do? " On a new piece or one not previously waxed, put down
three light, successive coats at four- to eight-hour intervals."
* What do you need for buffing? Buff the dry wax with terry cloth, a cotton diaper,
or an old T-shirt. "The higher the gloss you want, the softer the material for
buffing you use," he says. "And, buffing with the grain or cross-grain doesn't
matter."
MAINTAINING FINISHES
Following the initial three coats, Ashby suggests you reapply wax according to
the rate of "wear and tear" your furniture receives. "You might wax the arms of a
dining chair weekly, but the legs and stretchers only every 18 months."
To maintain a wax coat on your furniture, follow Ashby's tips:
* Dust weekly with a soft, dry, all-cotton cloth.
* Don't use polishes or oils over your coat of protective wax.
* Wipe up spills as soon as possible to prevent spotting
* Use coasters under glasses and vases, and pads or trivets under hot dishes.
* Reapply a coat of wax when you can no longer buff the coating to a shine.
"On the West Coast today, it costs between $650 and $1,000 to have a dining
tabletop custom refinished. If you have just finished one yourself, that's how
much it's worth," comments the waxing expert. "Wax can preserve that expensive
finish."
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4. Finishing Wax
How And When to Use Paste Wax
Contrary to popular belief, paste wax is not a good choice for a protective finish.
Even though you may still read articles or hear other woodworkers advocating
the use of paste wax as a protective finish for raw wood, the simple fact is that
when it comes to protection, paste wax is very inferior compared to oil finishes or
topcoat finishes like lacquer, varnish, polyurethane etc. It is true that wax was
used for centuries as a wood finish, but that was before the advent and discovery
of oil finishes and film finishes. Wax provides no significant protective barrier for
wood against heat, water, water vapor or chemical spills such as from an
alcoholic beverage. Wax is very soft and never dries to a hard finish. Its melting
point is approx. 140 degrees F, which is way too low to protect against any kind
of hot object. Even a cup of hot coffee placed on a tabletop that has been
finished with wax only will melt the wax right through to the wood. Because wax
is so soft, most of the excess applied needs to be wiped off in order to achieve a
clear and polished surface, therefore the film surface of a wax finish is way too
thin to protect wood against water or moisture (water vapor). Even milder
solvents like mineral spirits (paint thinner) and turpentine will dissolve wax almost
immediately, therefore it has no resistance to chemical spills.
Wax can be an effective barrier against water vapor when applied in a thick
coating to the end grain of boards or freshly cut wood. Because it is applied in
such a thick coating, it prevents the moisture from escaping too quickly, thus the
freshly cut boards or wood will not check.
About the only protection wax affords is against abrasion, and even that is not
significant. It's not the actual film of wax that protects wood against abrasion,
because the film is too thin for that. Wax makes the surface slippery, thus objects
slide across a waxed surface, rather than digging in and scraping. You must
remember that wood needs more than just abrasion protection. A piece of
furniture that has only wax to protect it will soon become dirty and will have no
water, water vapor or chemical protection. A wax finish will soon become filled
with dust and dirt that will stick to it and create a dull, dark ugly mess. The only
way to fix this is to remove all the wax, clean the wood and sand the surface to
prepare it for another finish, hopefully not just wax by itself.
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5. Finishing Wax
However, when applied properly and for the right reason, paste wax can be very
effective and add beauty and color back to an old piece of furniture. A wax finish
can be very effective on a carved or turned object that receives very little
handling, especially when you want a low sheen and don't want to change the
natural color of the wood too much.
Paste wax is best used as a polish over an existing finish such as lacquer,
varnish, shellac, polyurethane or even oil finishes. As mentioned, it will give you
a little extra protection against scratches, but most modern finishes like
polyurethane and newer lacquers and varnishes are very hard to begin with and
usually the finish alone is abrasion resistant enough. Thus, using paste wax to
maintain and regularly care for your furniture is by far the best reason to use
paste wax today. A paste wax will add shine to a surface by filling in small
scratches or voids in a finish. The finish will appear shiner and deeper because
the light that was getting trapped in those scratches and voids before the wax
was applied, is now reflecting off the surface. On darker pieces of furniture it's
best to use a dark colored paste wax. This will not only polish the piece but also
hide some minor scuffs and scratches.
Many people believe that pure beeswax is the best choice for use among paste
waxes. This is not true. True, in the past beeswax was often used, but that was
because it was the only wax available. Today, paste wax manufactures blend
natural waxes like beeswax and harder carbuna wax with synthetic waxes. The
waxes are selected for cost, color, slip resistance and hardness. This blend of
waxes makes a paste wax that is harder and in many other ways superior to pure
beeswax, which is also very expensive in pure form. Waxes like carnuba are
much harder than bees wax, but are too hard to be used alone without blending
with other softer waxes.
All waxes are originally solid. They are made into a paste by being dissolved into
a solvent. Years ago, turpentine was used as the solvent, but today petroleum
distillate solvents such as mineral spirits,and toluene are generally used to
dissolve the waxes.
Most commercially made paste waxes are very similar in their quality and the
sheen they produce. In fact, you can take the ten top brand waxes, apply them
side by side to a finished surface and not see any significant difference in gloss
or sheen. About the most significant difference in these waxes is in the amount of
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6. Finishing Wax
time you need to wait before wiping off the excess and buffing out the wax.
Certain waxes like Briwax use a quicker evaporating solvent like toluene.
Because these solvents evaporate quicker, the wax turns back to solid quicker,
(becoming hazy) and once the wax hazes over, it's time to wipe off the excess
and buff it out. Other waxes with slower evaporating solvents like mineral spirits
will take longer to turn back to solid and haze over.
Applying Paste Wax
Many manufactures of furniture polishes and furniture care products always talk
about wax build up. Some have even produced special products that eliminate
wax build up. This is ridiculous because there is no such thing as wax build up.
When you apply wax, you must remove approx. 99 percent of it when you buff it
out. If not, you will never attain a shine. You must only leave a very thin layer on
the surface. Therefore, there can be no such thing as wax build up.
Make sure that the surface of your finish is clean and free of any dirt. If not, clean
it with a mild soap like Murphy's Oil Soap and water. Take a piece of lint free soft
cotton cloth and put a lump of paste wax in the center of the cloth. This will limit
the amount of wax you apply to the surface and you need not have to continue to
dip into the can. Twist the cloth into a ball and kneed it in your hand to soften the
wax a little. Apply the cloth over the surface of the finish letting the wax seep
through the cloth onto the surface. You can apply the wax in any direction, using
any motion, straight, circular, with grain, against grain etc. When the wax is first
applied, it glossy because of the amount of solvent in it. as the solvent
evaporates, it will start to turn back to solid and the surface will become hazy. If
you wait too long the wax will be difficult to remove. If this happens, don't worry,
just take some fresh wax apply it over the hardened wax and wipe it
off right away. The solvent in the fresh wax will re soften the hard wax again and
you can remove it. If you don't wait long enough, you will still be removing all the
wax and you will have no sheen at all. Work on small areas at a time until you get
used to how long you need to wait until the wax has hazed and the excess needs
to be removed. Wipe off the excess with a clean piece of lint free soft cotton
cloth. Buff the surface with the cloth until you achieve a even sheen.
WARNING
DO NOT USE SOLVENT BASED WAXES ON WATER BASED FINISHES OR
ON ANY FINISH THAT HAS NOT CURED FULLY. THE SOLVENT IN THE WAX
MAY HARM THE FINISH.
There are a number of methods used to apply paste wax, the method I just
described is the most basic, but not the only. If you would like additional info on
applying paste wax, please feel free to e-mail me.
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7. Finishing Wax
Waxing
One of the nicest finishes for your projects is beeswax. This finish is ideal for any
indoor project and has the great advantage of allowing the wood to nicely darken
with age.
Waxing should not be used for any project that requires a degree of water
resistance, such as for kitchen or bathroom related projects. Instead, varnishing
should be used here.
Beeswax is available at almost any hardware store and is simple to apply.
However, it is often a good idea to seal the wood prior to waxing, especially on
softer woods such as pine.
To seal the wood correctly you should use a pre-wax sealant. Again, this should
be sold in most hardware stores. Once you have rubbed a coating of sealer onto
the wood, allow it to dry for 30 minutes. Then, use wire wool to lightly work over
the entire surface to roughen it slightly.
Once this is done, you may add the wax. Apply the wax to the wood using a lint-
free cloth, and leave to dry for at least 15 minutes. Then buff the wood, using a
clean cloth, until a suitable shine is achieved. It is recommended that at least two
applications of wax are used, even though many waxes claim that only one is
required. The result will be a far better finish that will last far longer.
Note: Waxed surfaces will need to be re-waxed every now and then (typically
once every six months), in order to maintain the true finish.
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8. Finishing Wax
Wood Finish Supply
Wood Cleaner & Wax Remover
(NEW V99 Low Odor Formula)
Wood Cleaner & Wax Remover dissolves and cleans old layers of dirt, grime,
grease, smoke, old wax & polish buildup, fingermarks and other impurities. Wood
Cleaner contains No water and will not raise the grain, harm veneers or remove
the natural patina of the wood. You Will Be Surprised At The Number Of Pieces
That Don't Need Stripping.
Wood Cleaner & Wax Remover will gently clean and prepare old & antique
furniture and other wood surfaces for refinishing or polishing. If the finish is intact
try WFS Wood Cleaner first to clean all furniture and wood surfaces. Wood
Cleaner will not remove the original lacquer, varnish, shellac, or French polish
finish.
INSTRUCTIONS FOR USE
o Cautions:
Use & Dry In Well Ventilated Area.
Keep Out Of Eyes. Gloves And Eye Protection Suggested.
o It Is important to TEST the surface to be cleaned !!
o Use an area in an inconspicuous place to test and make sure the
cleaner will not remove your finish. Proceed With Caution until you
get a feel for the cleaning process & the proper amount of cleaner
to use. Make sure the finish you are cleaning is a legitimate Finish.
If The Finish to be cleaned does not have a proper bond with the
wood below, The Cleaner Might Remove The Finish. Also Finishes
that are completely oil or wax will certainly be removed, after all this
is a Cleaner & Wax Remover !!!
1. Apply generously to the surface being cleaned using LIBERON #00, and on
finer surfaces, #0000 Steel Wool.
Use steel wool with Care (or use a cloth) on delicate surfaces such as
inlays & veneers.
(ON VERY FINE AND GLOSSY FINISHES USE LIBERON #0000/000 STEEL
WOOL FOR CLEANING, and ON EXTREMELY DIRTY SURFACES, FLOORS,
OODWORK and on COUNTRY or ROUGHER FURNITURE STYLES USE
LIBERON #0 STEEL WOOL FOR CLEANING.)
2. Allow to stand for a few minutes.
3. Rub gently with the grain using LIBERON #00 Steel Wool to dislodge the dirt.
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9. Finishing Wax
4. Wipe with a clean cloth.
5. Repeat until the surface wipes clean.
6. ALLOW THE CLEANED OBJECT TO DRY overnight or 24 hours and longer
on soft or porous woods or surfaces that were soaked with the Wax Remover in
cleaning. Any trapped solvents that donÕt not show on the surface after a short
drying time will have a harmful effect on the proper drying of any subsequent
surface treatment, even oils or waxes,- Let The Surface Dry ! - a rushed job will
always show it.
After the Wood Cleaner treatment, make any necessary repairs and protect the
surface with 3 light coats of BLACK BISON WAX & buff to a warm glowing shine.
OTHER USES
Clean & prepare finish for repairs or respraying.
Neutralize wood after stripping or bleaching operations
to provide a proper surface for stain or applying a finish.
Clean surfaces prior to using LIBERON Burnish Cream.
Clean and condition brushes after varnishing, painting, waxing, or stripping.
As a solvent for Black Bison Wax & for LIBERON wax filler sticks
when used as a grain filler.
DANGER! HARMFUL OR FATAL IF SWALLOWED
VAPOR HARMFUL, COMBUSTIBLE
Contains Petroleum distillates, Xylene and Methyl Alcohol.
Use only in a well ventilated area. Keep away from heat or flame.
Avoid contact with eyes or prolonged contact with skin.
If swallowed, Do NOT induce vomiting. Call a physician immediately.
KEEP OUT OF THE REACH OF CHILDREN.
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10. Finishing Wax
OIL FINISH
Oil finishes are growing in popularity as people ask for furniture that looks and
feels like wood. When we mention oil finishes many people think of the old oil
finishes, involving the application of boiled linseed oil. That’s one type, to be
sure, and we’ll cover that, too, but what todays home owner is more interested in
is a good looking clear finish that lets the grain of the wood actually be felt. The
finish resulting from either Danish or Tung oil is just that. In addition, it’s almost
fool proof in application, and it’s durable. Tung oil finishes (of which Danish oil is
one) form a polymerized barrier against spills when they dry, and they dry fairly
quickly. A small piece, such as a coffee or end table can easily be done in one
day. Application for all the Tung oils is similar; wipe it on, let it stand for 15
minutes or so (check the label of the product you use) and then wipe it off. In 1 -
2 hours (after it dries) you’re ready for a rub down with steel wool, and then
another application. You can repeat this process as many times as you want.
Typically three or four coats gets the job done.
Aside from ease of application an durability, modern oil finishes are easy to
maintain. Any finished wood surface that is used will show wear after a time,
including oil finishes. The fix is to simply apply another coat (after you‘ve cleaned
the piece, of course) exactly as you did the first time...instant rejuvenation!
A possible down side of oil finishes is they don’t produce a dead smooth surface.
You can feel the grain even after 4 or more applications. Many people use oil
finishes exactly for that reason, they want to feel the grain. It is possible to get a
smooth surface, but it requires a lot more time and patience than most people
are willing to expend. Tung oil finishes laid on that thick also tend to look
"plastic". If you’re looking for a smooth finish, varnish, lacquer, and polyurethane
are all better choices.
The old style oil finish was simply boiled linseed oil rubbed onto the furniture. No,
you don’t have to boil it, it comes that way. If this is the look you want, you can
follow this formula for application, which is not a joke, by the way. Apply once a
day for a week, once a week for a month, once a month for a year, and once a
year for the rest of your life! Following this method (which can’t be rushed) it
takes about 6 months to get a piece looking good. The original oil finish was used
as much for a wood preservative as it was for enhancing the looks of the piece.
Proper application usually involved all the wooden parts of the furniture, not just
those parts that showed.
As a side note, you should be aware that boiled linseed oil lends itself readily to
spontaneous combustion. A rag used to apply boiled linseed oil and then
carelessly thrown into a trash can, can easily result in a fire. This is not hearsay -
I’ve seen it happen. When I was working out West I made up a furniture
cleaner/polish that contained boiled linseed oil. I knew of the hazards, and told
zaini@selectvest.com Wisdom Management Services (M) Sdn. Bhd. 10
11. Finishing Wax
the people using it in a furniture store to dispose of the rags in a fire proof trash
can. They didn’t, and about 45 minutes after a clerk had thrown the rag into a
regular trash can with paper and other debris, it caught on fire. Luckily, no
damage or injuries, but believe me when I say boiled linseed oil is a fire hazard.
In my own shop I make almost all my own stains, using boiled linseed oil as an
ingredient. I am always very careful how I dispose of the rags I use in staining.
I’ve got insurance on the shop, but it would sure be a pain to replace everything!
zaini@selectvest.com Wisdom Management Services (M) Sdn. Bhd. 11
12. Finishing Wax
the people using it in a furniture store to dispose of the rags in a fire proof trash
can. They didn’t, and about 45 minutes after a clerk had thrown the rag into a
regular trash can with paper and other debris, it caught on fire. Luckily, no
damage or injuries, but believe me when I say boiled linseed oil is a fire hazard.
In my own shop I make almost all my own stains, using boiled linseed oil as an
ingredient. I am always very careful how I dispose of the rags I use in staining.
I’ve got insurance on the shop, but it would sure be a pain to replace everything!
zaini@selectvest.com Wisdom Management Services (M) Sdn. Bhd. 11