The document discusses Ethiopia's water resource management policy at the national and basin levels. At the national level, the key goals are efficient, equitable and sustainable utilization of water resources for socioeconomic development. The Water Resources Management Proclamation governs management, planning, utilization and protection of water resources. At the basin level, management approaches include riparian rights systems, prior appropriation systems, and administrative allocation of water use rights. River basin councils and authorities have been established through proclamation to decentralize water resources management to the basin scale.
This document outlines water conservation guidelines and plans in Zambia. It discusses key concepts around water conservation including surface storage, water for cooling purposes, water pollution prevention, and water quality conservation. It also covers the power of the minister to enforce conservation, catchment councils, groundwater ownership, construction of new boreholes/wells requiring licenses, and provisions for water supply including additional water requirements and protective reservoir measures. The overall aim is to ensure adequate and reliable water supplies while safeguarding resources and preventing pollution through various regulatory and planning measures.
Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM) considers multiple viewpoints in water management decisions and actions. IWRM principles include social equity, economic efficiency, and environmental sustainability. Proper implementation of IWRM requires political will, stakeholder participation, well-defined legal frameworks, adequate investment, capacity building, and comprehensive monitoring. IWRM aims to balance water resources and needs through coordination of natural systems and human uses.
The document outlines the course content for CVS 445: Water Resources Engineering I, including an introduction to integrated water resources management and development, water interaction and balance, catchment-based planning and management, and the legal and institutional framework for IWRM in Kenya. It also provides definitions and discussions of key concepts such as water use, water users, priorities for water use, barriers to implementing IWRM, the Dublin principles of water management, and the implications of IWRM for various sectors.
Need for efficient water infrastructure and its impact on water resources man...Mazen Alqadi
This document discusses the need for efficient water infrastructure and its impact on water resource management. It notes that population and economic growth are increasing water demand and leading to water stress situations. Efficient water infrastructure and technology advances can help alleviate this. The document advocates adopting a holistic water resource management approach using three pillars: policies, institutions, and infrastructure. Developing sustainable water and wastewater infrastructure through committed involvement of all stakeholders, including governments, regulators, administrators, operators, and NGOs, is key to managing available resources and demand. An equitable water tariff is also needed to encourage conservation and ensure sustainability.
Strengthening M& E Systems in Africa Dakar presentationHawa Seydou DIOP
The document discusses the establishment of a monitoring and reporting system for the water sector in Africa by the African Ministers' Council on Water (AMCOW). The goals are to establish a harmonized national, basin, and regional monitoring system to enable AMCOW to annually report on the state of water resources management and use in Africa. The system will cover seven thematic areas and help track progress on African commitments and UN Sustainable Development Goals related to water. Challenges include data variance between countries and global processes, and the system aims to address this while building national monitoring capacity.
Protecting the Source of Drinking WaterRobert Brears
IN MANY LOCATIONS around the world, ensuring
access to good quality water can be a challenge due to economic as well as domestic activities impacting the quality
of surface and groundwater supplies. To avoid having to develop new water supplies due to contamination a number of
jurisdictions are turning to water source protection methods
which involve the protection of surface water sources
and the protection of groundwater sources from contamination
of any kind.
The document identifies 22 issues that impact integrated water resources management in the Caribbean. Some of the key issues discussed include land use planning, comprehensive water resources assessment, water resources planning, abstraction licensing, designated water uses, ambient water quality standards, public water supply, agricultural water management, seasonal variation, flooding, watershed management, water-related ecology, climate change, wastewater management, and public participation. The document suggests that many of these issues pose major challenges to water management in Caribbean countries.
Municipalities are responsible for providing water services in France. While ownership and responsibility is public, provision can be public or private with most municipalities contracting out services. Multiple regulators at national, regional, and local levels establish policies and standards. Principles of public services like continuity, equality, and adaptability apply. Tariffs must allow for affordable access and disconnections are prohibited. Emergency powers are conferred to respond to floods.
This document outlines water conservation guidelines and plans in Zambia. It discusses key concepts around water conservation including surface storage, water for cooling purposes, water pollution prevention, and water quality conservation. It also covers the power of the minister to enforce conservation, catchment councils, groundwater ownership, construction of new boreholes/wells requiring licenses, and provisions for water supply including additional water requirements and protective reservoir measures. The overall aim is to ensure adequate and reliable water supplies while safeguarding resources and preventing pollution through various regulatory and planning measures.
Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM) considers multiple viewpoints in water management decisions and actions. IWRM principles include social equity, economic efficiency, and environmental sustainability. Proper implementation of IWRM requires political will, stakeholder participation, well-defined legal frameworks, adequate investment, capacity building, and comprehensive monitoring. IWRM aims to balance water resources and needs through coordination of natural systems and human uses.
The document outlines the course content for CVS 445: Water Resources Engineering I, including an introduction to integrated water resources management and development, water interaction and balance, catchment-based planning and management, and the legal and institutional framework for IWRM in Kenya. It also provides definitions and discussions of key concepts such as water use, water users, priorities for water use, barriers to implementing IWRM, the Dublin principles of water management, and the implications of IWRM for various sectors.
Need for efficient water infrastructure and its impact on water resources man...Mazen Alqadi
This document discusses the need for efficient water infrastructure and its impact on water resource management. It notes that population and economic growth are increasing water demand and leading to water stress situations. Efficient water infrastructure and technology advances can help alleviate this. The document advocates adopting a holistic water resource management approach using three pillars: policies, institutions, and infrastructure. Developing sustainable water and wastewater infrastructure through committed involvement of all stakeholders, including governments, regulators, administrators, operators, and NGOs, is key to managing available resources and demand. An equitable water tariff is also needed to encourage conservation and ensure sustainability.
Strengthening M& E Systems in Africa Dakar presentationHawa Seydou DIOP
The document discusses the establishment of a monitoring and reporting system for the water sector in Africa by the African Ministers' Council on Water (AMCOW). The goals are to establish a harmonized national, basin, and regional monitoring system to enable AMCOW to annually report on the state of water resources management and use in Africa. The system will cover seven thematic areas and help track progress on African commitments and UN Sustainable Development Goals related to water. Challenges include data variance between countries and global processes, and the system aims to address this while building national monitoring capacity.
Protecting the Source of Drinking WaterRobert Brears
IN MANY LOCATIONS around the world, ensuring
access to good quality water can be a challenge due to economic as well as domestic activities impacting the quality
of surface and groundwater supplies. To avoid having to develop new water supplies due to contamination a number of
jurisdictions are turning to water source protection methods
which involve the protection of surface water sources
and the protection of groundwater sources from contamination
of any kind.
The document identifies 22 issues that impact integrated water resources management in the Caribbean. Some of the key issues discussed include land use planning, comprehensive water resources assessment, water resources planning, abstraction licensing, designated water uses, ambient water quality standards, public water supply, agricultural water management, seasonal variation, flooding, watershed management, water-related ecology, climate change, wastewater management, and public participation. The document suggests that many of these issues pose major challenges to water management in Caribbean countries.
Municipalities are responsible for providing water services in France. While ownership and responsibility is public, provision can be public or private with most municipalities contracting out services. Multiple regulators at national, regional, and local levels establish policies and standards. Principles of public services like continuity, equality, and adaptability apply. Tariffs must allow for affordable access and disconnections are prohibited. Emergency powers are conferred to respond to floods.
IJCER (www.ijceronline.com) International Journal of computational Engineerin...ijceronline
This document summarizes the importance of watershed management in modern society. It discusses how watershed management aims to balance top-down and bottom-up approaches to consider the interests of all stakeholders. The key objectives of watershed management are maintaining adequate water supply, reducing vulnerability to natural disasters, improving economic and social conditions, and distributing benefits equally. Effective watershed management requires participation from local communities and government agencies to develop guidelines that balance various water usage priorities such as drinking, livelihoods, environment, irrigation, industry, and recreation.
The document is India's National Water Policy from 2002 that outlines the need for a national water management strategy. It notes that water resources are unevenly distributed across India both spatially and temporally. It also states that water planning must be done on a basin-wide level taking a multi-sectoral approach. The policy calls for establishing river basin organizations to manage water resources and plan development at a basin scale in a sustainable manner.
The document is India's National Water Policy from 2002 that outlines the need for a national water management strategy. It notes that water resources are unevenly distributed across India both spatially and temporally. It also states that water planning must be done on a basin-wide level taking a multi-sectoral approach. The policy calls for establishing river basin organizations to manage water resources and plan development at a basin scale in a sustainable manner.
This document provides information about Uzma Afrin Akhter, a 10th grade student with registration number B114084140109 and roll number 52 studying social science. It then discusses various topics related to water conservation in India such as defining water conservation, importance of rainwater harvesting, watershed management, methods of water conservation like reuse of greywater and rainwater harvesting, and issues around overuse of groundwater in India. It also briefly summarizes India's legal framework around groundwater rights and challenges in implementing recent reform efforts.
Please Read and then contact me mapesanestory@yahoo.com/ kabaganga@gmail.com/ mapesanestory@outlook.com or +255752997756/+255684248202 For more readings
The document outlines the need for a national water policy in India due to several factors:
1) Water is an unevenly distributed resource that crosses state boundaries, so planning needs to be coordinated at a national level.
2) Floods and droughts affect vast areas across states, so their management requires a national approach.
3) Individual water projects involve issues like environmental protection that require common guidelines.
It proposes establishing a standardized national information system on water resources and maximizing water availability through conservation and inter-basin transfers. Project planning should follow an integrated approach considering multiple uses, environmental impacts, and affected communities.
This document outlines a water catchment management plan for the Ndati Mawira region from 2015-2025. The plan aims to prevent further deterioration of water resources, protect ecosystems, promote sustainable water use, reduce pollution and floods/droughts. It establishes a framework to achieve these aims through strategies like eliminating trees from river banks, boosting forest cover, environmental education, water harvesting, and conservation of riparian areas. Major stakeholders involved in implementing the plan are the community, government institutions, NGOs, and private partners. The community in particular plays a key role in financing conservation and implementing existing laws.
Talk on national water policy 2012 tata steel csr nrd 2015Kallol Saha
The Document provides Select briefs on National Water Policy of India . The talk was delivered by Kallol Saha in the event of TATA Steel National Workshop on 'Sustainable Water Resource Development' dated 11th -12th December at Beldih Club , Jamshedpur
A decree instituting a Water Code, thereby revising and consolidating the laws governing the ownership, appropriation, utilization, exploitation, development, conservation and protection of water resources
The document provides information on the Water Pollution Control Act of 1974 in India. It discusses the organizational setup and functions of the Central and State Pollution Control Boards established by the Act. It also defines key terms like pollution and trade effluent. Additional topics covered include common effluent treatment plants, acclimatization of bacteria to treat industrial waste, minimum national standards for effluent discharge, and the process for conducting a waste audit.
The document discusses integrated water resource management and its various components and challenges. It addresses managing water resources for multiple purposes across different agencies, regions, and disciplines. Integrated management considers natural water systems and promotes conservation, public health, and stakeholder involvement through a dynamic process. It emphasizes efficient agricultural water use and managing irrigation water for drinking. Conservation planning and least-cost planning are methods to balance supply and demand management.
The document discusses integrated water resource management and its various components and challenges. It addresses managing water resources for multiple purposes across different agencies, regions, and disciplines. Integrated management considers natural water systems and promotes conservation, public health, and stakeholder involvement through a dynamic process. It requires balancing supply and demand management options to identify least-cost solutions for meeting water needs.
The document outlines the current state of integrated water resources management in Lao PDR. It discusses the country's national water policies, legislation, and institutional framework for managing water resources. It also evaluates water resource status, investment priorities, challenges, and the path forward. Key points include establishing a national water resources policy and strategy by 2015, improving coordination between agencies and river basin management, and supporting integrated management through projects like the Mekong Integrated Water Resources Management Project.
This document provides guidelines for assessing water needs and establishing water supply systems for refugee camps. It discusses:
1) Conducting an immediate assessment of local water sources involving government authorities and technical experts to understand water availability and quality.
2) Developing water supply infrastructure with simple, reliable technology appropriate to the local area. The system should be designed for long-term, cost-effective operation and maintenance by refugees with support from local experts.
3) Minimum water needs for refugee camps are 15 liters per person per day, plus additional amounts for communal and livestock use. Water must be tested to ensure it is safe to drink.
This document discusses the relationship between human rights and access to water. It begins by establishing that access to water is recognized as a human right by the UN and is essential for realizing other rights like health, food, and standard of living. It then outlines the legal bases for the right to water under international law. The document details states' obligations to respect, protect, and fulfill the right to water. It also discusses the obligations of other actors beyond states. Finally, it discusses goals around water and sanitation under the Millennium Development Goals and Sustainable Development Goals.
This presentation was provided by Racquel Jemison, Ph.D., Christina MacLaughlin, Ph.D., and Paulomi Majumder. Ph.D., all of the American Chemical Society, for the second session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session Two: 'Expanding Pathways to Publishing Careers,' was held June 13, 2024.
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptxDenish Jangid
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
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IJCER (www.ijceronline.com) International Journal of computational Engineerin...ijceronline
This document summarizes the importance of watershed management in modern society. It discusses how watershed management aims to balance top-down and bottom-up approaches to consider the interests of all stakeholders. The key objectives of watershed management are maintaining adequate water supply, reducing vulnerability to natural disasters, improving economic and social conditions, and distributing benefits equally. Effective watershed management requires participation from local communities and government agencies to develop guidelines that balance various water usage priorities such as drinking, livelihoods, environment, irrigation, industry, and recreation.
The document is India's National Water Policy from 2002 that outlines the need for a national water management strategy. It notes that water resources are unevenly distributed across India both spatially and temporally. It also states that water planning must be done on a basin-wide level taking a multi-sectoral approach. The policy calls for establishing river basin organizations to manage water resources and plan development at a basin scale in a sustainable manner.
The document is India's National Water Policy from 2002 that outlines the need for a national water management strategy. It notes that water resources are unevenly distributed across India both spatially and temporally. It also states that water planning must be done on a basin-wide level taking a multi-sectoral approach. The policy calls for establishing river basin organizations to manage water resources and plan development at a basin scale in a sustainable manner.
This document provides information about Uzma Afrin Akhter, a 10th grade student with registration number B114084140109 and roll number 52 studying social science. It then discusses various topics related to water conservation in India such as defining water conservation, importance of rainwater harvesting, watershed management, methods of water conservation like reuse of greywater and rainwater harvesting, and issues around overuse of groundwater in India. It also briefly summarizes India's legal framework around groundwater rights and challenges in implementing recent reform efforts.
Please Read and then contact me mapesanestory@yahoo.com/ kabaganga@gmail.com/ mapesanestory@outlook.com or +255752997756/+255684248202 For more readings
The document outlines the need for a national water policy in India due to several factors:
1) Water is an unevenly distributed resource that crosses state boundaries, so planning needs to be coordinated at a national level.
2) Floods and droughts affect vast areas across states, so their management requires a national approach.
3) Individual water projects involve issues like environmental protection that require common guidelines.
It proposes establishing a standardized national information system on water resources and maximizing water availability through conservation and inter-basin transfers. Project planning should follow an integrated approach considering multiple uses, environmental impacts, and affected communities.
This document outlines a water catchment management plan for the Ndati Mawira region from 2015-2025. The plan aims to prevent further deterioration of water resources, protect ecosystems, promote sustainable water use, reduce pollution and floods/droughts. It establishes a framework to achieve these aims through strategies like eliminating trees from river banks, boosting forest cover, environmental education, water harvesting, and conservation of riparian areas. Major stakeholders involved in implementing the plan are the community, government institutions, NGOs, and private partners. The community in particular plays a key role in financing conservation and implementing existing laws.
Talk on national water policy 2012 tata steel csr nrd 2015Kallol Saha
The Document provides Select briefs on National Water Policy of India . The talk was delivered by Kallol Saha in the event of TATA Steel National Workshop on 'Sustainable Water Resource Development' dated 11th -12th December at Beldih Club , Jamshedpur
A decree instituting a Water Code, thereby revising and consolidating the laws governing the ownership, appropriation, utilization, exploitation, development, conservation and protection of water resources
The document provides information on the Water Pollution Control Act of 1974 in India. It discusses the organizational setup and functions of the Central and State Pollution Control Boards established by the Act. It also defines key terms like pollution and trade effluent. Additional topics covered include common effluent treatment plants, acclimatization of bacteria to treat industrial waste, minimum national standards for effluent discharge, and the process for conducting a waste audit.
The document discusses integrated water resource management and its various components and challenges. It addresses managing water resources for multiple purposes across different agencies, regions, and disciplines. Integrated management considers natural water systems and promotes conservation, public health, and stakeholder involvement through a dynamic process. It emphasizes efficient agricultural water use and managing irrigation water for drinking. Conservation planning and least-cost planning are methods to balance supply and demand management.
The document discusses integrated water resource management and its various components and challenges. It addresses managing water resources for multiple purposes across different agencies, regions, and disciplines. Integrated management considers natural water systems and promotes conservation, public health, and stakeholder involvement through a dynamic process. It requires balancing supply and demand management options to identify least-cost solutions for meeting water needs.
The document outlines the current state of integrated water resources management in Lao PDR. It discusses the country's national water policies, legislation, and institutional framework for managing water resources. It also evaluates water resource status, investment priorities, challenges, and the path forward. Key points include establishing a national water resources policy and strategy by 2015, improving coordination between agencies and river basin management, and supporting integrated management through projects like the Mekong Integrated Water Resources Management Project.
This document provides guidelines for assessing water needs and establishing water supply systems for refugee camps. It discusses:
1) Conducting an immediate assessment of local water sources involving government authorities and technical experts to understand water availability and quality.
2) Developing water supply infrastructure with simple, reliable technology appropriate to the local area. The system should be designed for long-term, cost-effective operation and maintenance by refugees with support from local experts.
3) Minimum water needs for refugee camps are 15 liters per person per day, plus additional amounts for communal and livestock use. Water must be tested to ensure it is safe to drink.
This document discusses the relationship between human rights and access to water. It begins by establishing that access to water is recognized as a human right by the UN and is essential for realizing other rights like health, food, and standard of living. It then outlines the legal bases for the right to water under international law. The document details states' obligations to respect, protect, and fulfill the right to water. It also discusses the obligations of other actors beyond states. Finally, it discusses goals around water and sanitation under the Millennium Development Goals and Sustainable Development Goals.
This presentation was provided by Racquel Jemison, Ph.D., Christina MacLaughlin, Ph.D., and Paulomi Majumder. Ph.D., all of the American Chemical Society, for the second session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session Two: 'Expanding Pathways to Publishing Careers,' was held June 13, 2024.
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptxDenish Jangid
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
Gender and Mental Health - Counselling and Family Therapy Applications and In...PsychoTech Services
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This presentation was provided by Rebecca Benner, Ph.D., of the American Society of Anesthesiologists, for the second session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session Two: 'Expanding Pathways to Publishing Careers,' was held June 13, 2024.
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This document provides an overview of wound healing, its functions, stages, mechanisms, factors affecting it, and complications.
A wound is a break in the integrity of the skin or tissues, which may be associated with disruption of the structure and function.
Healing is the body’s response to injury in an attempt to restore normal structure and functions.
Healing can occur in two ways: Regeneration and Repair
There are 4 phases of wound healing: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. This document also describes the mechanism of wound healing. Factors that affect healing include infection, uncontrolled diabetes, poor nutrition, age, anemia, the presence of foreign bodies, etc.
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1. Chapter Eight: Water Resource Management Policy
Goal of Water Resources Management Policy
• The overall goal of Water Resources Policy is to enhance and promote all national
efforts towards the efficient, equitable and optimum utilization of the available
Water Resources of Ethiopia for significant socioeconomic development on
sustainable basis.
General Water Resources Management Policy Objectives
The objectives are:-
• 1. Development of the water resources of the country for economic and social
benefits of the people, on equitable and sustainable basis.
2. Cont..
2. Allocation and apportionment of water, based on comprehensive and integrated
plans and optimum allocation principles that incorporate efficiency of use, equity of
access, and sustainability of the resource.
3. Managing and combating drought as well as other associated slow on-set disasters
through, efficient allocation, redistribution, transfer, storage and efficient use of
water resources.
4. Combating and regulating floods through sustainable mitigation, prevention,
rehabilitation and other practical measures.
3. 5. Conserving, protecting and enhancing water resources and the overall aquatic
environment on sustainable basis.
Fundamental Principles of Water Resources Management Policy
The following are the fundamental policy principles that guide the equitable,
sustainable and efficient development, utilization, conservation and protection of
water resources in Ethiopia. Ethiopian Water Resources Management Policy
1. Water is a natural endowment commonly owned by all the peoples of Ethiopia.
Cont..
4. 2. As far as conditions permit, every Ethiopian citizen shall have access to sufficient
water of acceptable quality, to satisfy basic human needs.
3. In order to significantly contribute to development, water shall be recognized both
as an economic and a social good.
4. Water resources development shall be underpinned on rural-centered,
decentralized management, participatory approach as well as integrated framework.
5. Management of water resources shall ensure social equity economic
efficiently, systems reliability and sustainability norms.
Cont..
5. 6. Promotion of the participation of all stakeholders, user communities;
particularly women's participation in the relevant aspects of water resources
management.
Terminology in water resource management policy
1. Water Resources Management (WRM):-Water resources development,
utilization, conservation, protection and control that incorporates physical, social,
economic as well as environmental interdependence,
2. Comprehensive Water Resources Management:-Involves treating all the
activities that use water (water supply, irrigation, hydropower, etc.) irrespective of
whose mandate it is.
Cont..
6. 5. Riparian Country /Countries:-A Country/countries through or along which
portion of a transboundary river flows or a common water body lies on.
6. River Basin: - A geographical area described by the watershed limits of a water
system including surface and underground water flowing into a common
boundary.
8. Stakeholder:- Organization group or individual that is concerned with or has an
interest in water resources and that would be affected by decisions about water
resources management. Ethiopian Water Resources Management Policy
Cont..
7. 9. Strategies:- are tools developed for the implementation of policies and to meet
objectives. These constitute the general framework of activities to be undertaken
through time to meet previously defined objectives and endorsed policies.
10. Unaccounted for water:- The difference between the volume of water
delivered to a supply system and the volume of water accounted for by legitimate
consumption.
12. Water Resources Assessment (WRA):- An assessment of the aspects of the
supply and demand for water resources.
Cont..
8. 13. Water Resources Development (WRD):- Physical activities to improve the
beneficial use of water for different uses.
15.Watershed Management:- A process of formulating and implementing a
course of action that involves a region's natural and human resources taking into
account social, political, economic, environmental and institutional factors
operating within a watershed, the surrounding river basin, and other relevant
regions to achieve desired social objectives
Cont..
9. Water Resource Management Policy at national level
17. Wet Lands:- Areas of marsh, fen, peat and, or water, whether natural or
artificial, permanent or temporary, with water that is static or flowing, fresh,
brackish or salt including areas of marine water less than six meters deep at low
tide.
18.Transboundary waters: - International rivers traversing adjacent countries
or water bodies shared by riparian neighboring states.
19. Water Services Fee (charge):- Fees charged for water supply services only.
10. • The Ethiopian Water Resources Management Proclamation, issued in March
2000 (Proclamation No.197/2000), is currently the basic legal instrument
governing the management, planning, utilization and protection of water
resources in Ethiopia
• The Proclamation provides the fundamental principles that need to be taken into
account for the management and administration of the water resources in the
country (Article 6).
Cont..
11. • The MoWR (currently the Ministry of Water Resources, Irrigation and Energy) is
designated as the ‘Supervising body’ at the Federal level where it pertains to
water resources “at the central level”, or any organ delegated by the Ministry.
• However, it is clearly provided that the MoWR may delegate its powers and
duties given to it under the Proclamation to an appropriate body for the effective
execution of its responsibilities (Articles 2.7 and 8.2).
• Accordingly, the Mo WR may delegate all or some of its powers and duties to
Regions or river basin organizations as and when it deems it necessary
Cont..
12. The Supervising body (Ministry) has been given broad powers under the
Proclamation which include:
the establishment of an inventory of water resources and registry(record
office) of actions;
issuing permits of professional competence as well as for water use and
construction;
allocation of water resources;
establishing required standards for the design and construction of waterworks
and monitoring;
Cont..
13. Issue guidelines and directives for the prevention of pollution of water
resources as well as for water quality and health standards in consultation
with other concerned public bodies (Article 8.1).
A major aspect of the water resources Proclamation is that most water
resources use and construction works are to be based on a permit system with
priority to be given to domestic use.
Domestic Use” is defined as the use of water for drinking, cooking,
sanitation, or other domestic purposes” (Article 2.2)
Cont..
14. Water Resource Management Policy at basin level
1.Riparian Rights
This system has developed from original times. Basically, the right to use
water comes from the occupation of land bordering a watercourse, such land
being termed riparian land.
It is based on a system of normal law and has been exported to many varying
countries, i.e., from England to Australia and from France to Africa; in
modern times, it has radically modified by systematization.
15. By strict definition, a riparian owner is entitled to the benefit from the natural flow
of the watercourse bordering his land.
He should receive the water from his immediate upstream neighbor and fellow
riparian owner without a material change in its quality or quantity and pass it on to
his downstream neighbor in a similar state.
He is entitled to the use of the water which flows past his riparian land for his
ordinary use; this is usually accepted as being for the use of his household and his
domestic cattle
Cont..
16. In customary or common law, linked to a riparian rights system, an owner of land is
entitled to abstract water from an underground aquifer without restriction and
irrespective of the effect on other persons, provided the water is percolating
underground.
2.Prior Appropriation System
Appropriator = someone who takes for his/her own use without permission
The principle here is “first in time, first in right,” which means that the earliest
abstractor or appropriator has a right superior to any later appropriator.
Cont..
17. • A later appropriator can only appropriate what is left by earlier appropriators
• At times of low flow, the “first in time” appropriator can claim the whole amount
irrespective of the effect on later appropriators
• This system, which goes back to Roman times, was adopted by the Western States
of the United States of America in its early days.
3.Administrative Disposition of Water-use Rights
• This system, of which there are many variants, has one common factor; water in
the country concerned is abstracted by the permission of either the government or
some other authority controlling water use.
Cont..
18. • In this system, it is particularly apposite to consider the basic ownership of water.
• There can be full state ownership where all water, surface and underground, is the
property of the country or state; there can be systems where all surface water is
owned by the state, with all underground water privately owned or with the
ownership unspecified.
• State ownership with permits for use is a development of the doctrine of early
appropriation, with the water rights of individuals or industries depending on
either permits or licenses to abstract or on rights previously obtained by long
usage, custom, statutes or court judgments.
Cont..
19. River Basin Councils and Authorities Proclamation
Currently, there has been a significant delegation of the mandates of the
MoWIEc to River Basin Councils and Authorities
The approach taken in Ethiopia currently is to decentralize water
resources planning and management functions to RBOs at the basin
level.
Accordingly, RBOs are to be established phase-by-phase in each of the
river basins of the country and most of the functions of the Federal
government delegated to such river basin organizations
20. • The River Basin Councils and Authorities Proclamation was issued in July 2007
(Proclamation No. 534/2007).
• The Proclamation is envisaged as an enabling legislation for the establishment of
RBOs for each river basin of the country by following minor legislation.
• To this effect, the Proclamation provides that River Basin High Councils and
Authorities shall be established by Regulations to be issued by the Council of
Ministers (Article 3.1).
• The Proclamation provides for a two-tier organizational set-up for the RBOs to be
established, namely,
Cont..
21. River Basin High Councils being the highest policy and strategic decision-
making body and
River Basin Authorities, which will be the administrative/technical arm of
the respective Basin High Councils.
Article 6 of the Proclamation gives the following powers and responsibilities to the
BHCs:
Provide policy guidance and planning oversight to ensure high level
coordination among stakeholders for the implementation of IWRM in the basin;
Direct the preparation of the river basin plans and submit same for approval to
the Government;
22. Propose to the Government the rate of water charges to be paid by water
users in the basin;
BHCs power and responsibility…
Examine and decide on the appropriateness and prioritization of
constructing major water works in the basin;
Examine and decide on water allocation rules and principles in normal
times and in times of water shortage as well as in times of drought or
flooding;
Manage water use disputes between Regional States in the basin;
Cont..
23. Provide information and advisory support to the body in charge of
negotiating with neighboring countries with respect to the basin
where the basin is part of a trans-boundary basin
Establish standing or ad-hoc committees necessary for discharging
specific activities
Cont..